1
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Hehn L, Deglmann P, Kühn M. Chelate Complexes of 3d Transition Metal Ions─A Challenge for Electronic-Structure Methods? J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4545-4568. [PMID: 38805381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Different electronic-structure methods were assessed for their ability to predict two important properties of the industrially relevant chelating agent nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA): its selectivity with respect to six different first-row transition metal ions and the spin-state energetics of its complex with Fe(III). The investigated methods encompassed density functional theory (DFT), the random phase approximation (RPA), coupled cluster (CC) theory, and the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) method, as well as the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method and the respective on-top methods: second-order N-electron valence state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) and multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT). Different strategies for selecting active spaces were explored, and the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach was used to solve the largest active spaces. Despite somewhat ambiguous multi-reference diagnostics, most methods gave relatively good agreement with experimental data for the chemical reactions connected to the selectivity, which only involved transition-metal complexes in their high-spin state. CC methods yielded the highest accuracy followed by range-separated DFT and AFQMC. We discussed in detail that even higher accuracies can be obtained with NEVPT2, under the prerequisite that consistent active spaces along the entire chemical reaction can be selected, which was not the case for reactions involving Fe(III). A bigger challenge for electronic-structure methods was the prediction of the spin-state energetics, which additionally involved lower spin states that exhibited larger multi-reference diagnostics. Conceptually different, typically accurate methods ranging from CC theory via DMRG-NEVPT2 in combination with large active spaces to AFQMC agreed well that the high-spin state is energetically significantly favored over the other spin states. This was in contrast to most DFT functionals and RPA which yielded a smaller stabilization and some common DFT functionals and MC-PDFT even predicting the low-spin state to be energetically most favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hehn
- Next Generation Computing, BASF SE, Pfalzgrafenstr. 1, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- Quantum Chemistry, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Kühn
- Next Generation Computing, BASF SE, Pfalzgrafenstr. 1, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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2
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Drabik G, Radoń M. Approaching the Complete Basis Set Limit for Spin-State Energetics of Mononuclear First-Row Transition Metal Complexes. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3199-3217. [PMID: 38574194 PMCID: PMC11044276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Convergence to the complete basis set (CBS) limit is analyzed for the problem of spin-state energetics in mononuclear first-row transition metal (TM) complexes by taking under scrutiny a benchmark set of 18 energy differences between spin states for 13 chemically diverse TM complexes. The performance of conventional CCSD(T) and explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12a/b calculations in approaching the CCSD(T)/CBS limits is systematically studied. An economic computational protocol is developed based on the CCSD-F12a approximation and (here proposed) modified scaling of the perturbative triples term (T#). This computational protocol recovers the relative spin-state energetics of the benchmark set in excellent agreement with the reference CCSD(T)/CBS limits (mean absolute deviation of 0.4, mean signed deviation of 0.2, and maximum deviation of 0.8 kcal/mol) and enables performing canonical CCSD(T) calculations for mononuclear TM complexes sized up to ca. 50 atoms, which is illustrated by application to heme-related metalloporphyrins. Furthermore, a good transferability of the basis set incompleteness error (BSIE) is demonstrated for spin-state energetics computed using CCSD(T) and other wave function methods (MP2, CASPT2, CASPT2/CC, NEVPT2, and MRCI + Q), which justifies efficient focal-point approximations and simplifies the construction of multimethod benchmark studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Drabik
- Jagiellonian
University, Doctoral School
of Exact and Natural Sciences, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków Poland
| | - Mariusz Radoń
- Jagiellonian
University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków Poland
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3
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Radoń M. Benchmarks for transition metal spin-state energetics: why and how to employ experimental reference data? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30800-30820. [PMID: 37938035 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of energy differences between alternative spin states of transition metal complexes is essential in computational (bio)inorganic chemistry-for example, in characterization of spin crossover materials and in the theoretical modeling of open-shell reaction mechanisms-but it remains one of the most compelling problems for quantum chemistry methods. A part of this challenge is to obtain reliable reference data for benchmark studies, as even the highest-level applicable methods are known to give divergent results. This Perspective discusses two possible approaches to method benchmarking for spin-state energetics: using either theoretically computed or experiment-derived reference data. With the focus on the latter approach, an extensive general review is provided for the available experimental data of spin-state energetics and their interpretations in the context of benchmark studies, targeting the possibility of back-correcting the vibrational effects and the influence of solvents or crystalline environments. With a growing amount of experience, these effects can be now not only qualitatively understood, but also quantitatively modeled, providing the way to derive nearly chemically accurate estimates of the electronic spin-state gaps to be used as benchmarks and advancing our understanding of the phenomena related to spin states in condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Radoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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4
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Manukovsky N, Kamieniarz G, Kronik L. Spin state and magnetic coupling in polynuclear Ni(II) complexes from density functional theory: is there an optimal amount of Fock exchange? J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154103. [PMID: 37846951 DOI: 10.1063/5.0169105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable prediction of the ground-state spin and magnetic coupling constants in transition-metal complexes is a well-known challenge for density functional theory (DFT). One popular strategy for addressing this long-standing issue involves the modification of the fraction of Fock exchange in a hybrid functional. Here we explore the viability of this approach using three polynuclear metal-organic complexes based on a Ni4O4 cubane motif, having different ground state spin values (S = 0, 2, 4) owing to the use of different ligands. We systematically search for an optimum fraction of Fock exchange, across various global, range-separated, and double hybrid functionals. We find that for all functionals tested, at best there only exists a very narrow range of Fock exchange fractions which results in a correct prediction of the ground-state spin for all three complexes. The useful range is functional dependent, but general trends can be identified. Typically, at least two similar systems must be used in order to determine both an upper and lower limit of the optimal range. This is likely owing to conflicting demands of minimizing delocalization errors, which typically requires a higher percentage of Fock exchange, and addressing static correlation, which typically requires a lower one. Furthermore, we find that within the optimal range of Fock exchange, the sign and relative magnitude of Ni-Ni magnetic coupling constants are reasonably well reproduced, but there is still room for quantitative improvement in the prediction. Thus, the prediction of spin state and magnetic coupling in polynuclear complexes remains an ongoing challenge for DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Manukovsky
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 7610001, Israel
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5
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Romero S, Baruah T, Zope RR. Spin-state gaps and self-interaction-corrected density functional approximations: Octahedral Fe(II) complexes as case study. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054305. [PMID: 36754787 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of a spin-state energy difference is crucial for understanding the spin crossover phenomena and is very challenging for density functional approximations, especially for local and semi-local approximations due to delocalization errors. Here, we investigate the effect of the self-interaction error removal from the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation on the spin-state gaps of Fe(II) complexes with various ligands using recently developed locally scaled self-interaction correction (LSIC) by Zope et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 151, 214108 (2019)]. The LSIC method is exact for one-electron density, recovers the uniform electron gas limit of the underlying functional, and approaches the well-known Perdew-Zunger self-interaction correction (PZSIC) as a particular case when the scaling factor is set to unity. Our results, when compared with reference diffusion Monte Carlo results, show that the PZSIC method significantly overestimates spin-state gaps favoring low spin states for all ligands and does not improve upon density functional approximations. The perturbative LSIC-LSDA using PZSIC densities significantly improves the gaps with a mean absolute error of 0.51 eV but slightly overcorrects for the stronger CO ligands. The quasi-self-consistent LSIC-LSDA, such as coupled-cluster single double and perturbative triple [CCSD(T)], gives a correct sign of spin-state gaps for all ligands with a mean absolute error of 0.56 eV, comparable to that of CCSD(T) (0.49 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Romero
- Computational Science Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Tunna Baruah
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Rajendra R Zope
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
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6
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Rastetter U, Jacobi von Wangelin A, Herrmann C. Redox-active ligands as a challenge for electronic structure methods. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:468-479. [PMID: 36326153 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To improve the catalytic activity of 3d transition metal catalysts, redox-active ligands are a promising tool. These ligands influence the oxidation state of the metal center as well as the ground spin-state and make the experimental determination of both properties challenging. Therefore, first-principles calculations, in particular employing density functional theory with a proper choice of exchange-correlation (xc) functional, are crucial. Common xc functionals were tested on a simple class of metal complexes: homoleptic, octahedral tris(diimine) iron(II) complexes. The spin-state energy splittings for most of these complexes showed the expected linear dependence on the amount of exact exchange included in the xc functionals. Even though varying redox-activity affects the electronic structure of the complexes considerably, the sensitivity of the spin-state energetics to the exact exchange admixture is surprisingly small. For iron(II) complexes with highly redox-active ligands and for a broad range of ligands in the reduced tris(diimine) iron(I) complexes, self-consistent field convergence to local minima was observed, which differ from the global minimum in the redox state of the ligand. This may also result in convergence to a molecular structure that corresponds to an energetically higher-lying local minimum. One criterion to detect such behavior is a change in the sign of the slope for the dependence of the spin-state energy splittings on the amount of exact exchange. We discuss possible protocols for dealing with such artifacts in cases in which a large number of calculations makes checking by hand unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Rastetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Albavera-Mata A, Trickey SB, Hennig RG. Mean Value Ensemble Hubbard- U Correction for Spin-Crossover Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:12049-12054. [PMID: 36542415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput searches for spin-crossover molecules require Hubbard-U corrections to common density functional exchange-correlation (XC) approximations. However, the Ueff values obtained from linear response or based on previous studies overcorrect the spin-crossover energies. We demonstrate that employing a linearly mixed ensemble average spin state as the reference configuration for the linear response calculation of Ueff resolves this issue. Validation on a commonly used set of spin-crossover complexes shows that these ensemble Ueff values consistently are smaller than those calculated directly on a pure spin state, irrespective of whether that be low- or high-spin. Adiabatic crossover energies using this methodology for a generalized gradient approximation XC functional are closer to the expected target energy range than with conventional Ueff values. Based on the observation that the Ueff correction is similar for different complexes that share transition metals with the same oxidation state, we devise a set of recommended averaged Ueff values for high-throughput calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Albavera-Mata
- Center for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - S B Trickey
- Center for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Richard G Hennig
- Center for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
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8
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Drosou M, Mitsopoulou CA, Pantazis DA. Reconciling Local Coupled Cluster with Multireference Approaches for Transition Metal Spin-State Energetics. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3538-3548. [PMID: 35582788 PMCID: PMC9202354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Spin-state energetics
of transition metal complexes remain one
of the most challenging targets for electronic structure methods.
Among single-reference wave function approaches, local correlation
approximations to coupled cluster theory, most notably the domain-based
local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) approach, hold the promise of bringing
the accuracy of coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative
triple excitations, CCSD(T), to molecular systems of realistic size
with acceptable computational cost. However, recent studies on spin-state
energetics of iron-containing systems raised doubts about the ability
of the DLPNO approach to adequately and systematically approximate
energetics obtained by the reference-quality complete active space
second-order perturbation theory with coupled-cluster semicore correlation,
CASPT2/CC. Here, we revisit this problem using a diverse set of iron
complexes and examine several aspects of the application of the DLPNO
approach. We show that DLPNO-CCSD(T) can accurately reproduce both
CASPT2/CC and canonical CCSD(T) results if two basic principles are
followed. These include the consistent use of the improved iterative
(T1) versus the semicanonical perturbative triple corrections
and, most importantly, a simple two-point extrapolation to the PNO
space limit. The latter practically eliminates errors arising from
the default truncation of electron-pair correlation spaces and should
be viewed as standard practice in applications of the method to transition
metal spin-state energetics. Our results show that reference-quality
results can be readily achieved with DLPNO-CCSD(T) if these principles
are followed. This is important also in view of the applicability
of the method to larger single-reference systems and multinuclear
clusters, whose treatment of dynamic correlation would be challenging
for multireference-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drosou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana A Mitsopoulou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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9
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Sandoval-Pauker C, Santander-Nelli M, Dreyse P. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence in luminescent cationic copper(i) complexes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10653-10674. [PMID: 35425025 PMCID: PMC8985689 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the photophysical characteristics of [Cu(N^N)2]+ and [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes were described. The concept of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and its development throughout the years was also explained. The importance of ΔE(S1–T1) and spin-orbital coupling (SOC) values on the TADF behavior of [Cu(N^N)2]+ and [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes is discussed. Examples of ΔE(S1–T1) values reported in the literature were collected and some trends were proposed (e.g. the effect of the substituents at the 2,9 positions of the phenanthroline ligand). Besides, the techniques (or calculation methods) used for determining ΔE(S1–T1) values were described. The effect of SOC in TADF was also discussed, and examples of the determination of SOC values by DFT and TD-DFT calculations are provided. The last chapter covers the applications of [Cu(N^N)2]+ and [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ TADF complexes and the challenges that are still needed to be addressed to ensure the industrial applications of these compounds. Bibliographic review of cationic Cu(i) complexes that undergo Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF). From the first findings found in the homoleptic and heteroleptic Cu(i)-TADF complexes to the use of this property in lighting devices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sandoval-Pauker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX 79968 USA.,Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Av. España 1680 Casilla 2390123 Valparaíso Chile
| | - Mireya Santander-Nelli
- Advanced Integrated Technologies (AINTECH) Chorrillo Uno, Parcela 21 Lampa Santiago Chile.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins General Gana 1702 Santiago 8370854 Chile
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Av. España 1680 Casilla 2390123 Valparaíso Chile
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10
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EPR Spectroscopy of Cu(II) Complexes: Prediction of g-Tensors Using Double-Hybrid Density Functional Theory. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Computational electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an important field of applied quantum chemistry that contributes greatly to connecting spectroscopic observations with the fundamental description of electronic structure for open-shell molecules. However, not all EPR parameters can be predicted accurately and reliably for all chemical systems. Among transition metal ions, Cu(II) centers in inorganic chemistry and biology, and their associated EPR properties such as hyperfine coupling and g-tensors, pose exceptional difficulties for all levels of quantum chemistry. In the present work, we approach the problem of Cu(II) g-tensor calculations using double-hybrid density functional theory (DHDFT). Using a reference set of 18 structurally and spectroscopically characterized Cu(II) complexes, we evaluate a wide range of modern double-hybrid density functionals (DHDFs) that have not been applied previously to this problem. Our results suggest that the current generation of DHDFs consistently and systematically outperform other computational approaches. The B2GP-PLYP and PBE0-DH functionals are singled out as the best DHDFs on average for the prediction of Cu(II) g-tensors. The performance of the different functionals is discussed and suggestions are made for practical applications and future methodological developments.
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11
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Drosou M, Mitsopoulou CA, Pantazis DA. Spin-state energetics of manganese spin crossover complexes: Comparison of single-reference and multi-reference ab initio approaches. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Maurer LR, Bursch M, Grimme S, Hansen A. Assessing Density Functional Theory for Chemically Relevant Open-Shell Transition Metal Reactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6134-6151. [PMID: 34546754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the principle lack of systematic improvement possibilities of density functional theory, careful assessment of the performance of density functional approximations (DFAs) on well-designed benchmark sets, for example, for reaction energies and barrier heights, is crucial. While main-group chemistry is well covered by several available sets, benchmark data for transition metal chemistry is sparse. This is especially the case for larger, chemically relevant molecules. Addressing this issue, we recently introduced the MOR41 benchmark which covers chemically relevant reactions of closed-shell complexes. In this work, we extend these efforts to single-reference open-shell systems and introduce the "reactions of open-shell single-reference transition metal complexes" (ROST61) benchmark set. ROST61 includes accurate coupled-cluster reference values for 61 reaction energies with a mean reaction energy of -42.8 kcal mol-1. Complexes with 13-93 atoms covering 20 d-block elements are included, but due to the restriction to single-reference open-shell systems, important elements such as iron or platinum could not be taken into account, or only to a small extent. We assess the performance of 31 DFAs in combination with three London dispersion (LD) correction schemes. Further, DFT-based composite methods, MP2, and a few semiempirical quantum chemical methods are evaluated. Consistent with the results for the MOR41 closed-shell benchmark, we find that the ordering of DFAs according to Jacob's ladder is preserved and that adding an LD correction is crucial, clearly improving almost all tested methods. The recently introduced r2SCAN-3c composite method stands out with a remarkable mean absolute deviation (MAD) of only 2.9 kcal mol-1, which is surpassed only by hybrid DFAs with low amounts of Fock exchange (e.g., 2.3 kcal mol-1 for TPSS0-D4/def2-QZVPP) and double-hybrid (DH) DFAs but at a significantly higher computational cost. The lowest MAD of only 1.6 kcal mol-1 is obtained with the DH DFA PWPB95-D4 in the def2-QZVPP basis set approaching the estimated accuracy of the reference method. Overall, the ROST61 set adds important reference data to a sparsely sampled but practically relevant area of chemistry. At this point, it provides valuable orientation for the application and development of new DFAs and electronic structure methods in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard R Maurer
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Drosou M, Pantazis DA. Redox Isomerism in the S 3 State of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex Resolved by Coupled Cluster Theory. Chemistry 2021; 27:12815-12825. [PMID: 34288176 PMCID: PMC8518824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and geometric structures of the water-oxidizing complex of photosystem II in the steps of the catalytic cycle that precede dioxygen evolution remain hotly debated. Recent structural and spectroscopic investigations support contradictory redox formulations for the active-site Mn4 CaOx cofactor in the final metastable S3 state. These range from the widely accepted MnIV 4 oxo-hydroxo model, which presumes that O-O bond formation occurs in the ultimate transient intermediate (S4 ) of the catalytic cycle, to a MnIII 2 MnIV 2 peroxo model representative of the contrasting "early-onset" O-O bond formation hypothesis. Density functional theory energetics of suggested S3 redox isomers are inconclusive because of extreme functional dependence. Here, we use the power of the domain-based local pair natural orbital approach to coupled cluster theory, DLPNO-CCSD(T), to present the first correlated wave function theory calculations of relative stabilities for distinct redox-isomeric forms of the S3 state. Our results enabled us to evaluate conflicting models for the S3 state of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and to quantify the accuracy of lower-level theoretical approaches. Our assessment of the relevance of distinct redox-isomeric forms for the mechanism of biological water oxidation strongly disfavors the scenario of early-onset O-O formation advanced by literal interpretations of certain crystallographic models. This work serves as a case study in the application of modern coupled cluster implementations to redox isomerism problems in oligonuclear transition metal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drosou
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensPanepistimiopolisZografou15771Greece
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an derRuhrGermany
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14
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Martín-Fernández C, Harvey JN. On the Use of Normalized Metrics for Density Sensitivity Analysis in DFT. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4639-4652. [PMID: 34018759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, there has been a discussion about how the errors in density functional theory might be related to errors in the self-consistent densities obtained from different density functional approximations. This, in turn, brings up the discussion about the different ways in which we can measure such errors and develop metrics that assess the sensitivity of calculated energies to changes in the density. It is important to realize that there cannot be a unique metric in order to look at this density sensitivity, simultaneously needing size-extensive and size-intensive metrics. In this study, we report two metrics that are widely applicable to any density functional approximation. We also show how they can be used to classify different chemical systems of interest with respect to their sensitivity to small variations in the density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200F 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Mariano LA, Vlaisavljevich B, Poloni R. Improved Spin-State Energy Differences of Fe(II) Molecular and Crystalline Complexes via the Hubbard U-Corrected Density. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2807-2816. [PMID: 33831303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that the DFT+U approach with a linear-response U yields adiabatic energy differences biased toward high spin [Mariano et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2020, 16, 6755-6762]. Such bias is removed here by employing a density-corrected DFT approach where the PBE functional is evaluated on the Hubbard U-corrected density. The adiabatic energy differences of six Fe(II) molecular complexes computed using this approach, named PBE[U] here, are in excellent agreement with coupled cluster-corrected CASPT2 values for both weak- and strong-field ligands resulting in a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.44 eV, smaller than that of the recently proposed Hartree-Fock density-corrected DFT (1.22 eV) and any other tested functional, including the best performer TPSSh (0.49 eV). We take advantage of the computational efficiency of this approach and compute the adiabatic energy differences of five molecular crystals using PBE[U] with periodic boundary conditions. The results show, again, an excellent agreement (MAE = 0.07 eV) with experimentally extracted values and a superior performance compared with the best performers M06-L (MAE = 0.08 eV) and TPSSh (MAE = 0.31 eV) computed on molecular fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Mariano
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Roberta Poloni
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, F-38042 Grenoble, France
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16
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Broclawik E, Kozyra P, Mitoraj M, Radoń M, Rejmak P. Zeolites at the Molecular Level: What Can Be Learned from Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061511. [PMID: 33801999 PMCID: PMC8001918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review puts the development of molecular modeling methods in the context of their applications to zeolitic active sites. We attempt to highlight the utmost necessity of close cooperation between theory and experiment, resulting both in advances in computational methods and in progress in experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Broclawik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis PAS, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Kozyra
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.K.); (M.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mariusz Mitoraj
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.K.); (M.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Mariusz Radoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.K.); (M.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Paweł Rejmak
- Laboratory of X-ray and Electron Microscopy Research, Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland;
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Boniolo M, Chernev P, Cheah MH, Heizmann PA, Huang P, Shylin SI, Salhi N, Hossain MK, Gupta AK, Messinger J, Thapper A, Lundberg M. Electronic and geometric structure effects on one-electron oxidation of first-row transition metals in the same ligand framework. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:660-674. [PMID: 33325945 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing new transition metal catalysts requires understanding of how both metal and ligand properties determine reactivity. Since metal complexes bearing ligands of the Py5 family (2,6-bis-[(2-pyridyl)methyl]pyridine) have been employed in many fields in the past 20 years, we set out here to understand their redox properties by studying a series of base metal ions (M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) within the Py5OH (pyridine-2,6-diylbis[di-(pyridin-2-yl)methanol]) variant. Both reduced (MII) and the one-electron oxidized (MIII) species were carefully characterized using a combination of X-ray crystallography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density-functional theory calculations. The observed metal-ligand interactions and electrochemical properties do not always follow consistent trends along the periodic table. We demonstrate that this observation cannot be explained by only considering orbital and geometric relaxation, and that spin multiplicity changes needed to be included into the DFT calculations to reproduce and understand these trends. In addition, exchange reactions of the sixth ligand coordinated to the metal, were analysed. Finally, by including published data of the extensively characterised Py5OMe (pyridine-2,6-diylbis[di-(pyridin-2-yl)methoxymethane])complexes, the special characteristics of the less common Py5OH ligand were extracted. This comparison highlights the non-innocent effect of the distal OH functionalization on the geometry, and consequently on the electronic structure of the metal complexes. Together, this gives a complete analysis of metal and ligand degrees of freedom for these base metal complexes, while also providing general insights into how to control electrochemical processes of transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Boniolo
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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da Silva AR, de Almeida JS, Rivelino R. A Theoretical Assessment of Spin and Charge States in Binuclear Cobalt-Ruthenium Complexes: Implications for a Creutz-Taube Model Ion Separated by a C 60-Derivative Bridging Ligand. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10826-10837. [PMID: 33296201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the spin-state energetics and the role of ionic charges in the electronic configuration of binuclear complexes of the form [(NH3)5Co(py)-X-(py)Ru(NH3)5]q+. In these compounds with q = 4-6, py = pyridine, and X = C≡C and C60, the Co-Ru distance varies from ∼1.4 to ∼2.1 nm. We carry out a systematic electronic structure calculation using different exchange-correlation (xc) approaches within spin-density functional theory, which are largely employed to investigate the properties of a variety of coordination complexes. To evaluate the effects of spin states and type of spacer in the bridging ligand on the valence tautomerism between Co2+/3+ and Ru2+/3+, we examine in more detail the case of Creutz-Taube-type ions [(NH3)5Co(py)-X-(py)Ru(NH3)5]5+. Our analysis shows that the stabilization of low- and high-spin states critically depends on the total charge of the complex, type of X-bridged ligand, and employed xc approach to calculate the electron spin density. Importantly, the C60-bridged group may result in a blockage of the valence tautomerism of the Creutz-Taube complex, inducing bistable charge configurations. Overall, our results also show that an adiabatic description in terms of the frontier molecular spin-orbitals for analyzing the distinct spin-charge states of these complexes may dramatically depend on the density-functional description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro R da Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-340 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Campus São João dos Patos, 65665-000 São João dos Patos, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Rivelino
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-340 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Ansari M, Senthilnathan D, Rajaraman G. Deciphering the origin of million-fold reactivity observed for the open core diiron [HO-Fe III-O-Fe IV[double bond, length as m-dash]O] 2+ species towards C-H bond activation: role of spin-states, spin-coupling, and spin-cooperation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10669-10687. [PMID: 33209248 PMCID: PMC7654192 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-valent metal-oxo species have been characterised as key intermediates in both heme and non-heme enzymes that are found to perform efficient aliphatic hydroxylation, epoxidation, halogenation, and dehydrogenation reactions. Several biomimetic model complexes have been synthesised over the years to mimic both the structure and function of metalloenzymes. The diamond-core [Fe2(μ-O)2] is one of the celebrated models in this context as this has been proposed as the catalytically active species in soluble methane monooxygenase enzymes (sMMO), which perform the challenging chemical conversion of methane to methanol at ease. In this context, a report of open core [HO(L)FeIII-O-FeIV(O)(L)]2+ (1) gains attention as this activates C-H bonds a million-fold faster compared to the diamond-core structure and has the dual catalytic ability to perform hydroxylation as well as desaturation with organic substrates. In this study, we have employed density functional methods to probe the origin of the very high reactivity observed for this complex and also to shed light on how this complex performs efficient hydroxylation and desaturation of alkanes. By modelling fifteen possible spin-states for 1 that could potentially participate in the reaction mechanism, our calculations reveal a doublet ground state for 1 arising from antiferromagnetic coupling between the quartet FeIV centre and the sextet FeIII centre, which regulates the reactivity of this species. The unusual stabilisation of the high-spin ground state for FeIV[double bond, length as m-dash]O is due to the strong overlap of with the orbital, reducing the antibonding interactions via spin-cooperation. The electronic structure features computed for 1 are consistent with experiments offering confidence in the methodology chosen. Further, we have probed various mechanistic pathways for the C-H bond activation as well as -OH rebound/desaturation of alkanes. An extremely small barrier height computed for the first hydrogen atom abstraction by the terminal FeIV[double bond, length as m-dash]O unit was found to be responsible for the million-fold activation observed in the experiments. The barrier height computed for -OH rebound by the FeIII-OH unit is also smaller suggesting a facile hydroxylation of organic substrates by 1. A strong spin-cooperation between the two iron centres also reduces the barrier for second hydrogen atom abstraction, thus making the desaturation pathway competitive. Both the spin-state as well as spin-coupling between the two metal centres play a crucial role in dictating the reactivity for species 1. By exploring various mechanistic pathways, our study unveils the fact that the bridged μ-oxo group is a poor electrophile for both C-H activation as well for -OH rebound. As more and more evidence is gathered in recent years for the open core geometry of sMMO enzymes, the idea of enhancing the reactivity via an open-core motif has far-reaching consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mursaleem Ansari
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Dhurairajan Senthilnathan
- Center for Computational Chemistry , CRD , PRIST University , Vallam , Thanjavur , Tamilnadu 613403 , India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India .
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Stoneburner SJ, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Transition Metal Spin-State Energetics by MC-PDFT with High Local Exchange. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1187-1195. [PMID: 31962045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of the spin states of transition metal complexes have been explored with a variety of electronic structure methods, but the calculations require a compromise between accuracy and affordability. In this work, the spin splittings of several iron complexes are studied with multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT). The results are compared to previously published results obtained by complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and CASPT2 with coupled-cluster semicore correlation (CASPT2/CC). In contrast to CASPT2's systematic overstabilization of high-spin states with respect to the CASPT2/CC reference, MC-PDFT with the tPBE on-top functional understabilizes high-spin states. This systematic understabilization is largely corrected by revising the exchange and correlation contributions to the on-top functional using the high local-exchange approximation (tPBE-HLE). Moreover, tPBE-HLE correctly predicts the spin of the ground state in most cases, while CASPT2 incorrectly predicts high-spin ground states in all cases. This is encouraging for practical work because tPBE and tPBE-HLE are faster than CASPT2 by a factor of 50 even in a moderately sized example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Stoneburner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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21
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Neale SE, Pantazis DA, Macgregor SA. Accurate computed spin-state energetics for Co(iii) complexes: implications for modelling homogeneous catalysis. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6478-6487. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00993h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations provide accurate spin state energetics for a range of Co(iii) complexes and so represent a promising approach to modelling homogeneous catalysis based on Co(iii) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- United Kingdom
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23
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Alipour M, Izadkhast T. Appraising spin-state energetics in transition metal complexes using double-hybrid models: accountability of SOS0-PBESCAN0-2(a) as a promising paradigm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9388-9404. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a comprehensive survey, reliable double-hybrid models have been validated and proposed for spin-state energetics in transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946-84795
- Iran
| | - Tahereh Izadkhast
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71946-84795
- Iran
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Ren Q, An S, Wang Y, Tong W. Density Functional Theory Study of the Mechanisms of Iron‐Catalyzed Regioselective Anti‐Markovnikov Addition of C‐H Bonds in Aromatic Ketones to Alkenes. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Ren
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Shanshan An
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Weiqi Tong
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200444 China
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25
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Computational study of the [(CO)2(benzoate)MII/III(terephthalate)]0/1+ complexes with M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Radoń M. Benchmarking quantum chemistry methods for spin-state energetics of iron complexes against quantitative experimental data. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4854-4870. [PMID: 30778468 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of relative spin-state energetics predicted by selected quantum chemistry methods: coupled cluster theory at the CCSD(T) level, multiconfigurational perturbation theory (CASPT2, NEVPT2), multireference configuration interaction at the MRCISD+Q level, and a number of DFT methods, is quantitatively evaluated by comparison with the experimental data of four octahedral iron complexes. The available experimental data, either spin-forbidden transition energies or spin crossover enthalpies, are corrected for relevant environmental effects in order to derive the quantitative benchmark set of iron spin-state energetics. Comparison of theory predictions with the resulting reference data: (1) validates the high accuracy of the CCSD(T) method, particularly when based on Kohn-Sham orbitals, giving the maximum error below 2 kcal mol-1 and the mean absolute error (MAE) below 1 kcal mol-1; (2) corroborates the tendency of CASPT2 to systematically overstabilize higher-spin states by up to 5.5 kcal mol-1; (3) confirms that the latter problem is partly remedied by the recently proposed CASPT2/CC approach [Phung et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput., 2018, 14, 2446-2455]; (4) demonstrates that NEVPT2 performs worse than CASPT2, by giving errors up to 7 kcal mol-1; (5) shows that the accuracy of MRCISD+Q spin-state energetics strongly depends on the size-consistency correction: the Davidson-Silver and Pople corrections perform best (MAE < 3 kcal mol-1), whereas the standard Davidson correction is not recommended (MAE of 7 kcal mol-1). Only a few DFT methods (including the best performing ones identified in this study: B2PLYP-D3 and OPBE) are able to provide a balanced description of the spin-state energetics for all four studied iron complexes simultaneously, corroborating the non-universality problem of approximate density functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Radoń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, ul. Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Liu L, Lee W, Yuan M, Gutierrez O. Mechanisms of Bisphosphine Iron-Catalyzed C(SP2)-C(SP3) Cross-Coupling Reactions: Inner-Sphere or Outer-Sphere Arylation? COMMENT INORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2018.1539392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Wes Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingbin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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