1
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Racheeti PB, Gunturu RB, Pinapati SR, Kowthalam A, Tamminana R, Rudraraju R. Hypervalent iodine(III) promoted synthesis of isothiocyanates in water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2148222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratna Babu Gunturu
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP, India
| | | | - Anitha Kowthalam
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishna Devaraya University, Ananthapur, AP, India
| | - Ramana Tamminana
- Department of Chemistry, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, AP, India
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2
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Nagasaka M, Kosugi N. Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Observing Element-specific Intermolecular Interaction in Solution Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Nagasaka
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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3
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Sato T, Uozumi Y, Yamada YMA. Catalytic Reductive Alkylation of Amines in Batch and Microflow Conditions Using a Silicon-Wafer-Based Palladium Nanocatalyst. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26938-26945. [PMID: 33111021 PMCID: PMC7581266 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of the catalytic reductive alkylation of amines with aldehydes under the atmospheric pressure of H2 using a brush-like silicon-nanostructure-supported palladium nanoparticle composite (SiNS-Pd) as a silicon-wafer-based reusable heterogeneous catalyst. The present reaction of primary and secondary amines with various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of the catalyst (0.02-0.05 mol % Pd) gave the corresponding secondary and tertiary amines including Lomerizine and Aticaprant in a 68% quantitative yield without overalkylation. We also designed and fabricated a flow device equipped with SiNS-Pd for microflow reactions, which was applied to the gas-liquid-solid triphasic reaction system (i.e., H2 gas, a substrate solution, and a solid catalyst). A multigram-scale reaction of aniline and benzaldehyde was demonstrated to obtain N-benzylaniline (ca. 4 g/day), in which the internal volume of the flow channel was 43 μL, the residence time was approximately 1 s, and the turnover number (TON) reached 4.0 × 104 in a continuous 24 h run (1.7 × 103 h-1; 0.50 s-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Sato
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute
for Molecular Science (IMS), Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yoichi M. A. Yamada
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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4
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A decade of advances in the reaction of nitrogen sources and alkynes for the synthesis of triazoles. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Supported Tris-Triazole Ligands for Batch and Continuous-Flow Copper-Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of supported versions of the tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA) ligand, suitable for flow-chemistry applications at scale, prompted us to develop a new route for the immobilization of such tris-triazole chelating units on highly cross-linked polystyrene resins. With this aim, the preparation of the known TBTA-type monomer 3 was optimized to develop a high-yield synthetic sequence, devoid of chromatographic purifications at any stage. Then, bead-type (P7) and monolithic (M7) functional resins were obtained by the easy and scalable suspension- or mold-copolymerization of 3 with divinylbenzene. Both types of materials were found to possess a highly porous morphology and specific surface area in the dry state and could be charged with substantial amounts of Cu(I) or Cu(II) salts. After treatment of the latter with a proper reducing agent, the corresponding supported Cu(I) complexes were tested in the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The immobilized catalysts proved active at room temperature and, in batch and with catalyst loadings as low as 0.6 mol%, afforded quantitative conversions within 20 h. Independent of the alkyne structure, extended use of the supported catalyst in flow was also possible. In the reaction of benzylazide and propargyl alcohol, this allowed a total turnover number larger than 400 to be reached.
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6
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Nagasaka M, Yuzawa H, Takada N, Aoyama M, Rühl E, Kosugi N. Laminar flow in microfluidics investigated by spatially-resolved soft X-ray absorption and infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114201. [PMID: 31542036 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to liquid cells based on microfluidics for chemical state analysis of light elements is much more difficult than hard X-ray absorption since soft X-rays cannot deeply penetrate a microfluidic cell. In this study, we have newly developed a microfluidic cell for spatially resolved XAS, where a 100 nm thick Si3N4 membrane is used for the measurement window to transmit soft X-rays for keeping the microfluidic flow at a width and depth of 50 µm. The π* peak of pyridine near the N K-edge XAS shows characteristic energy shifts near the liquid-liquid interface in a laminar flow of pyridine and water. The distributions of the molar fractions of pyridine and water near the liquid-liquid interface have been determined from the energy shifts of the π* peak probed at different geometric positions, where pyridine is mixed in the water part of the laminar flow and vice versa. The spatial distribution of both species has also been studied by infrared microscopy, using the same microfluidic setup. The present work clearly shows that these spectroscopic techniques are easily applicable to chemical and biological reactions prepared by microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Noriko Takada
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Aoyama
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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7
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Srisa J, Tankam T, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. Micelle-Enabled One-Pot Guanidine Synthesis in Water Directly from Isothiocyanate using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents under Mild Conditions. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3335-3343. [PMID: 31397526 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a one-pot synthesis of guanidine directly from isothiocyanate using DIB (diacetoxyiodobenzene) as a desulfurizing agent under micellar conditions in water. Our optimization study revealed that the use of 1 % TPGS-750-M as a surfactant with NaOH as an additive base at room temperature can convert a variety of isothiocyanates and amines into corresponding guanidines in excellent yields (69-95 %). This synthetic process in water can be applied to prepare guanidine at gram-scale quantity. Our aqueous micellar medium also demonstrated high reusability as the reaction can be performed for several cycles without losing its efficiency. The reaction is metal-free, utilizes water as solvent and practical (room temperature and open flask).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakkrit Srisa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theeranon Tankam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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8
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Hu H, Ohno A, Sato T, Mase T, Uozumi Y, Yamada YMA. Self-Assembled Polymeric Pyridine Copper Catalysts for Huisgen Cycloaddition with Alkynes and Acetylene Gas: Application in Synthesis of Tazobactam. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Aya Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuma Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mase
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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9
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Sojo V, Ohno A, McGlynn SE, Yamada YMA, Nakamura R. Microfluidic Reactors for Carbon Fixation under Ambient-Pressure Alkaline-Hydrothermal-Vent Conditions. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:life9010016. [PMID: 30717250 PMCID: PMC6463036 DOI: 10.3390/life9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline-hydrothermal-vent theory for the origin of life predicts the spontaneous reduction of CO₂, dissolved in acidic ocean waters, with H₂ from the alkaline vent effluent. This reaction would be catalyzed by Fe(Ni)S clusters precipitated at the interface, which effectively separate the two fluids into an electrochemical cell. Using microfluidic reactors, we set out to test this concept. We produced thin, long Fe(Ni)S precipitates of less than 10 µm thickness. Mixing simplified analogs of the acidic-ocean and alkaline-vent fluids, we then tested for the reduction of CO₂. We were unable to detect reduced carbon products under a number of conditions. As all of our reactions were performed at atmospheric pressure, the lack of reduced carbon products may simply be attributable to the low concentration of hydrogen in our system, suggesting that high-pressure reactors may be a necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sojo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Systems Biophysics, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich 80799, Germany.
- Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin. Wallotstr. 19, Berlin 14193, Germany.
| | - Aya Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shawn E McGlynn
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA 98154, USA.
| | - Yoichi M A Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Ryuhei Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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10
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Zhang J, Chen J, Peng S, Peng S, Zhang Z, Tong Y, Miller PW, Yan XP. Emerging porous materials in confined spaces: from chromatographic applications to flow chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2566-2595. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials confined within capillary columns/microfluidic devices are discussed, and progress in chromatographic and membrane separations and catalysis is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- MOE Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Junxing Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- MOE Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Sheng Peng
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- MOE Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Shuyin Peng
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- MOE Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Zizhe Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- MOE Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Yexiang Tong
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- MOE Laboratory of Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | | | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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11
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Yoneda T. Reductive Dechlorination of 4-Chlorophenol in a Water-based Solvent Using Pd/SiO2 Catalysts Functionalized with Self-assembling Organophosphonic Acids. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoneda
- Department of Liberal Arts and Science, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
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12
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Hudson R, Zhang HR, LoTemplio A, Benedetto G, Hamasaka G, Yamada YMA, Katz JL, Uozumi Y. Poly(meta-phenylene oxides) for the design of a tunable, efficient, and reusable catalytic platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2878-2881. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00774h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We present poly(meta-phenylene oxides) as versatile and tunable scaffolds for immobilized catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hudson
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | - H. R. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Colby College
- Waterville
- USA
| | - A. LoTemplio
- Department of Chemistry
- Colby College
- Waterville
- USA
| | - G. Benedetto
- Department of Chemistry
- Colby College
- Waterville
- USA
| | | | - Y. M. A. Yamada
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
| | - J. L. Katz
- Department of Chemistry
- Colby College
- Waterville
- USA
| | - Y. Uozumi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Saitama 351-0198
- Japan
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13
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Yamada YMA. Development of Batch and Flow Immobilized Catalytic Systems with High Catalytic Activity and Reusability. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:805-821. [PMID: 28867707 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
My mission in catalysis research is to develop highly active and reusable supported catalytic systems in terms of fundamental chemistry and industrial application. For this purpose, I developed three types of highly active and reusable supported catalytic systems. The first type involves polymeric base-supported metal catalysts: Novel polymeric imidazole-Pd and Cu complexes were developed that worked at the mol ppm level for a variety of organic transformations. The second involves catalytic membrane-installed microflow reactors: Membranous polymeric palladium and copper complex/nanoparticle catalysts were installed at the center of a microtube to produce novel catalytic membrane-immobilized flow microreactor devices. These catalytic devices mediated a variety of organic transformations to afford the corresponding products in high yield within 1-38 s. The third is a silicon nanowire array-immobilized palladium nanoparticle catalyst. This device promoted a variety of organic transformations as a heterogeneous catalyst. The Mizoroki-Heck reaction proceeded with 280 mol ppb (0.000028 mol%) of the catalyst, affording the corresponding products in high yield.
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14
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Wang C, Yang F, Cao Y, He X, Tang Y, Li Y. Cupric oxide nanowires on three-dimensional copper foam for application in click reaction. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CuO nanowires can be synthesized by facile thermal oxidation of 3D Cu foam in air, which were found to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions without using any additional support and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing
- China
- Institute of New Energy
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yushu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing
- China
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15
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Ourri B, Tillement O, Tu T, Jeanneau E, Darbost U, Bonnamour I. Copper complexes bearing an NHC–calixarene unit: synthesis and application in click chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper complexes supported by calix[4]arene were synthesized and showed good catalytic activity when applied in click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ourri
- Univ. Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246
- Equipe Chimie Supramoléculaire Appliquée CSAp
- Villeurbanne
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Univ. Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- ILM UMR CNRS 5306
- Equipe FENNEC
- Université de Lyon
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- 200433 Shanghai
- China
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Univ. Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246
- Equipe Chimie Supramoléculaire Appliquée CSAp
- Villeurbanne
| | - Ulrich Darbost
- Univ. Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- ILM UMR CNRS 5306
- Equipe FENNEC
- Université de Lyon
| | - Isabelle Bonnamour
- Univ. Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246
- Equipe Chimie Supramoléculaire Appliquée CSAp
- Villeurbanne
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16
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Liu X, Novoa N, Manzur C, Carrillo D, Hamon JR. New organometallic Schiff-base copper complexes as efficient “click” reaction precatalysts. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02681d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of sodium ascorbate, recyclable CuAAC precatalysts displayed high activity allowing the synthesis of a wide variety of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in high isolated yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- UMR 6226
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
| | - Néstor Novoa
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica
- Instituto de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - Carolina Manzur
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica
- Instituto de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - David Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica
- Instituto de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - Jean-René Hamon
- UMR 6226
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
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