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García-Romero Á, Miguel D, Wright DS, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R. Structural and dimensional control of porphyrin capsules using Group 15 tris(3-pyridyl) linkers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6522-6530. [PMID: 37350820 PMCID: PMC10283503 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While supramolecular chemistry involving organic and metallo-organic host assemblies is a well-established and important field with applications in gas-storage, drug-delivery and the regio- and stereo-control of organic reactions, the use of main group elements in this setting (beyond the second row of the p-block) has been little explored. In this paper we show how periodic trends in the p-block can provide the means for systematic size and structural control in an important class of supramolecular porphyrin-based capsules. The formation of molecular and extended 2D capsule arrangements between the heavier Group 15 tris(3-pyridyl) linkers Sb(3-py)3 and Bi(3-py)3 and the metallo-porphyrins MTPP (M = Zn, Mg; TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin, 3-py = 3-pyridyl) is the first study involving heavier Group 15 pyridyl linkers. The increase in C-E bond length in the E(3-py)3 linkers moving down Group 15 (from E = P, to Sb, to Bi) can be used to alter the dimensions and structural preference of the capsules, as can oxidation of the Group 15 bridgehead atoms themselves. The subtle changes in the dimensions and Lewis acidity of the encapsulates have a dramatic effect on the rate and selectivity of the catalytic oxidative cleavage of organic diols and catalytic oxidation of α-hydroxyketones. By providing simple tools for modulating the chemical and steric properties of the capsules this work should have direct applications for the tuning of the activity and specificity of a range of catalytic systems based on main-group-based capsules of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
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García-Romero Á, Waters JE, Jethwa RB, Bond AD, Colebatch AL, García-Rodríguez R, Wright DS. Highly Adaptive Nature of Group 15 Tris(quinolyl) Ligands─Studies with Coinage Metals. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4625-4636. [PMID: 36883367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of heavier, more metallic atoms into classical organic ligand frameworks provides an important strategy for tuning ligand properties, such as ligand bite and donor character, and is the basis for the emerging area of main-group supramolecular chemistry. In this paper, we explore two new ligands [E(2-Me-8-qy)3] [E = Sb (1), Bi (2); qy = quinolyl], allowing a fundamental comparison of their coordination behavior with classical tris(2-pyridyl) ligands of the type [E'(2-py)3] (E = a range of bridgehead atoms and groups, py = pyridyl). A range of new coordination modes to Cu+, Ag+, and Au+ is seen for 1 and 2, in the absence of steric constraints at the bridgehead and with their more remote N-donor atoms. A particular feature is the adaptive nature of these new ligands, with the ability to adjust coordination mode in response to the hard-soft character of coordinated metal ions, influenced also by the character of the bridgehead atom (Sb or Bi). These features can be seen in a comparison between [Cu2{Sb(2-Me-8-qy)3}2](PF6)2 (1·CuPF6) and [Cu{Bi(2-Me-8-qy)3}](PF6) (2·CuPF6), the first containing a dimeric cation in which 1 adopts an unprecedented intramolecular N,N,Sb-coordination mode while in the second, 2 adopts an unusual N,N,(π-)C coordination mode. In contrast, the previously reported analogous ligands [E(6-Me-2-py)3] (E = Sb, Bi; 2-py = 2-pyridyl) show a tris-chelating mode in their complexes with CuPF6, which is typical for the extensive tris(2-pyridyl) family with a range of metals. The greater polarity of the Bi-C bond in 2 results in ligand transfer reactions with Au(I). Although this reactivity is not in itself unusual, the characterization of several products by single-crystal X-ray diffraction provides snapshots of the ligand transfer reaction involved, with one of the products (the bimetallic complex [(BiCl){ClAu2(2-Me-8-qy)3}] (8)) containing a Au2Bi core in which the shortest Au → Bi donor-acceptor bond to date is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Jessica E Waters
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Rajesh B Jethwa
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Annie L Colebatch
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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García-Romero Á, Martín-Álvarez JM, Miguel D, Wright DS, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R. Cation- and Anion-Mediated Supramolecular Assembly of Bismuth and Antimony Tris(3-pyridyl) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19206-19218. [PMID: 34882394 PMCID: PMC8693195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The use of antimony
and bismuth in supramolecular chemistry has
been largely overlooked in comparison to the lighter elements of Group
15, and the coordination chemistry of the tripodal ligands [Sb(3-py)3] and [Bi(3-py)3] (L) containing the heaviest p-block
element bridgehead atoms has been unexplored. We show that these ligands
form a common hybrid metal–organic framework (MOF) structure
with Cu(I) and Ag(I) (M) salts of weakly coordinating anions (PF6–, SbF6–, and
OTf–), composed of a cationic substructure of rhombic
cage (M)4(L)4 units linked by Sb/Bi–M
bonding. The greater Lewis acidity of Bi compared to Sb can, however,
allows anion···Bi interactions to overcome Bi–metal
bonding in the case of BF4–, leading
to collapse of the MOF structure (which is also seen where harder
metals like Li+ are employed). This study therefore provides
insight into the way in which the electronic effects of the bridgehead
atom in these ligand systems can impact their supramolecular chemistry. The Lewis acidity of the Group 15 bridgehead
atoms (E =
Sb vs Bi) proves to be a decisive structural directing factor in the
coordination of tris(3-pyridyl) ligands E(3-py)3, being
responsible for promoting or disfavoring E−metal or E···anion
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martín-Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU, Cinquima, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Waters JE, Hanf S, Rincón-Nocito M, Bond AD, García-Rodríguez R, Wright DS, Colebatch AL. Synthesis and coordination behaviour of aluminate-based quinolyl ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14551-14559. [PMID: 34698325 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02438h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of moving the donor N-atom from the 2-position in lithium (2-pyridyl)- and (2-quinolyl)aluminates to the more remote position in (8-quinolyl)aluminates have been investigated by solid-state structural and DFT computational studies of the new complexes [{EtAl(2-qy)3}Li(μ-X)Li(THF)3] (X = Cl/Br 62 : 38) [(1)Li(μ-X)Li(THF)3], [{(EtAl(2-qy)3)Li}2(μ-Br)]-Li(THF)4+ [{1Li}2(μ-Br)]-Li(THF)4+, [{EtAl(2-Me-8-qy)3}Li] [(2)Li], [{Me2Al(2-Me-8-qy)2}Li(THF)] [(3a)Li(THF)], [{Me2Al(6-Me-2-py)2}Li(THF)2] [(4)Li(THF)2] and [{{EtAl(2-Me-8-qy)2}2O}(Li2THF)] (5). Increasing the remoteness of the donor N-atom from the bridgehead results in large differences in the coordination of the Li+ cations by the (8-quinolyl)aluminate anions compared to 2-quinolyl or 2-pyridyl counterparts. The results are of potential interest in understanding how the coordination sites of ligands of this type can be tuned for the coordination requirements of specific metal centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Waters
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Marina Rincón-Nocito
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Raul García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química, Inorgunica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Annie L Colebatch
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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García-Romero Á, Martín-Álvarez JM, Colebatch AL, Plajer AJ, Miguel D, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R. Synthesis of tris(3-pyridyl)aluminate ligand and its unexpected stability against hydrolysis: revealing cooperativity effects in heterobimetallic pyridyl aluminates. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13059-13065. [PMID: 34581366 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the elusive metallic anion [EtAl(3-py)3]- (3-py = 3-pyridyl) (1), the first member of the anionic tris(3-pyridyl) family. Unexpectedly, the lithium complex 1Li shows substantial protic stability against water and alcohols, unlike related tris(2-pyridyl)aluminate analogues. This stability appears to be related to the inability of the [EtAl(3-py)3]- anion to chelate Li+, which precludes a decomposition pathway involving Li/Al cooperativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid; Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Jose M Martín-Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid; Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Annie L Colebatch
- Chemistry Department. Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.,Research School of Chemistry. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Chemical Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid; Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid; Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid; Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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Waters JE, Berger G, Peel AJ, García-Rodríguez R, Bond AD, Wright DS. Uncovering the Hidden Landscape of Tris(4-pyridyl) Ligands: Topological Complexity Derived from the Bridgehead. Chemistry 2021; 27:12036-12040. [PMID: 34128570 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular main group chemistry is a developing field which parallels the conventional domain of metallo-organic chemistry. Little explored building blocks in this area are main group metal-based ligands which have the appropriate donor symmetry to build desired molecular or extended arrangements. Tris(pyridyl) main group ligands (E(py)3 , E=main group metal) are potentially highly versatile building blocks since shifting the N-donor arms from the 2- to the 3-positions and 4-positions provides a very simple way of changing the ligand character from mononuclear/chelating to multidentate/metal-bridging. Here, the coordination behaviour of the first main group metal tris(4-pyridyl) ligands, E(4-py)3 (E=Sb, Bi, Ph-Sn) is explored, as well as their ability to build metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The complicated topology of these MOFs shows a marked influence on the counter anion and on the ability of the E(4-py)3 ligands to switch coordination mode, depending on the steric and donor character of the bridgehead. This structure-directing influence of the bridgehead provides a potential building strategy for future molecular and MOF design in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Waters
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Georg Berger
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Peel
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT, IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, E-47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Plajer AJ, Crusius D, Jethwa RB, García-Romero Á, Bond AD, García-Rodríguez R, Wright DS. Coordination chemistry of the bench-stable tris-2-pyridyl pnictogen ligands [E(6-Me-2-py) 3] (E = As, As[double bond, length as m-dash]O, Sb). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2393-2402. [PMID: 33291126 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tripodal ligands with main group bridghead units are well established in coordination chemistry and single-site organometallic catalysis. Although a large number of tris(2-pyridyl) main group ligands [E(2-py)3] (E = main group element, 2-py = 2-pyridyl) spanning across the whole p-block are now synthetically acessible, only limited work has been done on the coordination chemistry on the tris(2-pyridyl) group 15 ligands for the heavier elements (As, Sb). In the current study we investigate the coordination chemistry of the ligand family E(6-Me-2-py)3 (E = As, Sb) and of the As(v) ligand O[double bond, length as m-dash]As(6-Me-2-py)3. The air- and mositure-stability of all of these main group ligands makes them especially attractive in future catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Plajer
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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Peel AJ, Waters JE, Plajer AJ, García-Rodríguez R, Wright DS. Recent advances in the synthesis and application of tris(pyridyl) ligands containing metallic and semimetallic p-block bridgeheads. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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