1
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Wang Q, Abella L, Yao YR, Yan Y, Torrens D, Meng Q, Yang S, Poblet JM, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Chen N. U@ Cs(4)-C 82: A Different Cage Isomer with Reactivity Controlled by U-Sumanene Interaction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12976-12988. [PMID: 37527419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Actinide endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are a fullerene family that possess unique actinide-carbon cage host-guest molecular and electronic structures. In this work, a novel actinide EMF, U@Cs(4)-C82, was successfully synthesized and characterized, and its chemical reactivity was investigated. Crystallographic analysis shows that U@Cs(4)-C82, a new isomer of U@C82, has a Cs(4)-C82 cage, which has never been discovered in the form of empty or endohedral fullerenes. Its unique chemical reactivities were further revealed through the Bingel-Hirsch reaction and carbene addition reaction studies. The Bingel-Hirsch reaction of U@Cs(4)-C82 shows exceptionally high selectivity and product yield, yielding only one major addition adduct. Moreover, the addition sites for both reactions are unexpectedly located on adjacent carbon atoms far away from the actinide metal, despite the nucleophilic (Bingel-Hirsch) and electrophilic (carbene addition) nature of either reactant. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that this chemical behavior, unprecedented for EMFs, is directed by the unusually strong interaction between U and the sumanene motif of the carbon cage in U@Cs(4)-C82, which makes the energy increase when it is disrupted. This work reveals remarkable chemical properties of actinide EMFs originating from their unique electronic structures and highlights the key role of actinide-cage interactions in the determination of their chemical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Laura Abella
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yingjing Yan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Daniel Torrens
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Qingyu Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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2
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Li M, Zhao R, Dang J, Zhao X. Theoretical study on the stabilities, electronic structures, and reaction and formation mechanisms of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Méndez-Barrientos C, Peña Lecona F, Rodríguez-Zavala J. Corroboration and proposal of isomers for M@C2(9)-C82(Adamantylidene) (M = La, Y, Sc) endohedral metallofullerenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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George G, Stasyuk AJ, Solà M. Reactivity of the superhalogen/superalkali ion encapsulating C 60 fullerenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:203-210. [PMID: 34881384 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03577k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between 1,3-cyclohexadiene and a series of C60 fullerenes with encapsulated (super)alkali/(super)halogen species (Li+@C60, Li2F+@C60, Cl-@C60, and LiF2-@C60) was explored by means of DFT calculations. The reactivity of the ion encapsulating systems was compared to that of the parent C60 fullerene. Significant enhancement in reactivity was found for cation-encapsulating Li+/Li2F+@C60 complexes. The cycloadduct formed by LiF2-@C60 was found to be the most thermodynamically favorable among the studied ones. In contrast, encapsulation of Cl- anions disfavors the cycloaddition reaction both kinetically and thermodynamically. Higher activation energy barrier and less stability of the reaction product in the case of Cl-@C60 were associated with the higher deformation energies of the fullerene cage and the lower interaction energy between the reactants in comparison with the other studied complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibu George
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Anton J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain. .,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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5
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Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivity in NHC-catalyzed reaction of 2-bromoenals with β-ketoamides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Besalú-Sala P, Luis JM, Solà M. Bingel-Hirsch Addition of Diethyl Bromomalonate to Ion-Encapsulated Fullerenes M@C 60 (M=Ø, Li +, Na +, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, and Cl -). Chemistry 2020; 26:14481-14487. [PMID: 33463815 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the last 30 years, fullerene-based materials have become popular building blocks for devices with a broad range of applications. Among fullerene derivatives, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs, M@Cx) have been widely studied owing to their unique properties and reactivity. For real applications, fullerenes and EMFs must be exohedrally functionalized. It has been shown that encapsulated metal cations facilitate the Diels-Alder reaction in fullerenes. Herein, the Bingel-Hirsch (BH) addition of ethyl bromomalonate over a series of ion-encapsulated M@C60 (M=Ø, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl-; Ø@C60 stands for C60 without any endohedral metal) is quantum mechanically explored to analyze the effect of these ions on the BH addition. The results show that the incarcerated ion has a very important effect on the kinetics and thermodynamics of this reaction. Among the systems studied, K+@C60 is the one that leads to the fastest BH reaction, whereas the slowest reaction is given by Cl-@C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Stasyuk OA, Stasyuk AJ, Voityuk AA, Solà M. Covalent Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by the Bingel Reaction for Building Charge-Transfer Complexes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11721-11731. [PMID: 32820915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of nanotubes with donor and acceptor partners by the Bingel reaction leads to the formation of charge-transfer dyads, which can operate in organic photovoltaic devices. In this work, we theoretically examine the mechanism of the Bingel reaction for the (6,5)-chiral, (5,5)-armchair, and (9,0)-zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and demonstrate that the reaction is regioselective and takes place at the perpendicular position of (6,5)- and (5,5)-SWCNTs, and the oblique position of (9,0)-SWCNT. Further, we design computationally the donor-acceptor complexes based on (6,5)-SWCNT coupled with partners of different electronic nature. Analysis of their excited states reveals that efficient photoinduced charge transfer can be achieved in the complexes with π-extended analogue of tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF), zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), and tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane (TCAQ). The solvent can significantly affect the population of the charge-separated states. Our calculations show that electron transfer (ET) occurs in the normal Marcus regime on a sub-nanosecond time scale in the complexes with exTTF and ZnTPP, and in the inverted Marcus regime on a picosecond time scale in the case of the TCAQ derivative. The ET rate is found to be not very sensitive to the degree of functionalization of the nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Stasyuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anton J Stasyuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexander A Voityuk
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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Wang L, Wang Y. Exploring Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Dimerization of Paramagnetic Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10962-10975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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9
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Biglova YN, Sakhautdinov IM, Garifullin RN, Sakhautdinova GF, Mustafin AG. Kinetic investigation of the cyclopropanation process of fullerene C60 by halogenmethyl ketones under the conditions of the Bingel reaction. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the Bingel reaction with halogenmethyl ketones and C60 fullerene has been studied in streaming mode by sampling the reaction mixture at different time intervals and separating the components using HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulya N. Biglova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry
- Ufa Federal Research Centre
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Ilshat M. Sakhautdinov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry
- Ufa Federal Research Centre
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Rustem N. Garifullin
- Institute of Mathematics
- Ufa Federal Research Centre
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450008 Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Gulnaz F. Sakhautdinova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry
- Ufa Federal Research Centre
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russian Federation
| | - Akhat G. Mustafin
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry
- Ufa Federal Research Centre
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russian Federation
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10
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Jin P, Li Y, Magagula S, Chen Z. Exohedral functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes: Interplay between inside and outside. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Janda T, Foroutan‐Nejad C. Why is Benzene Unique? Screening Magnetic Properties of C6H6Isomers. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2357-2363. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ – 62500 Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Pardubice
| | - Cina Foroutan‐Nejad
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ – 62500 Brno Czech Republic
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12
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Cui CX, Zhang ZP, Zhu L, Qu LB, Zhang YP, Lan Y. Reactivity and regioselectivity in Diels-Alder reactions of anion encapsulated fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:30393-30401. [PMID: 29119190 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation and surface chemical modification are methodologies to enhance the properties of fullerenes for various applications. Herein, density functional theory calculations are performed to study the Diels-Alder (DA) reactivity of anion encapsulated C60, including [X@C60]- (X = F, Cl, Br, or I), [S@C60]2-, and [N@C60]3-. Computational results reveal that encapsulated Cl-, Br-, I-, or S2- anions are located close to the center of the C60 molecule; however, encapsulated F- is displaced from the center. Encapsulated N3- bonds to the inner surface of the carbon cage, which leads to a negative charge transfer to the C60. In [N@C60]3-, C-C bonds near to the encapsulated N atom are more reactive. Our calculations reveal that encapsulated halogen or S anions decrease the DA reactivity because of the stronger closed-shell repulsion of the encapsulated anion. However, encapsulated N3- increases the DA reactivity. The higher distortion energy of the halogen- or S2--anion encapsulated C60 leads to lower reactivity of the 6-5 bond. Opposite regioselectivity of the DA reaction with [N@C60]3- is attributed to distortion energy of the cyclopentadiene (CPD) moiety. The asymmetrical transition state geometry leads to a lower distortion energy of the CPD moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- Postdoctoral Research Base, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abella L, Wang Y, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Chen N, Poblet JM. Current status of oxide clusterfullerenes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Das Distortion/Interaction‐Activation‐Strain‐Modell zur Analyse von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry und Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry und Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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15
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Analyzing Reaction Rates with the Distortion/Interaction-Activation Strain Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10070-10086. [PMID: 28447369 PMCID: PMC5601271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 936] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain or distortion/interaction model is a tool to analyze activation barriers that determine reaction rates. For bimolecular reactions, the activation energies are the sum of the energies to distort the reactants into geometries they have in transition states plus the interaction energies between the two distorted molecules. The energy required to distort the molecules is called the activation strain or distortion energy. This energy is the principal contributor to the activation barrier. The transition state occurs when this activation strain is overcome by the stabilizing interaction energy. Following the changes in these energies along the reaction coordinate gives insights into the factors controlling reactivity. This model has been applied to reactions of all types in both organic and inorganic chemistry, including substitutions and eliminations, cycloadditions, and several types of organometallic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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16
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Muñoz-Castro A, Bruce King R. Evaluation of bonding, electron affinity, and optical properties of M@C28
(M = Zr, Hf, Th, and U): Role of d- and f-orbitals in endohedral fullerenes from relativistic DFT calculations. J Comput Chem 2016; 38:44-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Universidad Autonoma de Chile; Llano Subercaceaux 2801 San Miguel Santiago Chile
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular; Universidad Andres Bello; Av. Republica 275 Santiago Chile
| | - R. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
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17
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Zhao P, Zhao X, Ehara M. Regioselectivity of Sc2C2@C3v(8)-C82: Role of the Sumanene-Type Hexagon in Diels–Alder Reaction. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8169-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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