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Helling C, Döhler L, Kysliak O, Görls H, Liebing P, Wölper C, Kretschmer R, Schulz S. Metal-metal cooperativity boosts Lewis basicity and reduction properties of the bis(gallanediyl) CyL 2Ga 2. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4922-4929. [PMID: 38410991 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The interplay of two proximate gallium centres equips the bimetallic complex CyL2Ga2 (1, CyL2 = 1,2-trans-Cy[NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N(Dip)]2, Dip = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) with increased Lewis basicity and higher reducing power compared to the monometallic gallanediyl LGa (2, L = HC[MeCN(Dip)]2) as evidenced by cross-over experiments. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lotta Döhler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Kysliak
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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2
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Banerjee S, Ballmann GM, Evans MJ, O'Reilly A, Kennedy AR, Fulton JR, Coles MP, Mulvey RE. Three Oxidative Addition Routes of Alkali Metal Aluminyls to Dihydridoaluminates and Reactivity with CO 2. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301849. [PMID: 37429823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Three distinct routes are reported to the soluble, dihydridoaluminate compounds, AM[Al(NONDipp )(H)2 ] (AM=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; [NONDipp ]2- =[O(SiMe2 NDipp)2 ]2- ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) starting from the alkali metal aluminyls, AM[Al(NONDipp )]. Direct H2 hydrogenation of the heavier analogues (AM=Rb, Cs) produced the first examples of structurally characterized rubidium and caesium dihydridoaluminates, although harsh conditions were required for complete conversion. Using 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD) as an alternative hydrogen source in transfer hydrogenation reactions provided a lower energy pathway to the full series of products for AM=Li-Cs. A further moderation in conditions was noted for the thermal decomposition of the (silyl)(hydrido)aluminates, AM[Al(NONDipp )(H)(SiH2 Ph)]. Probing the reaction of Cs[Al(NONDipp )] with 1,4-CHD provided access to a novel inverse sandwich complex, [{Cs(Et2 O)}2 {Al(NONDipp )(H)}2 (C6 H6 )], containing the 1,4-dialuminated [C6 H6 ]2- dianion and representing the first time that an intermediate in the commonly utilized oxidation process of 1,4-CHD to benzene has been trapped. The synthetic utility of the newly installed Al-H bonds has been demonstrated by their ability to reduce CO2 under mild conditions to form the bis-formate AM[Al(NONDipp )(O2 CH)2 ] compounds, which exhibit a diverse series of eyecatching bimetallacyclic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Banerjee
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerd M Ballmann
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Andrea O'Reilly
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, Glasgow, UK
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Villegas-Escobar N, Hoobler PR, Toro-Labbé A, Schaefer HF. High-Level Coupled-Cluster Study on Substituent Effects in H 2 Activation by Low-Valent Aluminyl Anions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:956-965. [PMID: 36689320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel aluminyl anion complexes has been well exploited in recent years. Moreover, the elucidation of the structure and reactivity of these complexes opens the path toward a new understanding of low-valent aluminum complexes and their chemistry. This work computationally treats the substituent effect on aluminyl anions to discover suitable alternatives for H2 activation at a high level of theory utilizing coupled-cluster techniques extrapolated to the complete basis set. The results reveal that the simplest AlH2- system is the most reactive toward the activation of H2, but due to the low steric demand, severe difficulty in the stabilization of this system makes its use nonviable. However, the results indicate that, in principle, aluminyl systems with -C, -CN, -NC, and -N chelating centers would be the best choices of ligand toward the activation of molecular hydrogen by taking care of suitable steric demand to prevent dimerization of the catalysts. Furthermore, computations show that monosubstitution (besides -H) in aluminyl anions is preferred over disubstitution. So our predictions show that bidentate ligands may yield less reactive aluminyl anions to activate H2 than monodentate ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción4070386, Chile
| | - Preston R Hoobler
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant College, Lookout Mountain, Georgia30750, United States
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, 4860Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Radical-like reactivity for dihydrogen activation by coinage metal-aluminyl complexes: computational evidence inspired by experimental main group chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:889-896. [PMID: 36755722 PMCID: PMC9890964 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05815d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The computational study of an unprecedented reactivity of coinage metal-aluminyl complexes with dihydrogen is reported. In close resemblance to group 14 dimetallenes and dimetallynes, the complexes are predicted to activate H2 under mild conditions. Two different reaction pathways are found disclosing a common driving force, i.e., the nucleophilic behavior of the electron-sharing M-Al (M = Cu, Ag, Au) bond, which enables a cooperative and diradical-like mechanism. This mode of chemical reactivity emerges as a new paradigm for dihydrogen activation and calls for experimental feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy .,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 - 06123 Perugia Italy
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Abstract
The chemistry of low valent p-block metal complexes continues to elicit interest in the research community, demonstrating reactivity that replicates and in some cases exceeds that of their more widely studied d-block metal counterparts. The introduction of the first aluminyl anion, a complex containing a formally anionic Al(I) centre charge balanced by an alkali metal (AM) cation, has established a platform for a new area of chemical research. The chemistry displayed by aluminyl compounds is expanding rapidly, with examples of reactivity towards a diverse range of small molecules and functional groups now reported in the literature. Herein we present an account of the structure and reactivity of the growing family of aluminyl compounds. In this context we examine the structural relationships between the aluminyl anion and the AM cations, which now include examples of AM = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. We report on the ability of these compounds to engage in bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions, which is leading towards their application as useful reagents in chemical synthesis. Furthermore we discuss the chemistry of bimetallic complexes containing direct Al-M bonds (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn) and compounds with Al-E multiple bonds (E = NR, CR2, O, S, Se, Te), where both classes of compound are derived directly from aluminyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical of Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Helling C, Farmer JC, Wölper C, Kretschmer R, Schulz S. Bond Activation by a Bimetallic Ga I Complex: Avenue to Intermetallic Compounds. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - James C. Farmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09112 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Banerjee S, Macdonald PA, Orr SA, Kennedy AR, van Teijlingen A, Robertson SD, Tuttle T, Mulvey RE. Hydrocarbon Soluble Alkali-Metal-Aluminium Hydride Surrog[ATES]. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201085. [PMID: 35811447 PMCID: PMC9804340 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of group 1 hydrocarbon-soluble donor free aluminates [AM(t BuDHP)(TMP)Al(i Bu)2 ] (AM=Li, Na, K, Rb) have been synthesised by combining an alkali metal dihydropyridyl unit [(2-t BuC5 H5 N)AM)] containing a surrogate hydride (sp3 C-H) with [(i Bu)2 Al(TMP)]. These aluminates have been characterised by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. While the lithium aluminate forms a monomer, the heavier alkali metal aluminates exist as polymeric chains propagated by non-covalent interactions between the alkali metal cations and the alkyldihydropyridyl units. Solvates [(THF)Li(t BuDHP)(TMP)Al(i Bu)2 ] and [(TMEDA)Na(t BuDHP)(TMP)Al(i Bu)2 ] have also been crystallographically characterised. Theoretical calculations show how the dispersion forces tend to increase on moving from Li to Rb, as opposed to the electrostatic forces of stabilization, which are orders of magnitude more significant. Having unique structural features, these bimetallic compounds can be considered as starting points for exploring unique reactivity trends as alkali-metal-aluminium hydride surrog[ATES].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Banerjee
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Peter A. Macdonald
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Samantha A. Orr
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | | | - Stuart D. Robertson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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Grams S, Mai J, Langer J, Harder S. Alkali metal influences in aluminyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12476-12483. [PMID: 35904400 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The previously reported potassium aluminyl complex [(BDI-H)Al-K+]2 was converted in Li+ or Na+ salts by a salt metathesis reaction with Li(BPh4) or Na(BPh4), respectively; BDI-H = dianionic [(DIPP)N-C(Me)C(H)-C(CH2)-N(DIPP)2-] and DIPP = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl. The Rb and Cs aluminyl complexes were obtained by reaction of (BDI)Al with RbC8 or CsC8; BDI = HC[C(Me)N(DIPP)]2. Crystal structures of two monomers, (BDI-H)Al-Li+·(Et2O)2 and (BDI-H)Al-Na+·(Et2O)(TMEDA), and four dimers [(BDI-H)Al-M+]2 (M = Li, Na, Rb, Cs) are discussed. Lewis base-free dimers [(BDI-H)Al-M+]2 crystallize either as slipped dimers (Li+, Na+) in which each Al center features only one Al-M contact or as a symmetric dimer (K+, Rb+, Cs+) in which the cation bridges both Al centers. The dimer with the largest cation (Cs+) shows Cs⋯CH2C interactions between dimers, resulting in a coordination polymer. AIM and charge analysis reveal highly ionic Al-M bonds with strong polarization of the Al lone-pair towards the smaller cation Li+ and Na+. The Al-M bonds become weaker from Li to Cs. Calculated dimerization energies suggest that in apolar solvents only complexes with the heavier metals Rb and Cs may be in a monomer-dimer equilibrium. This is confirmed by DOSY measurements in benzene. Dimeric aluminyl complexes with heavier alkali metals (K-Cs) react with benzene to give a double C-H activation in para-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Grams
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Gentner TX, Evans MJ, Kennedy AR, Neale SE, McMullin CL, Coles MP, Mulvey RE. Rubidium and caesium aluminyls: synthesis, structures and reactivity in C-H bond activation of benzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1390-1393. [PMID: 34994367 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Expanding knowledge of low valent aluminium chemistry, rubidium and caesium aluminyls are reported to complete the group 1 (Li-Cs) set of metal aluminyls. Both compounds crystallize as a contacted dimeric pair supported by M⋯π(arene) interactions with a pronounced twist between aluminyl units. Density functional theory calculations show symmetrical bonding between the M and Al atoms, with an Al centred lone-pair donating into vacant Rb and Cs orbitals. Interestingly, despite their structural similarity the Cs aluminyl enables C-H bond activation of benzene, but not the Rb aluminyl reflecting the importance of the alkali metal in these heterobimetallic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Sam E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | | | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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