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Schüttel M, Heinis C. High-Density Immobilization of TCEP on Silica Beads for Efficient Disulfide Reduction and Thiol Alkylation in Peptides. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300592. [PMID: 38047532 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) linked to agarose beads is widely used for reducing disulfide bridges in proteins and peptides. The immobilization of TCEP on beads allows efficient removal after reduction to prevent its reaction with alkylating reagents and thus interference with conjugation reactions. However, a limitation of agarose TCEP is its relatively low reduction capacity per milliliter of wet beads (about 15 μmol/ml), making it unsuitable for the reduction of disulfides from molecules at millimolar concentrations. In this work, we tested the immobilization of TCEP to a range of different solid supports and found that conjugation to silica gel offers TCEP beads with about 8-fold higher reduction capacity (129±16 μmol/ml wet beads). We show that it allows reducing disulfide-cyclized peptides at millimolar concentrations for subsequent cyclization by bis-electrophile linker reagents. Given the substantially higher reduction capacity, the robust performance in different solvents, the low cost of the silica gel, and the ease of functionalization with TCEP, the silica gel-TCEP is suited for reducing disulfide bridges in essentially any peptide and is particularly useful for reducing peptides at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Schüttel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pickens CA, Courtney E, Isenberg SL, Cuthbert C, Petritis K. Multiplexing Homocysteine into First-Tier Newborn Screening Mass Spectrometry Assays Using Selective Thiol Derivatization. Clin Chem 2023; 69:470-481. [PMID: 36920064 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical homocystinuria (HCU) results from deficient cystathionine β-synthase activity, causing elevated levels of Met and homocysteine (Hcy). Newborn screening (NBS) aims to identify HCU in pre-symptomatic newborns by assessing Met concentrations in first-tier screening. However, unlike Hcy, Met testing leads to a high number of false-positive and -negative results. Therefore, screening for Hcy directly in first-tier screening would be a better biomarker for use in NBS. METHODS Dried blood spot (DBS) quality control and residual clinical specimens were used in analyses. Several reducing and maleimide reagents were investigated to aid in quantification of total Hcy (tHcy). The assay which was developed and validated was performed by flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS). RESULTS Interferents of tHcy measurement were identified, so selective derivatization of Hcy was employed. Using N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to selectively derivatize Hcy allowed interferent-free quantification of tHcy by FIA-MS/MS in first-tier NBS. The combination of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and NEM yielded significantly less matrix effects compared to dithiothreitol (DTT) and NEM. Analysis of clinical specimens demonstrated that the method could distinguish between HCU-positive, presumptive normal newborns, and newborns receiving total parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Here we present the first known validated method capable of screening tHcy in DBS during FIA-MS/S first-tier NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Austin Pickens
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elya Courtney
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha L Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carla Cuthbert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Konstantinos Petritis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Shi Y, Tian H, Xia Y, Sun Y, Zhou Z, Ren Y, Shi T, Liu Z, Ma G. Deciphering the reaction mechanism and the reactivity of the TCEP species towards reduction of hexachloroiridate(IV). J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Doswald S, Stark WJ, Beck-Schimmer B. Biochemical functionality of magnetic particles as nanosensors: how far away are we to implement them into clinical practice? J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:73. [PMID: 31151445 PMCID: PMC6544934 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanosensors have become attractive instruments for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. They represent an efficient carrier system in drug delivery or in transporting contrast agents. For such purposes, magnetic nanosensors are used in vivo (intracorporeal application). To remove specific compounds from blood, magnetic nanosensors act as elimination system, which represents an extracorporeal approach. This review discusses principles, advantages and risks on recent advances in the field of magnetic nanosensors. First, synthesis methods for magnetic nanosensors and possibilities for enhancement of biocompatibility with different coating materials are addressed. Then, attention is devoted to clinical applications, in which nanosensors are or may be used as carrier- and elimination systems in the near future. Finally, risk considerations and possible effects of nanomaterials are discussed when working towards clinical applications with magnetic nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Doswald
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin Jan Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Beck-Schimmer
- Institute of Anesthesiology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Reducing Complexity? Cysteine Reduction and S-Alkylation in Proteomic Workflows: Practical Considerations. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1977:83-97. [PMID: 30980324 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9232-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction and alkylation are common processing steps in sample preparation for qualitative and quantitative proteomic analyses. In principle, these steps mitigate the limitations resulting from the presence of disulfide bridges. There has been recurring debate in the proteomics community around their use, with concern over negative impacts that result from overalkylation (off-target, non-thiol sites) or incomplete reduction and/or S-alkylation of cysteine. This chapter integrates findings from a number of studies on different reduction and alkylation strategies, to guide users in experimental design for their optimal use in proteomic workflows.
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Tallec G, Loh C, Liberelle B, Garcia-Ac A, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Banquy X, Murschel F, De Crescenzo G. Adequate Reducing Conditions Enable Conjugation of Oxidized Peptides to Polymers by One-Pot Thiol Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3866-3876. [PMID: 30350572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiol(-click) chemistry has been extensively investigated to conjugate (bio)molecules to polymers. Handling of cysteine-containing molecules may however be cumbersome, especially in the case of fast-oxidizing coiled-coil-forming peptides. In the present study, we investigated the practicality of a one-pot process to concomitantly reduce and conjugate an oxidized peptide to a polymer. Three thiol-based conjugation chemistries (vinyl sulfone (VS), maleimide, and pyridyldithiol) were assayed along with three reducing agents (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol, and β-mercaptoethanol). Seven out of the nine possible combinations significantly enhanced the conjugation yield, provided that an adequate concentration of reductant was used. Among them, the coincubation of an oxidized peptide with TCEP and a VS-modified polymer displayed the highest level of conjugation. Our results also provide insights into two topics that currently lack consensus: TCEP is stable in 10 mM phosphate buffered saline and it reacts with thiol-alkylating agents at submillimolar concentrations, and thus should be carefully used in order to avoid interference with thiol-based conjugation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Tallec
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Celestine Loh
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore , Singapore , 639798
| | - Benoit Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Araceli Garcia-Ac
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Frederic Murschel
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
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