1
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Falcioni F, Bennett S, Stroer-Jarvis P, Popelier PLA. Probing Non-Covalent Interactions through Molecular Balances: A REG-IQA Study. Molecules 2024; 29:1043. [PMID: 38474554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction energies of two series of molecular balances (1-X with X = H, Me, OMe, NMe2 and 2-Y with Y = H, CN, NO2, OMe, NMe2) designed to probe carbonyl…carbonyl interactions were analysed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)-D3 level of theory using the energy partitioning method of Interacting Quantum Atoms/Fragments (IQA/IQF). The partitioned energies are analysed by the Relative Energy Gradient (REG) method, which calculates the correlation between these energies and the total energy of a system, thereby explaining the role atoms have in the energetic behaviour of the total system. The traditional "back-of-the-envelope" open and closed conformations of molecular balances do not correspond to those of the lowest energy. Hence, more care needs to be taken when considering which geometries to use for comparison with the experiment. The REG-IQA method shows that the 1-H and 1-OMe balances behave differently to the 1-Me and 1-NMe2 balances because the latter show more prominent electrostatics between carbonyl groups and undergoes a larger dihedral rotation due to the bulkiness of the functional groups. For the 2-Y balance, REG-IQA shows the same behaviour across the series as the 1-H and 1-OMe balances. From an atomistic point of view, the formation of the closed conformer is favoured by polarisation and charge-transfer effects on the amide bond across all balances and is counterbalanced by a de-pyramidalisation of the amide nitrogen. Moreover, focusing on the oxygen of the amide carbonyl and the α-carbon of the remaining carbonyl group, electrostatics have a major role in the formation of the closed conformer, which goes against the well-known n-π* interaction orbital overlap concept. However, REG-IQF shows that exchange-correlation energies overtake electrostatics for all the 2-Y balances when working with fragments around the carbonyl groups, while they act on par with electrostatics for the 1-OMe and 1-NMe2. REG-IQF also shows that exchange-correlation energies in the 2-Y balance are correlated to the inductive electron-donating and -withdrawing trends on aromatic groups. We demonstrate that methods such as REG-IQA/IQF can help with the fine-tuning of molecular balances prior to the experiment and that the energies that govern the probed interactions are highly dependent on the atoms and functional groups involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Falcioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sophie Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Pallas Stroer-Jarvis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paul L A Popelier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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2
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Liu H, Shimizu KD. Contributions of London Dispersion Forces to Solution-Phase Association Processes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3572-3580. [PMID: 38009964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusDespite their ubiquity and early discovery, London dispersion forces are often overlooked. This is due, in part, to the difficulty in assessing their contributions to molecular and polymeric structure, stability, properties, and reactivities. However, recent advances in modeling have revealed that dispersion interactions play an important role in many important chemical and biological processes. Experimental confirmation of their impact in solution has been challenging, leading to controversies about their relative importance.In the course of studying noncovalent interactions using molecular devices, our understanding and appreciation for the importance of dispersion interactions have evolved. This Account follows this intellectual journey by using examples from the literature. The goals are twofold: to describe recent advances in understanding the interaction and to provide guidance to researchers studying weak noncovalent interactions. However, first, the experimental methods for measuring the effects of dispersion interactions and the strategies for isolating their influence are described. These include the design of molecular devices to measure these weak noncovalent interactions and the strategies to disentangle the solvation, solvophobic, and dispersion components of the resulting equilibria.The literature examples are organized around five fundamental questions. (1) Do dispersion interactions have a measurable effect on solution equilibria? (2) To what extent do solvents attenuate or compensate for dispersion interactions? (3) To what extent do the solvation and solvophobic terms influence the dispersion equilibria? (4) Can we predict whether a system will form attractive dispersion or repulsive steric interactions? (5) Can the dispersion term be isolated and interrogated? We were often surprised by the answers to these questions. In each case, we describe how the systems were designed to address these questions and discuss possible interpretations of the results.While dispersion interactions in solution were weak (usually <1 kcal/mol), their influence on complexation and conformational equilibria can be observed and measured. This underscores the significance of these interactions in molecular recognition, coordination chemistry, reaction design, and catalysis. The solvent components of the dispersion equilibria can also be significant. Therefore, the isolation of the dispersion contributions from the solvation and solvophobic effects represents an ongoing challenge. The experimental studies also provide important benchmarks and offer valuable insights to help refine the next generation of computational solvent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ken D Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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3
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Yamada M, Kurihara Y, Koizumi M, Tsuji K, Maeda Y, Suzuki M. Understanding the Nature and Strength of Noncovalent Face‐to‐Face Arene–Fullerene Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212279. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yukiyo Kurihara
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Masaaki Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Kasumi Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Josai University Sakado Saitama 350-0295 Japan
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4
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Yamada M, Kurihara Y, Koizumi M, Tsuji K, Maeda Y, Suzuki M. Understanding the Nature and Strength of Noncovalent Face‐to‐Face Arene–Fullerene Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Tokyo Gakugei University Department of Chemistry 4-1-1 Nukuikitamachi 184-8501 Koganei, Tokyo JAPAN
| | - Yukiyo Kurihara
- Tokyo Gakugei University: Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Masaaki Koizumi
- Tokyo Gakugei University: Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Kasumi Tsuji
- Tokyo Gakugei University: Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Tokyo Gakugei University: Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Josai University: Josai Daigaku Department of Chemistry JAPAN
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5
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Meredith NY, Borsley S, Smolyar IV, Nichol GS, Baker CM, Ling KB, Cockroft SL. Dissecting Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206604. [PMID: 35608961 PMCID: PMC9400978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The experimental isolation of H-bond energetics from the typically dominant influence of the solvent remains challenging. Here we use synthetic molecular balances to quantify amine/amide H-bonds in competitive solvents. Over 200 conformational free energy differences were determined using 24 H-bonding balances in 9 solvents spanning a wide polarity range. The correlations between experimental interaction energies and gas-phase computed energies exhibited wild solvent-dependent variation. However, excellent correlations were found between the same computed energies and the experimental data following empirical dissection of solvent effects using Hunter's α/β solvation model. In addition to facilitating the direct comparison of experimental and computational data, changes in the fitted donor and acceptor constants reveal the energetics of secondary local interactions such as competing H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y. Meredith
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building, David Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building, David Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Ivan V. Smolyar
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building, David Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building, David Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
| | - Christopher M. Baker
- SyngentaJealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, BerkshireRG42 6EYUK
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- SyngentaJealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, BerkshireRG42 6EYUK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghJoseph Black Building, David Brewster RoadEdinburghEH9 3FJUK
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6
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Meredith NY, Borsley S, Smolyar IV, Nichol GS, Baker CM, Ling KB, Cockroft SL. Dissecting Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y. Meredith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Ivan V. Smolyar
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Christopher M. Baker
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Scott L. Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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7
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Characterizing the Properties of Anion-Binding Bis(cyclopeptides) with Solvent-Independent Energy Increments. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding energies of 121 complexes between anions and bis(cyclopeptides) differing in the structure and the number of linking units between the two cyclopeptide rings were analyzed. These Gibbs free energies were obtained in earlier work for different anions, under different conditions, and with different methods. The multiparametric analysis of a subset of 42 binding energies afforded linear relationships that allowed the relatively reliable estimation of the iodide and sulfate affinity of three structurally related bis(cyclopeptides) in water/methanol and water/acetonitrile mixtures at different solvent compositions. Three parameters were required to achieve a satisfactory correlation, namely, the Gibbs free energy of transferring the respective anion from water into the solvent mixture in which complex stability was determined, and the Kamlet–Taft parameters α and β. Based on these relationships, the anion affinities of the other bis(cyclopeptides) were evaluated, giving rise to a set of energy increments that allow quantifying the effects of the linker structure or the nature of the anion on binding affinity relative to the reference system.
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8
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Woźny M, Mames A, Ratajczyk T. Triptycene Derivatives: From Their Synthesis to Their Unique Properties. Molecules 2021; 27:250. [PMID: 35011478 PMCID: PMC8746337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first preparation of triptycene, great progress has been made with respect to its synthesis and the understanding of its properties. Interest in triptycene-based systems is intense; in recent years, advances in the synthetic methodology and properties of new triptycenes have been reported by researchers from various fields of science. Here, an account of these new developments is given and placed in reference to earlier pivotal works that underpin the field. First, we discuss new approaches to the synthesis of new triptycenes. Progress in the regioselective synthesis of sterically demanding systems is discussed. The application of triptycenes in catalysis is also presented. Next, progress in the understanding of the relations between triptycene structures and their properties is discussed. The unique properties of triptycenes in the liquid and solid states are elaborated. Unique interactions, which involve triptycene molecular scaffolds, are presented. Molecular interactions within a triptycene unit, as well as between triptycenes or triptycenes and other molecules, are also evaluated. In particular, the summary of the synthesis and useful features will be helpful to researchers who are using triptycenes as building blocks in the chemical and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Woźny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Shimada S, Miyagishi HV, Masai H, Masui Y, Terao J. Solvatofluorochromic Contrast with Supramolecular Stereoisomers Using Linked Rotaxane Structures to Investigate Local Solvation in Excited Donor-bridge-acceptor Systems. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Shimada
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiromichi V. Miyagishi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yoichi Masui
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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10
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Solel E, Ruth M, Schreiner PR. London Dispersion Helps Refine Steric A-Values: The Halogens. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7701-7713. [PMID: 33988377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Halogens are rarely considered as dispersion energy donors for organic reaction design. Here, we re-examine one of the textbook examples for assessing steric hindrance, the A-value, and demonstrate that even in this system, halogens cannot be treated solely as classic repulsive hard spheres. A significant part of the steric demand of the halogens is compensated by attractive London dispersion (LD) interactions, explaining the experimental lack of a clear trend when going down the halogens' row. Beyond monohalogenated cyclohexanes, dihalo- and perhalocyclohexanes also show significant LD interactions. We also explored several other small organic systems containing halogens. Our findings show that organic chemists should treat halogens as possible sources of LD interactions in reaction design, as these atoms can change the landscape of the potential energy surface and reverse trends of conformer stabilities and reaction selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrath Solel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcel Ruth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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11
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Jian J, Hammink R, McKenzie CJ, Bickelhaupt FM, Poater J, Mecinović J. Do Sulfonamides Interact with Aromatic Rings? Chemistry 2021; 27:5721-5729. [PMID: 33377554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic rings form energetically favorable interactions with many polar groups in chemical and biological systems. Recent molecular studies have shown that sulfonamides can chelate metal ions and form hydrogen bonds, however, it is presently not established whether the polar sulfonamide functionality also interacts with aromatic rings. Here, synthetic, spectroscopic, structural, and quantum chemical analyses on 2,6-diarylbenzenesulfonamides are reported, in which two flanking aromatic rings are positioned close to the central sulfonamide moiety. Fine-tuning the aromatic character by substituents on the flanking rings leads to linear trends in acidity and proton affinity of sulfonamides. This physical-organic chemistry study demonstrates that aromatic rings have a capacity to stabilize sulfonamides via through-space NH-π interactions. These results have implications in rational drug design targeting electron-rich aromatic rings in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roel Hammink
- Division of Immunotherapy, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine J McKenzie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej, 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Boyd DR, Sharma ND, Loke PL, Carroll JG, Stevenson PJ, Hoering P, Allen CCR. Toluene Dioxygenase-Catalyzed cis-Dihydroxylation of Quinolines: A Molecular Docking Study and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Quinoline Arene Oxides. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:619175. [PMID: 33644006 PMCID: PMC7907597 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.619175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular docking studies of quinoline and 2-chloroquinoline substrates at the active site of toluene dioxygenase (TDO), were conducted using Autodock Vina, to identify novel edge-to-face interactions and to rationalize the observed stereoselective cis-dihydroxylation of carbocyclic rings and formation of isolable cis-dihydrodiol metabolites. These in silico docking results of quinoline and pyridine substrates, with TDO, also provided support for the postulated cis-dihydroxylation of electron-deficient pyridyl rings, to give transient cis-dihydrodiol intermediates and the derived hydroxyquinolines. 2-Chloroquinoline cis-dihydrodiol metabolites were used as precursors in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of enantiopure arene oxide and arene dioxide derivatives of quinoline, in the context of its possible mammalian metabolism and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. Boyd
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Narain D. Sharma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Pui L. Loke
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan G. Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Hoering
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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13
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Li P, Vik EC, Shimizu KD. N-Arylimide Molecular Balances: A Comprehensive Platform for Studying Aromatic Interactions in Solution. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2705-2714. [PMID: 33152232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions of aromatic surfaces play a key role in many biological processes and in determining the properties and utility of synthetic materials, sensors, and catalysts. However, the study of aromatic interactions has been challenging because these interactions are usually very weak and their trends are modulated by many factors such as structural, electronic, steric, and solvent effects. Recently, N-arylimide molecular balances have emerged as highly versatile and effective platforms for studying aromatic interactions in solution. These molecular balances can accurately measure weak noncovalent interactions in solution via their influence on the folded-unfolded conformational equilibrium. The structure (i.e., size, shape, π-conjugation, and substitution) and nature (i.e., element, charge, and polarity) of the π-surfaces and interacting groups can be readily varied, enabling the study of a wide range of aromatic interactions. These include aromatic stacking, heterocyclic aromatic stacking, and alkyl-π, chalcogen-π, silver-π, halogen-π, substituent-π, and solvent-π interactions. The ability to measure a diverse array of aromatic interactions within a single model system provides a unique perspective and insights as the interaction energies, stability trends, and solvent effects for different types of interactions can be directly compared. Some broad conclusions that have emerged from this comprehensive analysis include: (1) The strongest aromatic interactions involve groups with positive charges such as pyridinium and metal ions which interact with the electrostatically negative π-face of the aromatic surface via cation-π or metal-π interactions. Attractive electrostatic interactions can also form between aromatic surfaces and groups with partial positive charges. (2) Electrostatic interactions involving aromatic surfaces can be switched from repulsive to attractive using electron-withdrawing substituents or heterocycles. These electrostatic trends appear to span many types of aromatic interactions involving a polar group interacting with a π-surface such as halogen-π, chalcogen-π, and carbonyl-π. (3) Nonpolar groups form weak but measurable stabilizing interactions with aromatic surfaces in organic solvents due to favorable dispersion and/or solvophobic effects. A good predictor of the interaction strength is provided by the change in solvent-accessible surface area. (4) Solvent effects modulate the aromatic interactions in the forms of solvophobic effects and competitive solvation, which can be modeled using solvent cohesion density and specific solvent-solute interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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14
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Jian J, Poater J, White PB, McKenzie CJ, Bickelhaupt FM, Mecinović J. Probing Halogen-π versus CH-π Interactions in Molecular Balance. Org Lett 2020; 22:7870-7873. [PMID: 32991183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular balances based on the dibenzobicyclo[3.2.2]nonane template enable probing of the competition between halogen-π and CH-π interactions. Structural, NMR spectroscopic, and computational analyses revealed that the π system can favorably interact both with C-X or C-H functionalities, depending on the size of the functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul B White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine J McKenzie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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15
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Yamada M, Narita H, Maeda Y. A Fullerene‐Based Molecular Torsion Balance for Investigating Noncovalent Interactions at the C
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Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1 Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Haruna Narita
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1 Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Gakugei University Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1 Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
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Yamada M, Narita H, Maeda Y. A Fullerene-Based Molecular Torsion Balance for Investigating Noncovalent Interactions at the C 60 Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16133-16140. [PMID: 32458522 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the nature and strength of noncovalent interactions at the fullerene surface, molecular torsion balances consisting of C60 and organic moieties connected through a biphenyl linkage were synthesized. NMR and computational studies show that the unimolecular system remains in equilibrium between well-defined folded and unfolded conformers owing to restricted rotation around the biphenyl C-C bond. The energy differences between the two conformers depend on the substituents and is ascribed to differences in the intramolecular noncovalent interactions between the organic moieties and the fullerene surface. Fullerenes favor interacting with the π-faces of benzenes bearing electron-donating substituents. The correlation between the folding free energies and corresponding Hammett constants of the substituents in the arene-containing torsion balances reflects the contributions of the electrostatic interactions and dispersion force to face-to-face arene-fullerene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Haruna Narita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikitamachi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
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17
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Satake A. The Solvent Effect on Weak Interactions in Supramolecular Polymers: Differences between Small Molecular Probes and Supramolecular Polymers. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1542-1548. [PMID: 32697033 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this minireview, weak interactions that occur in supramolecular polymers are discussed. Combination of weak and strong interactions plays an important role in the construction of supramolecular polymers. It is beneficial to separate the contributions of the weak interactions, as well as each solvent effect on the weak interactions. However, it is generally difficult to observe each solvent effect separately at work in each interaction. Small molecular probes are useful to estimate the contributions of the weak interaction. But, the results should be treated with caution when applied to supramolecular polymer systems. To overcome the problems, a new solvent parameter, solvation ability (SA), is introduced, which was determined on the balance point of extended and stacked forms of porphyrin-based interconvertible supramolecular polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Satake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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18
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Giese M, Albrecht M. Alkyl-Alkyl Interactions in the Periphery of Supramolecular Entities: From the Evaluation of Weak Forces to Applications. Chempluschem 2020; 85:715-724. [PMID: 32286742 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry is based on weak intermolecular forces which nevertheless are of importance for chemical processes. In this report the relevance of alkyl-alkyl interactions in supramolecular assemblies is discussed. We show how hierarchically formed helicates can be used to evaluate weak interactions of alkyl groups based on solvent-supported London dispersion. In addition, the role of nano-segregation of alkyl groups in the periphery of supramolecular assemblies is described, as well as how this can be used to improve the properties of liquid-crystalline materials by controlling the alkyl-chain-mediated aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Giese
- Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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19
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Schlottmann M, Van Craen D, Baums J, Funes-Ardoiz I, Wiederhold C, Oppel IM, Albrecht M. Stability of Hierarchically Formed Titanium(IV) Tris(catecholate ester) Helicates with Cyclohexyl Substituents in DMSO. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1758-1762. [PMID: 31967799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A cyclohexyl substituent strongly prefers the chair conformation with large substituents in equatorial positions, while other cycloalkyls are structurally more flexible. In hierarchically formed dimeric titanium(IV) tris(catecholates) equatorial versus axial connection of the cyclohexane to the ester results in either a more compact (axial) or more expanded (equatorial) structure. In DMSO solution the axial position results in a compact structure which minimizes solvophobic effects, leading to higher stability. However, computational investigations indicate that additionally intramolecular London dispersion interactions significantly contribute to the stability of the dimer. Thus, weak side-chain-side-chain interactions are responsible for the high stability of cyclohexyl ester derivatives with axial compared to equatorial ester connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schlottmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Institut für Organische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Julia Baums
- Institut für Organische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Institut für Organische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Constanze Wiederhold
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Iris M Oppel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
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20
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Kwamen ACN, Schlottmann M, Van Craen D, Isaak E, Baums J, Shen L, Massomi A, Räuber C, Joseph BP, Raabe G, Göb C, Oppel IM, Puttreddy R, Ward JS, Rissanen K, Fröhlich R, Albrecht M. Shedding Light on the Interactions of Hydrocarbon Ester Substituents upon Formation of Dimeric Titanium(IV) Triscatecholates in DMSO Solution. Chemistry 2020; 26:1396-1405. [PMID: 31737953 PMCID: PMC7027801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of hierarchically formed dimeric triple lithium bridged triscatecholate titanium(IV) helicates with hydrocarbyl esters as side groups is systematically investigated in DMSO. Primary alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl as well as benzyl esters are studied in order to minimize steric effects close to the helicate core. The 1 H NMR dimerization constants for the monomer-dimer equilibrium show some solvent dependent influence of the side chains on the dimer stability. In the dimer, the ability of the hydrocarbyl ester groups to aggregate minimizes their contacts with the solvent molecules. Due to this, most solvophobic alkyl groups show the highest dimerization tendency followed by alkenyls, alkynyls and finally benzyls. Furthermore, trends within the different groups of compounds can be observed. For example, the dimer is destabilized by internal double or triple bonds due to π-π repulsion. A strong indication for solvent supported London dispersion interaction between the ester side groups is found by observation of an even/odd alternation of dimerization constants within the series of n-alkyls, n-Ω-alkenyls or n-Ω-alkynyls. This corresponds to the interaction of the parent hydrocarbons, as documented by an even/odd melting point alternation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Carel N. Kwamen
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marcel Schlottmann
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - David Van Craen
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Isaak
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Julia Baums
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Li Shen
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Ali Massomi
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Christoph Räuber
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Benjamin P. Joseph
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Gerhard Raabe
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Christian Göb
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Iris M. Oppel
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- University of JyväskyläDepartment of ChemistryP.O. Box 35Jyväskylä40014Finland
| | - Jas S. Ward
- University of JyväskyläDepartment of ChemistryP.O. Box 35Jyväskylä40014Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of JyväskyläDepartment of ChemistryP.O. Box 35Jyväskylä40014Finland
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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21
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Barrow SJ, Assaf KI, Palma A, Nau WM, Scherman OA. Preferential binding of unsaturated hydrocarbons in aryl-bisimidazolium·cucurbit[8]uril complexes furbishes evidence for small-molecule π-π interactions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10240-10246. [PMID: 32110310 PMCID: PMC7006508 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst cucurbit[n]urils (CBn) have been utilized in gas encapsulation, only the smaller CBn (n = 5 and 6) have utility given their small cavity size. In this work, we demonstrate that the large cavity of CB8 can be tailored for gaseous and volatile hydrocarbon encapsulation by restricting its internal cavity size with auxiliary aryl-bisimidazolium (Bis, aryl = phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl) guests. The binding constants for light hydrocarbons (C ≤ 4) are similar to those measured with CB6, while larger values are obtained with Bis·CB8 for larger guests. A clear propensity for higher affinities of alkenes relative to alkanes is observed, most pronounced with the largest delocalized naphthalene residue in the auxiliary Bis guest, which provides unique evidence for sizable small-molecule π-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Barrow
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Khaleel I Assaf
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Jacobs University Bremen , Campus Ring 1 , D-28759 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Aniello Palma
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Werner M Nau
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Jacobs University Bremen , Campus Ring 1 , D-28759 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Oren A Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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