1
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Terlecki M, Kornowicz A, Sacharczuk K, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Synthesis, polymorphism, and shape complementarity-induced co-crystallization of hexanuclear Co(II) clusters capped by a flexible heteroligand shell. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7012-7022. [PMID: 38563241 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00261j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphism and co-crystallization have gradually gained attention as new tools in the development of modern crystalline functional materials. However, the study on the selective self-assembly of metal clusters into multicomponent crystals is still in its infancy. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of two new heteroleptic hydroxido-acetato and acetato Co(II) clusters [Co6(OH)2(OAc)4(pyret)6] (1) and [Co6(OAc)6(pyret)6] (2) incorporating auxiliary 2-pyrrolidinoethoxylate (pyret) ligands. On this occasion, we revealed that the commonly used thermal procedure for dehydration of cobalt(II) acetate leads to a reagent comprising substantial contamination by cobalt hydroxido moieties. Comprehensive structural analysis of new compounds demonstrated intriguing crystal structure diversity of hydroxido-acetato cluster 1, which represents a rare example of both conformational and packing polymorphism in one compound, originating from the flexibility of organic O,N-ligands in the secondary coordination sphere. Furthermore, both clusters exhibit an interesting propensity for the selective formation of co-crystals 1·2 driven mainly by van der Waals forces and specific shape complementarity between co-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Terlecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowsiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Kornowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kornel Sacharczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowsiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowsiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Romero M, Mombrú D, Pignanelli F, Faccio R, Mombrú ÁW. From Chain- to Graphene-like Hydroxyl-terminated (ZnO) n Clusters with n≤6 Obtained via Zinc Dimethoxide Hydrolysis and Condensation: Ab initio Structural, Electronic, Vibrational and Optical Properties Calculations. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:849-863. [PMID: 33646619 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports are focusing on the structural evolution from the atomic-scale and also at the expenses of alkyl zinc alkoxide precursors towards (ZnO)n clusters and nanostructures with different interesting motifs, but still not much is known about their electronic properties. In this manuscript, we present a theoretical study using DFT and TD-DFT methodologies on the hydrolysis and condensation of zinc dimethoxide precursor in its monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms towards thermodynamically stable hydroxyl-terminated (ZnO)n clusters with novel chain- and graphene-like fashions. For all cases, distinct vibrational and optical spectra features were assigned evidencing a global monotonic decrease in the opto-electronic gap with increasing oligomerization and cyclization stages. In addition, the electron-affinity of all clusters was also observed to be enhanced with increasing oligomerization and cyclization stages and the electronic charge localization in -e charged clusters was observed to be strongly related to the presence of zinc-oxo subunits and other particular structural features. Our calculations also indicate that the stabilization through hydroxyl termination of both chain- and graphene-like ZnO clusters not only could be a promising driving force to obtain larger atomic-scale 1D and 2D nanostructures but also envisage interesting properties, particularly as electronic acceptor materials for energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dominique Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Pignanelli
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo Faccio
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Álvaro W Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Mąkolski Ł, Szejko V, Zelga K, Tulewicz A, Bernatowicz P, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Unravelling Structural Mysteries of Simple Organozinc Alkoxides. Chemistry 2021; 27:5666-5674. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mąkolski
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina Zelga
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Adam Tulewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Bernatowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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4
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Sanchez-Perez C, Dixon SC, Darr JA, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJ. Aerosol-assisted route to low-E transparent conductive gallium-doped zinc oxide coatings from pre-organized and halogen-free precursor. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4980-4990. [PMID: 34122954 PMCID: PMC8159247 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal control in low-emission windows is achieved by the application of glazings, which are simultaneously optically transparent in the visible and reflective in the near-infrared (IR). This phenomenon is characteristic of coatings with wide optical band gaps that have high enough charge carrier concentrations for the material to interact with electromagnetic radiation in the IR region. While conventional low-E coatings are composed of sandwiched structures of oxides and thin Ag films or of fluorinated SnO2 coatings, ZnO-based glazing offers an environmentally stable and economical alternative with competitive optoelectronic properties. In this work, gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) coatings with properties for low-E coatings that exceed industrial standards (T visible > 82%; R 2500 nm > 90%; λ (plasma) = 1290 nm; ρ = 4.7 × 10-4 Ω cm; R sh = 9.4 Ω·□-1) are deposited through a sustainable and environmentally friendly halogen-free deposition route from [Ga(acac)3] and a pre-organized zinc oxide precursor [EtZnOiPr]4 (1) via single-pot aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. GZO films are highly (002)-textured, smooth and compact without need of epitaxial growth. The method herein describes the synthesis of coatings with opto-electronic properties commonly achievable only through high-vacuum methods, and provides an alternative to the use of pyrophoric ZnEt2 and halogenated SnO2 coatings currently used in low-emission glazing and photovoltaic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sanchez-Perez
- University College London, Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon St London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Sebastian C Dixon
- University College London, Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon St London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Jawwad A Darr
- University College London, Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon St London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- University College London, Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon St London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- University College London, Department of Chemistry 20 Gordon St London WC1H 0AJ UK
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5
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Gómez-Núñez A, Alonso-Gil S, López C, Roura-Grabulosa P, Vilà A. From Ethanolamine Precursor Towards ZnO-How N Is Released from the Experimental and Theoretical Points of View. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1415. [PMID: 31623410 PMCID: PMC6835746 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents experimental and computational studies on ZnO formation after decomposition of a sol-gel precursor containing ethanolamine and Zn(II) acetate. The structural modifications suffered during decomposition of the monomeric and dimeric Zn(II) complexes formed, containing bidentate deprotonated ethanolamine and acetato ligands, have been described experimentally and explained via Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics. Additional metadynamics simulations provide an overview of the dimer evolution by the cleavage of the Zn-N bond, the structural changes produced and their effects on the Zn(II) environment. The results provide conclusive evidence of the relevance of ethanolamine used as a stabilizer in the formation of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Núñez
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- FAE Francisco Albero S.A.U., Rafael Barradas 19, Granvia L'Hospitalet Economic District, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Santiago Alonso-Gil
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Concepción López
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Roura-Grabulosa
- Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi, University of Girona, Edif. PII, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Anna Vilà
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Synthesis of mono- and tetra-nuclear β-pyridylenolate zinc complexes and their catalysis toward the ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and lactide. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Tokarska K, Grala A, Wojewódzka A, Chwojnowska E, Grzonka J, Cywiński PJ, Kruczała K, Sojka Z, Chudy M, Lewiński J. Safe-by-Design Ligand-Coated ZnO Nanocrystals Engineered by an Organometallic Approach: Unique Physicochemical Properties and Low Toxicity toward Lung Cells. Chemistry 2018; 24:4033-4042. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Tokarska
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Wojewódzka
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chwojnowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Justyna Grzonka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Wołoska 141 02-507 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr J. Cywiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kruczała
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sojka
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Michał Chudy
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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8
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Liang Y, Wicker S, Wang X, Erichsen ES, Fu F. Organozinc Precursor-Derived Crystalline ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Spectroscopic Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8010022. [PMID: 29300343 PMCID: PMC5791109 DOI: 10.3390/nano8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline ZnO-ROH and ZnO-OR (R = Me, Et, iPr, nBu) nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized by the thermal decomposition of in-situ-formed organozinc complexes Zn(OR)2 deriving from the reaction of Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with ROH and of the freshly prepared Zn(OR)2 under an identical condition, respectively. With increasing carbon chain length of alkyl alcohol, the thermal decomposition temperature and dispersibility of in-situ-formed intermediate zinc alkoxides in oleylamine markedly influenced the particle sizes of ZnO-ROH and its shape (sphere, plate-like aggregations), while a strong diffraction peak-broadening effect is observed with decreasing particle size. For ZnO-OR NPs, different particle sizes and various morphologies (hollow sphere or cuboid-like rod, solid sphere) are also observed. As a comparison, the calcination of the fresh-prepared Zn(OR)2 generated ZnO-R NPs possessing the particle sizes of 5.4~34.1 nm. All crystalline ZnO nanoparticles are characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy and solid-state 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The size effect caused by confinement of electrons’ movement and the defect centres caused by unpaired electrons on oxygen vacancies or ionized impurity heteroatoms in the crystal lattices are monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoluminescent (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. Based on the types of defects determined by EPR signals and correspondingly defect-induced probably appeared PL peak position compared to actual obtained PL spectra, we find that it is difficult to establish a direct relationship between defect types and PL peak position, revealing the complication of the formation of defect types and photoluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucang Liang
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Wicker
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Egil Severin Erichsen
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Feng Fu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Yan'an 716000, China.
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9
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Garden JA, Pike SD. Hydrolysis of organometallic and metal–amide precursors: synthesis routes to oxo-bridged heterometallic complexes, metal-oxo clusters and metal oxide nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3638-3662. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00017d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic and metal amide reagents react with –OH groups to generate metal–oxygen connectivity, yielding metal-oxo heterobimetallics, clusters and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3FJ
- UK
| | - S. D. Pike
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge
- UK
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10
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Chwojnowska E, Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Grzonka J, Lewiński J. An organometallic route to chiroptically active ZnO nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14782-14786. [PMID: 28767107 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02843a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unique optical properties of zinc oxide nanocrystals (ZnO NCs) are strongly dependent on both the properties and the composition of the inorganic core-organic ligand interface. Developing a novel organometallic self-supporting approach, we report on the synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanocrystals coated by chiral monoanionic aminoalcoholate ligands. The resulting ZnO NCs are both chiroptically active and possess size dependent optical properties. The size and in consequence the emission color of the ZnO NCs could be simply adjusted by the characteristic of the aminoalcohol used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Chwojnowska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland. and Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Grzonka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland. and Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland. and Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Leszczyński MK, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Toward Factors Affecting the Degree of Zinc Alkyls Oxygenation: A Case of Organozinc Guanidinate Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał K. Leszczyński
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Department
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Leszczyński MK, Justyniak I, Zelga K, Lewiński J. From ethylzinc guanidinate to [Zn10O4]-supertetrahedron. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12404-12407. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01619k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The controlled hydrolysis of an ethylzinc guanidinate complex affords an unprecedented cluster containing a [Zn10O4]12+ supertetrahedron core stabilized by the guanidinate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Karolina Zelga
- Department of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Department of Chemistry
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13
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Wróbel Z, Pietrzak T, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Oxygenation of RZn(N,O)-type complexes as an efficient route to zinc alkoxides not accessible via the classical alcoholysis path. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10808-10811. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05818g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxygenation of alkylzincs incorporating a 2-ester substituted pyrrolate ligand (L) leads to zinc alkoxides with an uncommon structural motif in the solid state: a trimer [(L)Zn(μ-OtBu)]3 with the central [Zn3(μ-OR)3] ring or a heterocubane [(L)Zn(μ3-OEt)]4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wróbel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Pietrzak
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3
- Warsaw 00-664
- Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
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14
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Simple phosphinate ligands access zinc clusters identified in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13008. [PMID: 27734828 PMCID: PMC5065624 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of ligand-stabilized functional nanoparticles from molecular
precursors is widely applied but is difficult to study mechanistically. Here we use
31P NMR spectroscopy to follow the trajectory of phosphinate
ligands during the synthesis of a range of ligated zinc oxo clusters, containing 4,
6 and 11 zinc atoms. Using an organometallic route, the clusters interconvert
rapidly and self-assemble in solution based on thermodynamic equilibria rather than
nucleation kinetics. These clusters are also identified in situ during the
synthesis of phosphinate-capped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Unexpectedly, the ligand
is sequestered to a stable Zn11 cluster during the majority of the
synthesis and only becomes coordinated to the nanoparticle surface, in the final
step. In addition to a versatile and accessible route to (optionally doped) zinc
clusters, the findings provide an understanding of the role of well-defined
molecular precursors during the synthesis of small (2–4 nm)
nanoparticles. Ligands and surfactants play an important part in the synthesis of
nanoparticles from molecular precursors although their exact roles are poorly
understood. Here, the authors isolate a range of intermediate sized zinc clusters and
are able to spectroscopically probe the self-assembly and ligand effects.
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15
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Moezzi A, Cortie M, McDonagh A. Transformation of zinc hydroxide chloride monohydrate to crystalline zinc oxide. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:7385-90. [PMID: 27030646 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal decomposition of layered zinc hydroxide double salts provides an interesting alternative synthesis for particles of zinc oxide. Here, we examine the sequence of changes occurring as zinc hydroxide chloride monohydrate (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O) is converted to crystalline ZnO by thermal decomposition. The specific surface area of the resultant ZnO measured by BET was 1.3 m(2) g(-1). A complicating and important factor in this process is that the thermal decomposition of zinc hydroxide chloride is also accompanied by the formation of volatile zinc-containing species under certain conditions. We show that this volatile compound is anhydrous ZnCl2 and its formation is moisture dependent. Therefore, control of atmospheric moisture is an important consideration that affects the overall efficiency of ZnO production by this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Moezzi
- Avocado Engineering Pty. Ltd., NSW, Australia. and Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Michael Cortie
- Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Andrew McDonagh
- Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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16
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Wolska-Pietkiewicz M, Świerkosz A, Justyniak I, Grala A, Sokołowski K, Lewiński J. Alkylzinc diorganophosphates: synthesis, structural diversity and unique ability to incorporate zincoxane units. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:18813-18816. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03324e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New tetrameric alkylzinc organophosphates of a drum-like structure and novel aggregates based on alkylzinc organophosphates with incorporated zincoxane units were synthesized and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Świerkosz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Warsaw University of Technology
- 00-664 Warsaw
- Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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