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Norwine EE, Kiernicki JJ, Zeller M, Szymczak NK. Distinct Reactivity Modes of a Copper Hydride Enabled by an Intramolecular Lewis Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15038-15046. [PMID: 35960993 PMCID: PMC10291504 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN) ligand featuring an appended boron Lewis acid. Metalation with Cu(I) affords a series of tetrahedral complexes including a boron-capped cuprous hydride. We demonstrate distinct reactivity modes as a function of chemical oxidation: hydride transfer to CO2 in the copper(I) state and oxidant-induced H2 evolution as well as alkyne reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Norwine
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - John J. Kiernicki
- University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (USA)
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
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2
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Beck AD, Haufe S, Tillmann J, Waldvogel SR. Challenges in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Si
2
Cl
6
Starting from Tetrachlorosilane and Trichlorosilane. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beck
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Jan Tillmann
- Consortium für elektrochemische Industrie Wacker Chemie AG Zielstattstraße 20 81379 München Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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3
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Stephan DW. Diverse Uses of the Reaction of Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) with Hydrogen. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20002-20014. [PMID: 34786935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The articulation of the notion of "frustrated Lewis pairs" (FLPs) emerged from the discovery that H2 can be reversibly activated by combinations of sterically encumbered main group Lewis acids and bases. This has prompted numerous studies focused on various perturbations of the Lewis acid/base combinations and the applications to organic reductions. This Perspective focuses on the new directions and developments that are emerging from this FLP chemistry involving hydrogen. Three areas are discussed including new applications and approaches to FLP reductions, the reductions of small molecules, and the advances in heterogeneous FLP systems. These foci serve to illustrate that despite having its roots in main group chemistry, this simple concept of FLPs is being applied across the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Viasus CJ, Alderman NP, Gabidullin B, Gambarotta S. Reaction of CO 2 with a Vanadium(II) Aryl Oxide: Synergistic Activation of CO 2 /Oxo Groups towards H-Atom Radical Abstraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10928-10932. [PMID: 29949678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of divalent (ONNO)V(TMEDA) (1; ONNO=[2,4-Me2 -2-(OH)C6 H2 CH2 ]2 N(CH2 )2 NMe2 ) with CO2 afforded [(ONNO)V]2 (μ-OH)(μ-formate) (2). Whereas the bridging hydroxo and formate groups both originated from CO2 , the H atoms present on the two residues were obtained through H-atom radical abstraction from the solvent. DFT calculations revealed an initially linear CO2 bonding mode, followed by deoxygenation, and highlighted a synergistic effect between the so-formed oxo group and an additional bridging CO2 residue in promoting radical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo J Viasus
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicholas P Alderman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sandro Gambarotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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5
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Viasus CJ, Alderman NP, Gabidullin B, Gambarotta S. Reaction of CO2
with a Vanadium(II) Aryl Oxide: Synergistic Activation of CO2
/Oxo Groups towards H-Atom Radical Abstraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo J. Viasus
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Nicholas P. Alderman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Sandro Gambarotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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6
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Noroozi-Shad N, Gholizadeh M, Izadyar M, Eshghi H. Theoretical Evaluation of the Efficiency of Novel Frustrated Lewis Pairs in the cis-Hydrogenation Reaction of Dimethylacetylene. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/146867817x14954764850469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are the combination of Lewis acid and base motifs where steric hindrance prevents strong adduct formation. Accordingly, the ability of FLPs in small molecule activation and their capability in hydrogen cleavage led to their use in the hydrogenation of a wide range of unsaturated substrates. Here, we investigated theoretically the ability of three intramolecular phosphorus/boron FLPs as bifunctional catalysts in the metal-free hydrogenation of dimethylacetylene to cis-alkene. The mechanism of this hydrogenation reaction, based on the boron acceptor [including –OR substituents (B(OR)2), where R is an aliphatic or aromatic branch] and phosphorus donor, has been explored. Based on the results obtained, it was confirmed that the H2 splitting reaction and the formation of the phosphonium–borohydride motifs for these FLPs are endothermic. It has been shown that these FLPs have a moderate ability in H–H bond splitting. Also, the capability of the boron atom in FLPs on the hydrogenation reaction was investigated. The reduction steps of the mechanism showed an exothermic nature. This result revealed that the presence of the boron as a Lewis acid, with a very limited Lewis acidity, improves the catalytic hydrogenation reaction significantly. Finally, it was confirmed that the proposed FLPs in the cis-hydrogenation of alkynes will be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Noroozi-Shad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Gholizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Abstract
The revelation that combinations of Lewis acids and bases for which dative bonding is impeded can activate dihydrogen led to the concept of "frustrated Lewis pairs" (FLPs). Over the past decade, a range of FLP systems and substrate molecules have precipitated a paradigm change in main-group chemistry and metal-free catalysis. The FLP motif has also found application in a growing body of chemical problems in organic synthesis, transition metal and free radical chemistry, materials, enzymatic models, and surface chemistry. The current state of FLP chemistry is assessed herein, and the outlook for the future considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6, Canada
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8
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Blagg RJ, Simmons TR, Hatton GR, Courtney JM, Bennett EL, Lawrence EJ, Wildgoose GG. Novel B(Ar')2(Ar'') hetero-tri(aryl)boranes: a systematic study of Lewis acidity. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6032-43. [PMID: 26541517 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03854e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of homo- and hetero-tri(aryl)boranes incorporating pentafluorophenyl, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, and pentachlorophenyl groups, four of which are novel species, have been studied as the acidic component of frustrated Lewis pairs for the heterolytic cleavage of H2. Under mild conditions eight of these will cleave H2; the rate of cleavage depending on both the electrophilicity of the borane and the steric bulk around the boron atom. Electrochemical studies allow comparisons of the electrophilicity with spectroscopic measurements of Lewis acidity for different series of boranes. Discrepancies in the correlation between these two types of measurements, combined with structural characterisation of each borane, reveal that the twist of the aryl rings with respect to the boron-centred trigonal plane is significant from both a steric and electronic perspective, and is an important consideration in the design of tri(aryl)boranes as Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Blagg
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Trevor R Simmons
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Georgina R Hatton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - James M Courtney
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Elliot L Bennett
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Elliot J Lawrence
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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9
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Haddad AZ, Garabato BD, Kozlowski PM, Buchanan RM, Grapperhaus CA. Beyond Metal-Hydrides: Non-Transition-Metal and Metal-Free Ligand-Centered Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Hydrogen Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7844-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z. Haddad
- University of Louisville, Department of Chemistry, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Brady D. Garabato
- University of Louisville, Department of Chemistry, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Pawel M. Kozlowski
- University of Louisville, Department of Chemistry, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Visiting
Professor, Department of Food Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert M. Buchanan
- University of Louisville, Department of Chemistry, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Craig A. Grapperhaus
- University of Louisville, Department of Chemistry, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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10
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Zhang C, Lv X, Lu G, Wang ZX. Metal-free homolytic hydrogen activation: a quest through density functional theory computations. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT computations reveal that heavier analogs of 1,3-butadiene could activate H2homolyticallyvia1,4-addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Langfang Teachers University
- Langfang 065000
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Lv
- School of Environment
- Henan Normal University
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control
- Ministry of Education
- Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control
| | - Gang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
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11
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Abstract
The first 1 : 1 : 1 hetero-tri(aryl)borane cleaves H2 with various Lewis bases, and its electrochemistry is studied.
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12
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Blagg RJ, Lawrence EJ, Resner K, Oganesyan VS, Herrington TJ, Ashley AE, Wildgoose GG. Exploring structural and electronic effects in three isomers of tris{bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}borane: towards the combined electrochemical-frustrated Lewis pair activation of H2. Dalton Trans 2015. [PMID: 26215924 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01918d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Three structural isomers of tris{bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}borane have been studied as the acidic component of frustrated Lewis pairs. While the 3,5-substituted isomer is already known to heterolytically cleave H2 to generate a bridging-hydride; ortho-substituents in the 2,4- and 2,5-isomers quench such reactivity through electron donation into the vacant boron pz orbital and steric blocking of the boron centre; as shown by electrochemical, structural and computational studies. Electrochemical studies of the corresponding borohydrides identify that the two-electron oxidation of terminal-hydrides occurs at more positive potentials than observed for [HB(C6F5)3](-), while the bridging-hydride oxidizes at a higher potential still, comparable to that of free H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Blagg
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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