Multiplex analysis of inflammatory proteins associated with risk of coronary artery disease in type-1 diabetes patients

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and miRNA-145 Expression in Patients With Different Phenotypes of Stable Coronary Artery Disease

Aim      To evaluate the expression level of miR-145, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and different, obstructive and non-obstructive, phenotypes of coronary artery disease (CAD).Material and methods  This cross-sectional observational study included 107 patients aged 45-75 years with a verified diagnosis of stable IHD. Based on the data of coronary angiography or spiral multislice computed tomography of CA, the patients were divided into two groups, with no obstructive (NOCA, 51 patients) and with obstructive coronary artery (OCA, 56 patients). In the NOCA group, women predominated (62.5%), while among patients with OCA, men predominated (67.9%). Concentrations of VEGF and TNF-α and miRNA-145 expression were measured in patients of both groups.Results In the NOCA group, the concentrations of VEGF (p=0.004) and TNF-α (p=0.002) and the miRNA-145 expression (p=0.014) were significantly higher. In this group, the miRNA-145 concentration was correlated with the concentrations of VEGF (ρ=0.442; p=0.013) and TNF-α (ρ=-0.386; p=0.032). In the OCA group, correlations were found between the concentrations of TNF-α and VEGF (ρ=0.645; p<0.001), miRNA-145 and VEGF (ρ=0.584; p<0.001), and miRNA-145c and TNF-α (ρ=0.421; p<0.001). According to the univariate logistic regression analysis, significant factors for the CAD type were miRNA-145 expression and female gender. A statistically significant ROC curve was constructed to evaluate the diagnostic capability of miRNA-145.Conclusion      According to the study results, the highest level of miRNA-145 expression was found in the NOCA group. The ROC analysis showed that a level of miRNA-145 expression higher than 1.084 REU can be a factor of the NOCA phenotype presence in patients with stable IHD. A lower level of miRNA-145 expression can be associated with more severe atherosclerotic CAD.

MiRNA-34a, miRNA-145, and miRNA-222 Expression, Matrix Metalloproteinases, TNF-α and VEGF in Patients with Different Phenotypes of Coronary Artery Disease

The development of different phenotypes of coronary artery (CA) lesions is regulated via many various factors, such as pro-inflammatory agents, zinc-dependent endopeptidases, growth factors and circulating microRNAs (miRs). To evaluate the expression levels of miR-34a, miR-145 and miR-222, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -9, -13 and -14) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with different phenotypes of coronary artery disease (CAD): ischemia/angina with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/ANOCA) and obstructive CAD (oCAD) compared with a control group. This cross-sectional observational study included 157 subjects with a verified CAD diagnosis (51 patients with INOCA, 76 patients with oCAD and 30 healthy volunteers). The expression of miR-34a, miR-145 and miR-222 (RT-PCR) and the levels of VEGF, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13 and MMP-14 (ELISA) were estimated in plasma samples. A higher concentration of MMP-9 was found in oCAD-group samples compared to the INOCA/ANOCA group. The INOCA/ANOCA group was characterized by higher levels of TNF-α. Based on multivariate regression analysis, a mathematical model predicting the type of CA lesion was constructed. MiR-145 was the independent predictor of INOCA/ANOCA (p = 0.006). Changes in concentrations of MMP-9 and MMP-14 were found in both investigated CAD groups, with MMP-9 levels being significantly higher in obstructive CAD samples than in INOCA/ANOCA, which confirms the role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis. A multivariate regression analysis allowed us to achieve a model that can predict the phenotype of stable CAD, and MiR-145 can be assumed as an independent predictor of INOCA/ANOCA.

Could Tumor Necrosis Factor Serve as a Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Early-Onset Coronary Artery Disease?

Introduction: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, can be produced by cardiomyocytes, leading to metabolic disorders in the myocardium. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between plasma levels of the TNF cytokine and the presence of known biochemical and clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease, along with the parameters of cardiac morphology in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) at a young age. Materials and Methods: The study group included 75 men aged up to 50 years and 25 women aged up to 55 years. The plasma TNF concentration was measured by use of the ELISA assay. Echocardiography and electrocardiographic examinations were performed in all patients. Results: We observed positive correlations for TNF with the BMI ratio, weight, waist and hip circumference. We also found negative correlations for TNF with HDL levels and ApoA concentrations, and positive correlations with the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, Apo B, IL6, LDL and TG concentrations. These results suggest an association between higher plasma TNF concentrations and components of metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia. TNF may be a potential risk factor for impaired diastolic function. Conclusions: While TNF may be useful for diagnosing certain risks in CAD patients, the TNF measurement cannot be used as a surrogate test for echocardiography.