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Bokosi FRB, Beteck RM, Mbaba M, Mtshare TE, Laming D, Hoppe HC, Khanye SD. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mono- and bisquinoline methanamine derivatives as potential antiplasmodial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127855. [PMID: 33609655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of antimalarial drugs are currently available, although issues of toxicity and the emergence of drug resistant malaria parasites have reduced their overall therapeutic efficiency. Quinoline based antiplasmodial drugs have unequivocally been long-established and continue to inspire the design of new antimalarial agents. Herein, a series of mono- and bisquinoline methanamine derivatives were synthesised through sequential steps; Vilsmeier-Haack, reductive amination, and nucleophilic substitution, and obtained in low to excellent yields. The resulting compounds were investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum, and compounds 40 and 59 emerged as the most promising with IC50 values of 0.23 and 0.93 µM, respectively. The most promising compounds were also evaluated in silico by molecular docking protocols for binding affinity to the {001} fast-growing face of a hemozoin crystal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fostino R B Bokosi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Thanduxolo E Mtshare
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Dustin Laming
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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2
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Barros R, Junior FLCC, Pereira WS, Oliveira NMN, Ramos RM. Interaction of Drug Candidates with Various SARS-CoV-2 Receptors: An in Silico Study to Combat COVID-19. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4567-4575. [PMID: 32786890 PMCID: PMC7640951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The world is currently facing the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The pandemic is causing the death of people around the world, and public and social health measures to slow or prevent the spread of COVID-19 are being implemented with the involvement of all members of society. Research institutions are accelerating the discovery of vaccines and therapies for COVID-19. In this work, molecular docking was used to study (in silico) the interaction of 24 ligands, divided into four groups, with four SARS-CoV-2 receptors, Nsp9 replicase, main protease (Mpro), NSP15 endoribonuclease, and spike protein (S-protein) interacting with human ACE2. The results showed that the antimalarial drug Metaquine and anti-HIV antiretroviral Saquinavir interacted with all the studied receptors, indicating that they are potential candidates for multitarget drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo
O. Barros
- Research
Laboratory in Information Systems, Department of Information, Environment,
Health and Food Production, Federal Institute
of Piaui, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piaui, 64019-368, Brazil
| | - Fabio L. C. C. Junior
- Research
Laboratory in Information Systems, Department of Information, Environment,
Health and Food Production, Federal Institute
of Piaui, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piaui, 64019-368, Brazil
| | - Wildrimak S. Pereira
- Research
Laboratory in Information Systems, Department of Information, Environment,
Health and Food Production, Federal Institute
of Piaui, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piaui, 64019-368, Brazil
| | - Neiva M. N. Oliveira
- Research
Laboratory in Information Systems, Department of Information, Environment,
Health and Food Production, Federal Institute
of Piaui, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piaui, 64019-368, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Research
Laboratory in Information Systems, Department of Information, Environment,
Health and Food Production, Federal Institute
of Piaui, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piaui, 64019-368, Brazil
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Liebman KM, Burgess SJ, Gunsaru B, Kelly JX, Li Y, Morrill W, Liebman MC, Peyton DH. Unsymmetrical Bisquinolines with High Potency against P. falciparum Malaria. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092251. [PMID: 32397659 PMCID: PMC7249153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline-based scaffolds have been the mainstay of antimalarial drugs, including many artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), over the history of modern drug development. Although much progress has been made in the search for novel antimalarial scaffolds, it may be that quinolines will remain useful, especially if very potent compounds from this class are discovered. We report here the results of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study assessing potential unsymmetrical bisquinoline antiplasmodial drug candidates using in vitro activity against intact parasites in cell culture. Many unsymmetrical bisquinolines were found to be highly potent against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Further work to develop such compounds could focus on minimizing toxicities in order to find suitable candidates for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Liebman
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Steven J. Burgess
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Bornface Gunsaru
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Jane X. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
- Portland VA Research Foundation, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Yuexin Li
- Portland VA Research Foundation, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Westin Morrill
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
| | - Michael C. Liebman
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
| | - David H. Peyton
- DesignMedix, Inc., Portland, OR 97201, USA; (K.M.L.); (S.J.B.); (W.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (B.G.); (J.X.K.); (M.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-805-1291
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Upadhyay C, Chaudhary M, De Oliveira RN, Borbas A, Kempaiah P, Singh P, Rathi B. Fluorinated scaffolds for antimalarial drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:705-718. [PMID: 32202162 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1740203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique physicochemical properties and chemical diversity of organofluorine compounds have remarkably contributed for their wide utility in the area of pharmaceuticals, materials and agrochemicals. The noteworthy characteristics of fluorine include high electron affinity, lipophilicity and bioavailability, extending the half-life of the drugs. The incorporation of fluorine substituents, particularly trifluoromethyl groups, into organic molecules has led to their high potency against various diseases, including malaria. Hence, organofluorinated molecules offer valuable avenues for the design of new drug candidates against malaria. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the importance of fluorine substituents present in the chemical compounds, and their potential applications for antimalarial drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION Fluorinated molecules represent a reliable strategy to develop new antimalarial drugs. Fluorine or fluorinated groups have been identified as a promising precursor, and their presence in approximately twenty-five percent of approved drugs is notable. Selective fluorination of chemical entities has the potential to be applied not only to improve the activity profile against the malaria parasite, but could be extrapolated for favorable pharmacological applications. Hazardous reagents such as HF, F2 and SF4 used for fluorination, are not considered as safe, and therefore, this process remains challenging, particularly for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
| | - Monika Chaudhary
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
| | - Ronaldo N De Oliveira
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco , Recife, Brazil
| | - Aniko Borbas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen , Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago, USA
| | - Poonam Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
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Çapcı A, Lorion MM, Wang H, Simon N, Leidenberger M, Borges Silva MC, Moreira DRM, Zhu Y, Meng Y, Chen JY, Lee YM, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Wang J, Ackermann L, Tsogoeva SB. Artemisinin–(Iso)quinoline Hybrids by C−H Activation and Click Chemistry: Combating Multidrug‐Resistant Malaria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Çapcı
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Mélanie M. Lorion
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Nina Simon
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Paul-Gordon-Straße 3 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Paul-Gordon-Straße 3 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | | | | | - Yongping Zhu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuqing Meng
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Jia Yun Chen
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore 117600 Singapore Singapore
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Paul-Gordon-Straße 3 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Paul-Gordon-Straße 3 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
- Shenzhen People's Hospital Shenzhen 518020 China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91054 Erlangen Germany
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6
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Çapcı A, Lorion MM, Wang H, Simon N, Leidenberger M, Borges Silva MC, Moreira DRM, Zhu Y, Meng Y, Chen JY, Lee YM, Friedrich O, Kappes B, Wang J, Ackermann L, Tsogoeva SB. Artemisinin-(Iso)quinoline Hybrids by C-H Activation and Click Chemistry: Combating Multidrug-Resistant Malaria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13066-13079. [PMID: 31290221 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A substantial challenge worldwide is emergent drug resistance in malaria parasites against approved drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ). To address these unsolved CQ resistance issues, only rare examples of artemisinin (ART)-based hybrids have been reported. Moreover, protein targets of such hybrids have not been identified yet, and the reason for the superior efficacy of these hybrids is still not known. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel ART-isoquinoline and ART-quinoline hybrids showing highly improved potencies against CQ-resistant and multidrug-resistant P. falciparum strains (EC50 (Dd2) down to 1.0 nm; EC50 (K1) down to 0.78 nm) compared to CQ (EC50 (Dd2)=165.3 nm; EC50 (K1)=302.8 nm) and strongly suppressing parasitemia in experimental malaria. These new compounds are easily accessible by step-economic C-H activation and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reactions. Through chemical proteomics, putatively hybrid-binding protein targets of the ART-quinolines were successfully identified in addition to known targets of quinoline and artemisinin alone, suggesting that the hybrids act through multiple modes of action to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Çapcı
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mélanie M Lorion
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Simon
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Leidenberger
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Yongping Zhu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuqing Meng
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jia Yun Chen
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kappes
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordon-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Quinoline and quinolone dimers and their biological activities: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:101-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Delpe Acharige AMDS, Brennan MPC, Lauder K, McMahon F, Odebunmi AO, Durrant MC. Computational insights into the inhibition of β-haematin crystallization by antimalarial drugs. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15364-15381. [PMID: 30298161 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During the red blood cell phase of their life cycle, malaria parasites digest their host's haemoglobin, with concomitant release of potentially toxic iron(iii) protoporphyrin IX (FePPIX). The parasites' strategy for detoxification of FePPIX involves its crystallization to haemozoin, such that the build-up of free haem in solution is avoided. Antimalarial drugs of both historical importance and current clinical use are known to be capable of disrupting the growth of crystals of β-haematin, which is the synthetic equivalent of haemozoin. Hence, the disruption of haemozoin crystal growth is implicated as a possible mode of action of such drugs. However, the details of β-haematin crystal poisoning at the molecular level have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we have used a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular modelling to examine the possible modes of action of ten different antimalarial drugs, including quinine-type aliphatic alcohols, amodiaquine-type phenols, and chloroquine-type aliphatic diamines. The DFT calculations indicate that each of the drugs can form at least one molecular complex with FePPIX. These complexes have 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 FePPIX : drug stoichiometries and all of them incorporate Fe-O bonds, formed either by direct coordination of a zwitterionic form of the drug, or by deprotonation of water. Most of the drugs can form more than one such complex. We have used the DFT model structures to explore the possible formation of a monolayer of each drug-haem complex on four of the β-haematin crystal faces. In all cases, the drug complexes can form a monolayer on the fast-growing {001} and {011} faces, but not on the slower growing {010} and {100} faces. Additional modelling of the chloroquine and quinidine complexes shows that individual molecules of these species can also obstruct the growth of new layers on other crystal faces. The implications of these observations for antimalarial drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana M D S Delpe Acharige
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 8ST, UK.
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Lim FPL, Hu LM, Tiekink ER, Dolzhenko AV. One-pot, microwave-assisted synthesis of polymethylene-bridged bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(3)-amines) and their tautomerism. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Casino AD, Lukinović V, Bhatt R, Randle LE, Dascombe MJ, Fennell DBJ, Drew MGB, Bell A, Fielding AJ, Ismail FMD. Synthesis, Structural Determination, and Pharmacology of Putative Dinitroaniline Antimalarials. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio del Casino
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Lukinović
- School of Chemistry and the Photon Science InstituteThe University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Bhatt
- Henkel Loctite Adhesives LtdKelsey House, Wood Lane End Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4RQ United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Dascombe
- Faculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthStopford Building The University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom
| | - Dr Brian J. Fennell
- School of Genetics and MicrobiologyMoyne InstituteTrinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Michael G. B. Drew
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Reading, Reading, Berks, RG6 6AD United Kingdom
| | - Angus Bell
- School of Genetics and MicrobiologyMoyne InstituteTrinity College, Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alistair J. Fielding
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
| | - Fyaz M. D. Ismail
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF United Kingdom
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