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Du W, Nair P, Johnston A, Wu PH, Wirtz D. Cell Trafficking at the Intersection of the Tumor-Immune Compartments. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:275-305. [PMID: 35385679 PMCID: PMC9811395 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110320-110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Migration is an essential cellular process that regulates human organ development and homeostasis as well as disease initiation and progression. In cancer, immune and tumor cell migration is strongly associated with immune cell infiltration, immune escape, and tumor cell metastasis, which ultimately account for more than 90% of cancer deaths. The biophysics and molecular regulation of the migration of cancer and immune cells have been extensively studied separately. However, accumulating evidence indicates that, in the tumor microenvironment, the motilities of immune and cancer cells are highly interdependent via secreted factors such as cytokines and chemokines. Tumor and immune cells constantly express these soluble factors, which produce a tightly intertwined regulatory network for these cells' respective migration. A mechanistic understanding of the reciprocal regulation of soluble factor-mediated cell migration can provide critical information for the development of new biomarkers of tumor progression and of tumor response to immuno-oncological treatments. We review the biophysical andbiomolecular basis for the migration of immune and tumor cells and their associated reciprocal regulatory network. We also describe ongoing attempts to translate this knowledge into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Du
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Praful Nair
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian Johnston
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pei-Hsun Wu
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Oncology, Department of Pathology, and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Xiang Y, Li Q, Huang D, Tang X, Wang L, Shi Y, Zhang W, Yang T, Xiao C, Wang J. Preparation and antitumor effect of a toxin-linked conjugate targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and urokinase plasminogen activator. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:160-8. [PMID: 25125500 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214547154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant signaling activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a common characteristic of many tumors, including lung cancer. Accordingly, VEGFR and uPA have emerged as attractive targets for tumor. KDR (Flk-1/VEGFR-2), a member of the VEGFR family, has been recognized as an important target for antiangiogenesis in tumor. In this study, a recombinant immunotoxin was produced to specifically target KDR-expressing tumor vascular endothelial cells and uPA-expressing tumor cells and mediate antitumor angiogenesis and antitumor effect. Based on its potent inhibitory effect on protein synthesis, Luffin-beta (Lβ) ribosome-inactivating protein was selected as part of a recombinant fusion protein, a single-chain variable fragment against KDR (KDRscFv)-uPA cleavage site (uPAcs)-Lβ-KDEL (named as KPLK). The KDRscFv-uPAcs-Lβ-KDEL (KPLK) contained a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against KDR, uPAcs, Lβ, and the retention signal for endoplasmic reticulum proteins KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu). The KPLK-expressing vector was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the KPLK protein was isolated with nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis test demonstrated KPLK was effectively expressed. Result of in vitro cell viability assay on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H460 cell line (uPA-positive cell) revealed that KPLK significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and accumulated cells in S and G2/M phases, but the normal cell line (human submandibular gland cell) was unaffected. These effects were enhanced when uPA was added to digest KPLK to release Lβ. For in vivo assay of KPLK, subcutaneous xenograft tumor model of nude mice were established with H460 cells. Growth of solid tumors was significantly inhibited in animals treated with KPLK up to 21 days, tumor weights were decreased, and the expression of angiogenesis marker CD31 was downregulated; meanwhile, the apoptosis-related protein casspase-3 was upregulated. These results suggested that the recombinant KPLK may have therapeutic applications on tumors, especially uPA-overexpressing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiying Li
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dehong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xianjun Tang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chunyan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jianghong Wang
- Center of Endoscopy Examination & Therapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
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Breast cancer proteome takes more than two to tango on TRAIL: beat them at their own game. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:763-77. [PMID: 22899350 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast carcinogenesis is a multidimensional disease that has resisted drug-related solutions to date because of heterogeneity, disorganized spatiotemporal behavior of signal transduction cascades, cell cycle checkpoints, cell transition, plasticity, and impaired pro-apoptotic response. These synchronized oncogenic events, including protein-protein interaction, transcriptional-regulatory, and signaling networks, trigger genomic and transcriptional disturbances in TRAIL-mediated signaling network neighborhoods. Therefore, tumor cells often acquire the ability to escape death by suppressing cell death pathways that normally function to eliminate damaged and harmful cells. This review describes the TRAIL-mediated cell death signaling pathways, the interactions between these pathways, and the ways in which these pathways are deregulated in breast cancer.
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Yang L, Guo J, Wang J, Wan S, Yang S, Wang R, Chen W, Peng G, Fang D. Ad-KDRscFv:sTRAIL displays a synergistic antitumor effect without obvious cytotoxicity to normal tissues. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:37-45. [PMID: 22406047 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the antitumor activities and safety of Ad-KDRscFv, Ad-sTRAIL (114-281) and Ad-KDRscFv:sTRAIL in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Recombinant replication-defective adenovirus vectors encoding either the extracellular domain (114-281 aa) of TRAIL, the KDRscFv (single chain antibody (scFv) against human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor KDR) or the fusion gene of KDRscFv:sTRAIL were constructed and transfected into HEK 293 cells for virus packaging. The recombinant virus particles were then infected human tumor cell lines of liver cancer (HepG2), gastric cancer (SGC-7901), colorectal cancer (SW480) and normal human liver cell line (LO2) to investigate the antitumor activities. Nude mice of the subcutaneous tumor models were established with HepG2 cells and were randomly divided into different groups to investigate the therapeutic effect and safety of these adenovirus particles on hepatocellular carcinoma. The expression of foreign proteins and the effect on microvascular number were also evaluated. RESULTS All three adenovirus particles could induce apoptosis of cancer cells lines HepG2, SGC-7901 and SW480, but had no obvious lethal effect on LO2 cells. Ad-KDRscFv:sTRAIL showed the strongest tumoricidal effect. After intratumoral injection with these adenovirus particles on nude mice model, all the three adenoviruses could inhibit the tumor growth and angiogenesis, and the expression of foreign proteins (sTRAIL, KDRscFv and KDRscFv:sTRAIL fusion protein) was restricted to liver and tumor tissues. In coincidence with the result in vitro, Ad-KDRscFv:sTRAIL also had the strongest antitumor activity in vivo. No obvious pathological changes were detected in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Replication-defective recombinant adenovirus of Ad-KDRscFv, Ad-sTRAIL and Ad-KDRscFv:sTRAIL all had tumoricidal activities and Ad-KDRscFv:sTRAIL showed the strongest effect. All three adenoviruses had no obvious toxicity to normal cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Knockdown of hTERT alters biophysical properties of K562 cells resulting in decreased migration rate in vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 61:595-603. [PMID: 21833675 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that 90% of tumors, including hematological malignant tumors and leukemia, have much higher levels of telomerase expression than normal cells. To investigate the effect of telomerase on leukemia cells, we transfected K562, a human erythroleukemia cell line with an antisense-hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) cDNA vector, and examined the biological and biophysical properties of the stably transfected cells (referred to as KAT). Un-transfected cells (K562) and cells transfected with the empty vector (referred to as KC) were used as controls. Cell growth curve and (3)H-TdR test showed that the growth rate and DNA synthesis of KAT decreased compared with those of K562 and KC cells. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution in KAT cells under normal culture condition were similar to those of K562 and KC cells, but changed after serum deprivation. KAT cells had significantly different biophysical characteristics from K562 and KC in terms of cell electrophoresis, membrane fluidity, membrane fluidity, and viscoelasticity. Furthermore, the transendothelial migration rate of KAT was much lower than those of K562 and KC cells. Confocal microscopy showed that KAT cells had higher F-actin content, suggesting the reorganization of cytoskeleton. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a lowered intracellular calcium concentration and CD71 expression, explaining the high F-actin content in KAT cells. In conclusion, we found that the knockdown of hTERT in K562 cells changed their cytoskeleton and biophysical features, and reduced the cell migration.
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Chen D, Yao WJ, Zhang XL, Han XQ, Qu XY, Ka WB, Sun DG, Wu XZ, Wen ZY. Effects of Gekko sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex on human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells: inhibition of proliferation and migration. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:702-708. [PMID: 19969061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Gekko swinhonis Guenther has been used as an anti-cancer drug in traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years. Here we investigated the structural characterization and anti-cancer effects of sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex (GSPP) isolated from Gekko swinhonis Guenther. MATERIALS AND METHODS The structure of GSPP was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, beta-elimination reaction, and NMR spectroscopy. SMMC-7721 cells were used to assess the influence of GSPP on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell proliferation and survival was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay. Cell migration was performed by wound-healing and transwell assay. The secretion of IL-8 was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Flow cytometry was used to analyze intracellular calcium concentration, as well as cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. Confocal microscopy was used to assess the localization and configuration of actin filaments. RESULTS GSPP was chemically characterized as a sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex with O-glycopeptide linkages. Our results showed that GSPP inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells and blocked cells in the S phase. No direct toxicity against cells was observed. Furthermore, GSPP inhibited the migration of SMMC-7721 cells with the reduction of intracellular calcium. Actin filaments were polymerized and accumulated in the cytoplasm of the treated cells, whereas the secretion of IL-8 was not significantly changed after GSPP exposure. CONCLUSION We describe an identified sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex, and demonstrate its direct effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration via calcium-mediated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Hemorheology Center, Department of Medical Physics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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