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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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3
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Domes R, Frosch T. Molecular Interactions Identified by Two-Dimensional Analysis-Detailed Insight into the Molecular Interactions of the Antimalarial Artesunate with the Target Structure β-Hematin by Means of 2D Raman Correlation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12719-12731. [PMID: 37586701 PMCID: PMC10469332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the interaction of endoperoxide antimalarial agents with their biological target structures is of utmost importance for the tailored design of future efficient antimalarials. Detailed insights into molecular interactions between artesunate and β-hematin were derived with a combination of resonance Raman spectroscopy, two-dimensional correlation analysis, and density functional theory calculations. Resonance Raman spectroscopy with three distinct laser wavelengths enabled the specific excitation of different chromophore parts of β-hematin. The resonance Raman spectra of the artesunate-β-hematin complexes were thoroughly analyzed with the help of high-resolution and highly sensitive two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Spectral changes in the peak properties were found with increasing artesunate concentration. Changes in the low-frequency, morphology-sensitive Raman bands indicated a loss in crystallinity of the drug-target complexes. Differences in the high-wavenumber region were assigned to increased distortions of the planarity of the structure of the target molecule due to the appearance of various coexisting alkylation species. Evidence for the appearance of high-valent ferryl-oxo species could be observed with the help of differences in the peak properties of oxidation-state sensitive Raman modes. To support those findings, the relaxed ground-state structures of ten possible covalent mono- and di-meso(Cm)-alkylated hematin-dihydroartemisinyl complexes were calculated using density functional theory. A very good agreement with the experimental peak properties was achieved, and the out-of-plane displacements along the lowest-frequency normal coordinates were investigated by normal coordinate structural decomposition analysis. The strongest changes in all data were observed in vibrations with a high participation of Cm-parts of β-hematin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Domes
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Biophotonics and
Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical
University Darmstadt, Merckstraße 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Strasse 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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4
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Li Y, Xu E, Rong R, Zhang S, Yuan W, Qiu M, Su J. Glutaraldehyde modified red blood cells delivering artesunate to the liver as a dual therapeutic and prophylactic antimalaria strategy. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7490-7501. [PMID: 37458002 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria can spread quickly in the population and develop rapidly. Patients with malaria usually die due to lack of timely and effective treatment. Artesunate (AS) is a highly effective and low-toxicity antimalarial drug, but its short half-life in the blood makes it difficult to control the malaria infection completely. Red blood cells (RBCs) have great biodegradability and can be employed to encapsulate various drugs. In this work, we employed RBCs as carriers to encapsulate AS and modified them with glutaraldehyde to construct an intelligent response drug delivery system (G-AS-RBCs) targeting the liver for antimalaria therapeutic and prophylactic activity. The G-AS-RBCs had a drug loading amount of 6.56 ± 0.14 mg 10-8 cells, suggesting excellent biocompatibility. G-AS-RBCs exhibited strong liver targeting efforts and can be maintained in the mice for at least 9 days, showing the potential for malaria prevention. The enrichment of AS in the liver was enhanced because of the natural liver targeting of erythrocytes and the enhancement of liver targeting by glutaraldehyde treatment. Furthermore, AS entrapped into RBCs also showed improved slow-release characteristics and achieved a better effect of inhibiting or killing the malaria parasite than free drugs. Therefore, this RBC-based strategy is expected to realize the prevention and treatment of malaria and has good application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Enge Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Ruonan Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shulei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Cheng B, Li D, Li C, Zhuang Z, Wang P, Liu G. The Application of Biomedicine in Chemodynamic Therapy: From Material Design to Improved Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:925. [PMID: 37627810 PMCID: PMC10451538 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has garnered significant interest as an innovative approach for cancer treatment, owing to its notable tumor specificity and selectivity, minimal systemic toxicity and side effects, and absence of the requirement for field stimulation during treatment. This treatment utilizes nanocatalytic medicines containing transitional metals to release metal ions within tumor cells, subsequently initiating Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. These reactions convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radical (•OH) specifically within the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. However, insufficient endogenous H2O2, the overexpressed reducing substances in the TME, and the weak acidity of solid tumors limit the performance of CDT and restrict its application in vivo. Therefore, a variety of nanozymes and strategies have been designed and developed in order to potentiate CDT against tumors, including the application of various nanozymes and different strategies to remodel TME for enhanced CDT (e.g., increasing the H2O2 level in situ, depleting reductive substances, and lowering the pH value). This review presents an overview of the design and development of various nanocatalysts and the corresponding strategies employed to enhance catalytic drug targeting in recent years. Additionally, it delves into the prospects and obstacles that lie ahead for the future advancement of CDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Dong Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Ziqi Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Peiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (B.C.); (C.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.L.)
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Xu Y, Xiao L, Chen J, Wu Q, Yu W, Zeng W, Shi Y, Lu Y, Liu Y. α-Fe 2O 3 based nanotherapeutics for near-infrared/dihydroartemisinin dual-augmented chemodynamic antibacterial therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 150:367-379. [PMID: 35917907 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the negligible bacterial resistance, chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a promising treatment for bacterial infection. However, it is severely impeded by the constant body temperature, shortage of Fe(Ⅱ) ions and insufficient H2O2 level in infected tissue. To enhance the therapeutic efficiency of CDT, improved strategies are urgently needed to tackle these problems. Herein, we exploited an infection microenvironment-responsive nanotherapeutics for near-infrared (NIR)/dihydroartemisinin (DHA) dual-augmented antibacterial CDT. The convenient encapsulation of DHA-loaded α-Fe2O3 nanorods with metal-polyphenol networks (MPN) led to the generation of an antibacterial nanoagent Fe2O3@DHA@MPN (FDM). Afterwards, its photothermal and peroxidase-like activities were intensively studied. Furthermore, the bactericidal efficacy of FDM was evaluated through both in vitro and in vivo antibacterial assays. Firstly, FDM showed both satisfactory photothermal and NIR/DHA dual-augmented peroxidase-like activities. Besides, it exhibited a pH-responsive release behavior of both Fe(Ⅱ) ions and DHA. Moreover, it presented tannic acid-mediated bacterial adhesion effect. In vitro experiments demonstrated that FDM could achieve a satisfactory efficiency against both planktonic bacteria and biofilms. In vivo assays illustrated both the extraordinary synergistic antibacterial effect and efficient anti-inflammatory ability of FDM. The outcomes indicated that the exploited antibacterial agent could offer new insight on developing intelligent nanotherapeutics for clinical use in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The antibacterial efficiency of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is seriously limited by the constant body temperature, shortage of Fe(Ⅱ) ions and insufficient H2O2 level at the mildly acidic inflammatory microenvironment. To address these issues, we have developed a pH-responsive nanoagent (Fe2O3@DHA@MPN) for near-infrared (NIR)/dihydroartemisinin (DHA) dual-augmented CDT. Through the NIR-induced photothermal effect of exterior Fe(Ⅲ)/tannic acid complex, the increased local temperature led to a photothermal enhanced CDT. Besides, a continuous supply of Fe(Ⅱ) ions could be achieved by tannic acid-mediated Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Moreover, DHA was adopted as a substitute for H2O2 to initiate DHA-mediated CDT. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated its outstanding bactericidal efficiency. Therefore, the developed nanotherapeutics could be a promising candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Le Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Quanxin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Weishen Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Yaxin Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Yingnian Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524023, China.
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7
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Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Woodley CM, Amado PSM, Cristiano MLS, O'Neill PM. Artemisinin inspired synthetic endoperoxide drug candidates: Design, synthesis, and mechanism of action studies. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:3062-3095. [PMID: 34355414 DOI: 10.1002/med.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) have been used as the first-line treatments against Plasmodium falciparum malaria for decades. Recent advances in chemical proteomics have shed light on the complex mechanism of action of semi-synthetic artemisinin (ARTs), particularly their promiscuous alkylation of parasite proteins via previous heme-mediated bioactivation of the endoperoxide bond. Alarmingly, the rise of resistance to ART in South East Asia and the synthetic limitations of the ART scaffold have pushed the course for the necessity of fully synthetic endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several classes of synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials have been described in literature utilizing various endoperoxide warheads including 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Two of these classes, the 1,2,4-trioxolanes (arterolane and artefenomel) and the 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes (N205 and E209) based antimalarials, have been explored extensively and are still in active development. In contrast, the most recent publication pertaining to the development of the 1,2-dioxane, Arteflene, and 1,2,4-trioxanes fenozan-50F, DU1301, and PA1103/SAR116242 was published in 2008. This review summarizes the synthesis, biological and clinical evaluation, and mechanistic studies of the most developed synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials, providing an update on those classes still in active development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia S M Amado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Louvel D, De Dios Miguel T, Duc Vu N, Duguet N. The Chemistry of β‐Hydroxy Hydroperoxides. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Louvel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Thomas De Dios Miguel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Nam Duc Vu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Nicolas Duguet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS UMR 5246, Equipe CAtalyse, SYnthèse et ENvironnement (CASYEN), Bâtiment Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69100 Villeurbanne cedex France
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10
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Ding C, Zhang F, Gao Y, Li Y, Cheng D, Wang J, Mao L. Antibacterial Photodynamic Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis with Toluidine Blue O and a NonLaser Red Light Source Enhanced by Dihydroartemisinin. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:377-384. [PMID: 32959424 DOI: 10.1111/php.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro experiments confirmed that antibacterial photodynamic treatment (aPDT) inactivates periodontal pathogens. However, more effective sterilization is needed in the complex oral environment. This study tested whether dihydroartemisinin (DHA) enhanced the photokilling effect of aPDT on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in planktonic and biofilm states. aPDT combining toluidine blue O (TBO) with 630 nm red light was performed on bacterial suspensions and biofilms in vitro with different final concentrations of DHA (10, 20 and 40 μg mL-1 ). The sensitization mechanism was preliminarily investigated by uptake experiments. The above experiments were repeated with different incubation times (30, 60, 120 s). Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms exhibited significantly higher resistance to aPDT than P. gingivalis in suspension under the same experimental parameters. DHA alone had no cytotoxic effect on P. gingivalis with or without light irradiation. In either bacterial suspensions or biofilms, DHA concentration-dependently enhanced the photokilling effect of aPDT and increased TBO uptake by P. gingivalis. Prolonged incubation time enhanced the photokilling efficiency of aPDT until cellular TBO uptake reached saturation. DHA can enhance aPDT activity against P. gingivalis in planktonic and biofilm states. DHA also accelerated TBO uptake, reducing incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dechun Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jielin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Limin Mao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Naeem M, Sadiq Y, Jahan A, Nabi A, Aftab T, Khan MMA. Salicylic acid restrains arsenic induced oxidative burst in two varieties of Artemisia annua L. by modulating antioxidant defence system and artemisinin production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110851. [PMID: 32673966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a harmful and toxic substance to the growth and development of plants. Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signaling molecule, plays pivotal roles in the overall growth and development of plants under various environmental stresses. Artemisinin extracted from the leaves of A. annua helps in malarial treatment. The present investigation is aimed to find out the possible ameliorative role of exogenously-applied salicylic acid (SA) on two varieties of Artemisia annua L., namely 'CIM-Arogya' and 'Jeevan Raksha' under arsenic (As) stress conditions. For this, growth, physiological and biochemical characterization, and artemisinin production was assessed. The various treatments applied on the plants were Control, 10-6 M SA, 10-5 M SA, 45 mg kg-1As, 45 mg kg-1 As + 10-6 M SA, and 45 mg kg-1 As + 10-5 M SA. Arsenic at 45 mg kg-1 of soil, reducing the overall performance of both varieties at 90 and 120 DAP. However, the levels of antioxidants were enhanced in As-stressed plants, and the supplementation of SA further increased these antioxidants in SA-treated plants. It has been observed that minimum reduction in growth and yield occurs with enhanced production of artemisinin in the case of 'CIM-Arogya' compared to 'Jeevan Raksha' under As stress (45 mg kg-1 of soil). Leaf-applied SA significantly increased the content (49.0% & 43.4%) and yield (53.3% & 46.3%) of artemisinin in both tolerant and sensitive varieties as compared to their respective controls. Thus, the variety 'CIM-Arogya' showed tolerant behavior over 'Jeevan Raksha' and is much adapted to higher As stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naeem
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
| | - Yawar Sadiq
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Ajmat Jahan
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Aarifa Nabi
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
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Dong L, Wang C, Zhen W, Jia X, An S, Xu Z, Zhang W, Jiang X. Biodegradable iron-coordinated hollow polydopamine nanospheres for dihydroartemisinin delivery and selectively enhanced therapy in tumor cells. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:6172-6180. [PMID: 31559402 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01397k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As the semisynthetic derivative and active metabolite of the effective anti-malarial drug artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been investigated as an emerging therapeutic agent for tumor treatment based on the cytotoxicity of free-radicals originating from interactions with ferrous ions. Meanwhile, simultaneously delivering DHA and iron ions to tumors for selectively killing cancer cells is still a great challenge in DHA tumor therapy. Herein, we develop a facile yet efficient strategy based on iron-coordinated hollow polydopamine nanospheres to load DHA (DHA@HPDA-Fe). The as-prepared nanoagent is biodegradable and exhibits controllable release of DHA and Fe ions in tumor microenvironments, resulting in ferrous ion-enhanced production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DHA and thus effectively killing the tumor cells. In vivo therapy experiments indicated that the anti-tumor efficacy of DHA@HPDA-Fe was about 3.05 times greater than that of free DHA, and the tumor inhibition ratio was 88.7% compared with the control group, accompanied by negligible side effects, indicating that the proposed nanomedicine platform is promising for anti-tumor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Tsamesidis I, Pério P, Pantaleo A, Reybier K. Oxidation of Erythrocytes Enhance the Production of Reactive Species in the Presence of Artemisinins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134799. [PMID: 32646002 PMCID: PMC7369783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In red blood cells, hemoglobin iron represents the most plausible candidate to catalyze artemisinin activation but the limited reactivity of iron bound to hemoglobin does not play in favor for its direct involvement. Denatured hemoglobin appears a more likely candidate for artemisinin redox activation because it is expected to contain reactive iron and it has been described to release free heme and/or iron in erythrocyte. The aim of our study is to investigate, using three different methods: fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, how increasing the level of accessible iron into the red blood cells can enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production derived from artemisinin. The over-increase of iron was achieved using phenylhydrazine, a strong oxidant that causes oxidative stress within erythrocytes, resulting in oxidation of oxyhemoglobin and leading to the formation of methemoglobin, which is subsequently converted into irreversible hemichromes (iron (III) compounds). Our findings confirmed, using the iron III chelator, desferrioxamine, the indirect participation of iron (III) compounds in the activation process of artemisinins. Furthermore, in strong reducing conditions, the activation of artemisinin and the consequent production of ROS was enhanced. In conclusion, we demonstrate, through the measurement of intra-erythrocytic superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production using various methods, that artemisinin activation can be drastically enhanced by pre-oxidation of erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsamesidis
- Pharma-Dev UMR 152, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France; (P.P.); (K.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierre Pério
- Pharma-Dev UMR 152, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France; (P.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Karine Reybier
- Pharma-Dev UMR 152, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France; (P.P.); (K.R.)
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Naeem M, Nabi A, Aftab T, Khan MMA. Oligomers of carrageenan regulate functional activities and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. exposed to arsenic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:871-887. [PMID: 31873815 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a promising technique has come forward in field of radiation-agriculture in which the natural polysaccharides are modified into useful oligomers after depolymerization. Ionizing radiation technology is a simple, pioneering, eco-friendly, and single step degradation process which is used in exploiting the efficiency of the natural polysaccharides as plant growth promoters. Arsenic (As) is a noxious and toxic to growth and development of medicinal plants. Artemisinin is obtained from the leaves of Artemisia annua L., which is effective in the treatment of malaria. The present study was undertaken to find out possible role of oligomers of irradiated carrageenan (IC) on two varieties viz. 'CIM-Arogya' (As-tolerant) and 'Jeevan Raksha' (As-sensitive) of A. annua exposed to As. The treatments applied were 0 (control), 40 IC (40 mg L-1 IC), 80 IC (80 mg L-1 IC), 45 As (45 mg kg-1 soil As), 40 IC + 45 As (40 mg L-1 IC + 45 mg kg-1 soil As), and 80 IC + 45 As (80 mg L-1 IC + 45 mg kg-1 soil As). The present study was based on various parameters namely plant fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), leaf area index (LAI), leaf yield (LY), chlorophyll and carotenoid content, net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (Gs), carbonic anhydrase activity (CA), proline content (PRO), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), endogenous ROS production (H2O2 content), catalase activity (CAT), peroxidase activity (POX), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), As content, and artemisinin content in leaves. Plant growth and other physiological and biochemical parameters including enzymatic activities, photosynthetic activity, and its related pigments were negatively affected under As stress. Leaf-applied IC overcame oxidative stress generated due to As in plants by activating antioxidant machinery. Interestingly, leaf-applied IC enhanced the production (content and yield) of artemisinin under high As stress regardless of varieties. The oligomers of IC and As were found to be responsible for the production of endogenous H2O2 which has a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of artemisinin in A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naeem
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Aarifa Nabi
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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Dong L, Xu Z, An S, Jia X, Zhang W, Jiang X. A glutathione-depleted prodrug platform of MnO 2-coated hollow polydopamine nanospheres for effective cancer diagnosis and therapy. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A biocompatible and efficient nanoplatform for tumor diagnosis and treatment was fabricated based on manganese oxide-coated hollow polydopamine loaded with dihydroartemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
| | - Zhiai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Shangjie An
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xiaodan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Xiue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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17
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Hou HY, Yang X, Mao ZL, Yao XY, Chen XB. Raman study of impurity influence on active center in artemisinin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 221:117206. [PMID: 31154240 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The unusual endoperoxide bridge is believed to be the active center for artemisinin activations. Our Raman study indicated that the active center endoperoxide bridge is more significantly influenced by impurity than other parts in artemisinin molecule. This phenomenon provides a Raman spectroscopy method for quantitative measurement of impurity content basing on the relative intensity ratio analysis of characteristic vibrational modes. The proposed Raman method can be a good alternative to high performance liquid chromatography, which is a commonly applied technique for measuring impurity content. Also, the Raman method can provide additional information of impurity homogeneity. In addition, Raman imaging is presented for easy visualization of impurity content and homogeneity in artemisinin simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yi Hou
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Mao
- School of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Xi-Yu Yao
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiang-Bai Chen
- School of Science and Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Abstract
The reaction between the antimalarial drug artesunate (ATS) and ferriprotoporphyrin_(IX) (FPIX) in the presence of glutathione (GSH) has been monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. By following the disappearance of resonances of protons near the endoperoxide group in ATS, the rate at which the drug is activated can be directly measured. In an aqueous medium, the rate of ATS activation is limited by the rate of reduction of the FPIX Fe(III) center by GSH. The reaction is observed to slow dramatically in the presence of other heme binding antimalarial drugs. These findings explain the long observed antagonism between artemisinin derivatives and quinoline-based drugs. This discovery suggests that combination therapy that involves artemisinin or any of its derivatives and a quinoline-based drug may be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heller
- Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC.,Dept, of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC.,Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC
| | - Angel C de Dios
- Dept. of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC.,Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37 and O Streets, Washington, DC
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Kannan D, Yadav N, Ahmad S, Namdev P, Bhattacharjee S, Lochab B, Singh S. Pre-clinical study of iron oxide nanoparticles fortified artesunate for efficient targeting of malarial parasite. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:261-277. [PMID: 31255656 PMCID: PMC6642363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artesunate the most potent antimalarial is widely used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant malaria. The antimalarial cytotoxicity of artesunate has been mainly attributed to its selective, irreversible and iron- radical-mediated damage of parasite biomolecules. In the present research, iron oxide nanoparticle fortified artesunate was tested in P. falciparum and in an experimental malaria mouse model for enhancement in the selectivity and toxicity of artesunate towards parasite. Artesunate was fortified with nontoxic biocompatible surface modified iron oxide nanoparticle which is specially designed and synthesized for the sustained pH-dependent release of Fe2+ within the parasitic food vacuole for enhanced ROS spurt. METHODS Antimalarial efficacy of Iron oxide nanoparticle fortified artesunate was evaluated in wild type and artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (R539T) grown in O + ve human blood and in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected swiss albino mice. Internalization of nanoparticles, the pH-dependent release of Fe2+, production of reactive oxygen species and parasite biomolecule damage by iron oxide nanoparticle fortified artesunate was studied using various biochemical, biophysical, ultra-structural and fluorescence microscopy. For determining the efficacy of ATA-IONP+ART on resistant parasite ring survival assay was performed. RESULTS The nanoparticle fortified artesunate was highly efficient in the 1/8th concentration of artesunate IC50 and led to retarded growth of P. falciparum with significant damage to macromolecules mediated via enhanced ROS production. Similarly, preclinical In vivo studies also signified a radical reduction in parasitemia with ~8-10-fold reduced dosage of artesunate when fortified with iron oxide nanoparticles. Importantly, the ATA-IONP combination was efficacious against artemisinin-resistant parasites. INTERPRETATION Surface coated iron-oxide nanoparticle fortified artesunate can be developed into a potent therapeutic agent towards multidrug-resistant and artemisinin-resistant malaria in humans. FUND: This study is supported by the Centre for Study of Complex Malaria in India funded by the National Institute of Health, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kannan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Namdev
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Souvik Bhattacharjee
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimlesh Lochab
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, India.
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Possible Role of the Ca 2+/Mn 2+ P-Type ATPase Pmr1p on Artemisinin Toxicity through an Induction of Intracellular Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071233. [PMID: 30934859 PMCID: PMC6480206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinins are widely used to treat Plasmodium infections due to their high clinical efficacy; however, the antimalarial mechanism of artemisinin remains unresolved. Mutations in P. falciparum ATPase6 (PfATP6), a sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-transporting ATPase, are associated with increased tolerance to artemisinin. We utilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to examine the involvement of Pmr1p, a functional homolog of PfATP6, on the toxicity of artemisinin. Our analysis demonstrated that cells lacking Pmr1p are less susceptible to growth inhibition from artemisinin and its derivatives. No association between sensitivity to artemisinin and altered trafficking of the drug efflux pump Pdr5p, calcium homeostasis, or protein glycosylation was found in pmr1∆ yeast. Basal ROS levels are elevated in pmr1∆ yeast and artemisinin exposure does not enhance ROS accumulation. This is in contrast to WT cells that exhibit a significant increase in ROS production following treatment with artemisinin. Yeast deleted for PMR1 are known to accumulate excess manganese ions that can function as ROS-scavenging molecules, but no correlation between manganese content and artemisinin resistance was observed. We propose that loss of function mutations in Pmr1p in yeast cells and PfATP6 in P. falciparum are protective against artemisinin toxicity due to reduced intracellular oxidative damage.
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Li H, Li X, Shi X, Li Z, Sun Y. Effects of magnetic dihydroartemisinin nano-liposome in inhibiting the proliferation of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 56:215-228. [PMID: 30668343 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was one of the most potent anticancer artemisinin-like compounds that had been proved by many researchers, but its application was limited by its own characteristics. PURPOSE Magnetic DHA nano-liposomes (DHA-MLPs) were developed to improve the targeting antitumor efficiency and bioavailability of DHA, and their physical properties were characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Liposomes were prepared by thin film dispersion and orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the formula. The magnetic targeting and antitumor effects of DHA-MLPs in the externally applied magnetic field was investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The mean particle size of DHA-MLPs was 209.10 ± 4.92 nm, the charge potential was -37.13 ± 1.01 mV, the encapsulation efficiency (E.E.%) was 82.12 ± 0.91%, and the saturation magnetization at room temperature was 11.84 emu g-1. Targeting DHA-MLPs as well as free DHA could lead to cell cycle G1 block and apoptosis of HNSCC tumor cells in vitro. The tumor volumes of targeting DHA-MLPs treated mouse group were distinctly decreased than that in the control group, free DHA group and non-targeting DHA-MLPs group (P < 0.05). It was observed from iron staining intensity that DHA-MLPs had significant targeting effect in magnetic field (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This novelty liposome could strengthen the ability of DHA in tumor suppression, by increasing the targeted delivery of DHA and biocompatibility, optimize the bioefficacy of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Postgraduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Department of Pathology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050081, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Postgraduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050081, China.
| | - Xinli Shi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Hebei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050061, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050081, China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050081, China
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Kumari A, Karnatak M, Singh D, Shankar R, Jat JL, Sharma S, Yadav D, Shrivastava R, Verma VP. Current scenario of artemisinin and its analogues for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:804-829. [PMID: 30579122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human malaria, one of the most striking, reemerging infectious diseases, is caused by several types of Plasmodium parasites. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. Natural products have served as a template for the design and development of antimalarial drugs currently in the clinic or in the development phase. Artemisinin combine potent, rapid antimalarial activity with a wide therapeutic index and an absence of clinically important resistance. The alkylating ability of artemisinin and its semi-synthetic analogues toward heme related to their antimalarial efficacy are underlined. Although impressive results have already been achieved in malaria research, more systematization and concentration of efforts are required if real breakthroughs are to be made. This review will concisely cover the clinical, preclinical antimalarial and current updates in artemisinin based antimalarial drugs. Diverse classes of semi-synthetic analogs of artemisinin reported in the last decade have also been extensively studied. The experience gained in this respect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jawahar L Jat
- Department of Applied Chemistry, BabaSaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, 303007, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Chan WC, Wai Chan DH, Lee KW, Tin WS, Wong HN, Haynes RK. Evaluation and optimization of synthetic routes from dihydroartemisinin to the alkylamino-artemisinins artemiside and artemisone: A test of N-glycosylation methodologies on a lipophilic peroxide. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The field of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) represents a vast and largely untapped resource for modern medicine. Exemplified by the success of the antimalarial artemisinin, the recent years have seen a rapid increase in the understanding and application of TCM-derived herbs and formulations for evidence-based therapy. In this review, we summarise and discuss the developmental history, clinical background and molecular basis of an action for several representative TCM-derived medicines, including artemisinin, arsenic trioxide, berberine and Salvia miltiorrhiza or Danshen. Through this, we highlight important examples of how TCM-derived medicines have already contributed to modern medicine, and discuss potential avenues for further research.
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Coghi P, Yaremenko IA, Prommana P, Radulov PS, Syroeshkin MA, Wu YJ, Gao JY, Gordillo FM, Mok S, Wong VKW, Uthaipibull C, Terent'ev AO. Novel Peroxides as Promising Anticancer Agents with Unexpected Depressed Antimalarial Activity. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:902-908. [PMID: 29469179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Twenty six peroxides belonging to bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, bridged 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides), and tricyclic monoperoxides were evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and for their cytotoxic activities against immortalized human normal fibroblast (CCD19Lu), liver (LO2 ), and lung (BEAS-2B) cell lines as well as human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer-cell lines. Synthetic ozonides were shown to have the highest cytotoxicity on HepG2 (IC50 =0.19-0.59 μm), and some of these compounds selectively targeted liver cancer (selectivity index values for compounds 13 a and 14 a are 20 and 28, respectively) at levels that, in some cases, were higher than those of paclitaxel, artemisinin, and artesunic acid. In contrast some ozonides showed only moderate antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 from 2.76 to 24.2 μm; 12 b, IC50 =2.76 μm; 13 a, IC50 =20.14 μm; 14 a, IC50 =6.32 μm). These results suggest that these derivatives have divergent mechanisms of action against cancer cells and malaria-infected cells. A cyclic voltammetry study of the peroxides was performed, but most of the compounds did not show direct correlation in oxidative capacity-activity. Our findings offer a new source of antimalarial and anticancer agents through structural modification of peroxide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Coghi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow, 125047, Russia.,All Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Parichat Prommana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Peter S Radulov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,All Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yu Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jia Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Floria M Gordillo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Simon Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow, 125047, Russia.,All Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia
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Wang J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Xu C, Zhang C, Wong YK, Lee YM, Krishna S, He Y, Lim TK, Sim W, Hua ZC, Shen HM, Lin Q. Mechanistic Investigation of the Specific Anticancer Property of Artemisinin and Its Combination with Aminolevulinic Acid for Enhanced Anticolorectal Cancer Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:743-750. [PMID: 28776016 PMCID: PMC5532725 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial artemisinin (ART) possesses anticancer activity, but its underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Using a chemical proteomics approach with artemisinin-based activity probes, we identified over 300 specific ART targets. This reveals an anticancer mechanism whereby ART promiscuously targets multiple critical biological pathways and leads to cancer cell death. The specific cytotoxicity of ART against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells rather than normal colon epithelial cells is due to the elevated capacity of heme synthesis in the cancer cells. Guided by this mechanism, the specific cytotoxicity of ART toward CRC cells can be dramatically enhanced with the addition of aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a clinically used heme synthesis precursor, to increase heme levels. Importantly, this novel ART/ALA combination therapy proves to be more effective than an ART monotherapy in a mouse xenograft CRC model. Thus, ART can be repurposed and potentiated by exploitation of its mechanism of action and the metabolic features of the CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Wang
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Changzhou
High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail:
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yin Shi
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chongjing Zhang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Yingke He
- Department
of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Weiying Sim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- Changzhou
High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department
of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- E-mail:
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University
of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- E-mail:
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Tiensomjitr K, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P. Characterization of the selective alkylation site in hemoglobin A by dihydroartemisinin with tandem mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:358-364. [PMID: 28259625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between the antimalarial drug dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and hemoglobin A (HbA) was investigated in vitro. A fluorescein-tagged artemisinin analog reacted with HbA and fluorescent HbA-drug adducts could be visualized on SDS-PAGE to confirm stable covalent reaction adducts and necessity of the endoperoxide moiety and Fe(II). Mass spectrometric analyses revealed that DHA favourably alkylated protein part rather than heme and the modification site was identified to be at Tyr35 of the beta globin chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomsan Tiensomjitr
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Samran Prabpai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Palangpon Kongsaeree
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Wang D, Zhou J, Chen R, Shi R, Xia G, Zhou S, Liu Z, Zhang N, Wang H, Guo Z, Chen Q. Magnetically guided delivery of DHA and Fe ions for enhanced cancer therapy based on pH-responsive degradation of DHA-loaded Fe 3 O 4 @C@MIL-100(Fe) nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2016; 107:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sun J, Li C, Wang S. Organism-like formation of Schistosoma hemozoin and its function suggest a mechanism for anti-malarial action of artemisinin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34463. [PMID: 27694940 PMCID: PMC5046088 DOI: 10.1038/srep34463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current theories of antimalarial mechanism of artemisinin are inadequate to fully explain the observed effects. In our study, “organism-like” formation of Schistosoma hemozoin granules by attaching to and utilizing erythrocytes to form new ones was observed. This indicates that heme iron is transferred from erythrocytes to hemozoin granules during their formation. However, as a disposal product of heme detoxification, these granules are not completely expelled from the Schistosoma gut, but decomposed again between microvilli in the posterior portion of the gut to transfer iron to eggs. Based on the function of iron transport supported by our observation of the unique process of Schistosoma hemozoin formation, here we propose a new viewpoint of antimalarial mechanism of artemisinin, which emphasizes the final outcome, i.e., interference of iron utilization in parasites by artemisinin, instead of focusing on the mode of interaction between artemisinin and heme or hemozoin. This suggests that artemisinin and its endoperoxides derivatives likely hit the Achilles’ heel of hemozoin-producing and iron-dependent organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Suwen Wang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Yaremenko IA, Vil’ VA, Demchuk DV, Terent’ev AO. Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1647-748. [PMID: 27559418 PMCID: PMC4979652 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is the first to collate and summarize main data on named and unnamed rearrangement reactions of peroxides. It should be noted, that in the chemistry of peroxides two types of processes are considered under the term rearrangements. These are conventional rearrangements occurring with the retention of the molecular weight and transformations of one of the peroxide moieties after O-O-bond cleavage. Detailed information about the Baeyer-Villiger, Criegee, Hock, Kornblum-DeLaMare, Dakin, Elbs, Schenck, Smith, Wieland, and Story reactions is given. Unnamed rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes are also analyzed. The rearrangements and related processes of important natural and synthetic peroxides are discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Demchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Slavic K, Krishna S, Lahree A, Bouyer G, Hanson KK, Vera I, Pittman JK, Staines HM, Mota MM. A vacuolar iron-transporter homologue acts as a detoxifier in Plasmodium. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10403. [PMID: 26786069 PMCID: PMC4735874 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient but is also highly toxic. In yeast and plant cells, a key detoxifying mechanism involves iron sequestration into intracellular storage compartments, mediated by members of the vacuolar iron-transporter (VIT) family of proteins. Here we study the VIT homologue from the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum (PfVIT) and Plasmodium berghei (PbVIT). PfVIT-mediated iron transport in a yeast heterologous expression system is saturable (Km ∼ 14.7 μM), and selective for Fe(2+) over other divalent cations. PbVIT-deficient P. berghei lines (Pbvit(-)) show a reduction in parasite load in both liver and blood stages of infection in mice. Moreover, Pbvit(-) parasites have higher levels of labile iron in blood stages and are more sensitive to increased iron levels in liver stages, when compared with wild-type parasites. Our data are consistent with Plasmodium VITs playing a major role in iron detoxification and, thus, normal development of malaria parasites in their mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Slavic
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Aparajita Lahree
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guillaume Bouyer
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 8227, Comparative Physiology of Erythrocytes, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Kirsten K. Hanson
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Present address: University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Biology and STCEID, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Iset Vera
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jon K. Pittman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Henry M. Staines
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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Pandey N, Pandey-Rai S. Updates on artemisinin: an insight to mode of actions and strategies for enhanced global production. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:15-30. [PMID: 25813833 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Application of traditional Chinese drug, artemisinin, originally derived from Artemisia annua L., in malaria therapy has now been globally accepted. Artemisinin and its derivatives, with their established safety records, form the first line of malaria treatment via artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). In addition to its antimalarial effects, artemisinin has recently been evaluated in terms of its antitumour, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial, antischistosomiatic, herbicidal and other properties. However, low levels of artemisinin in plants have emerged various conventional, transgenic and nontransgenic approaches for enhanced production of the drug. According to WHO (2014), approximately 3.2 billion people are at risk of this disease. However, unfortunately, artemisinin availability is still facing its short supply. To fulfil artemisinin's global demand, no single method alone is reliable, and there is a need to collectively use conventional and advanced approaches for its higher production. Further, it is the unique structure of artemisinin that makes it a potential drug not only against malaria but to other diseases as well. Execution of its action through multiple mechanisms is probably the reason behind its wide spectrum of action. Unfortunately, due to clues for developing artemisinin resistance in malaria parasites, it has become desirable to explore all possible modes of action of artemisinin so that new generation antimalarial drugs can be developed in future. The present review provides a comprehensive updates on artemisinin modes of action and strategies for enhanced artemisinin production at global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Pandey-Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Phyo AP, Jittamala P, Nosten FH, Pukrittayakamee S, Imwong M, White NJ, Duparc S, Macintyre F, Baker M, Möhrle JJ. Antimalarial activity of artefenomel (OZ439), a novel synthetic antimalarial endoperoxide, in patients with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria: an open-label phase 2 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 16:61-69. [PMID: 26448141 PMCID: PMC4700386 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Artefenomel (OZ439) is a novel synthetic trioxolane with improved pharmacokinetic properties compared with other antimalarial drugs with the artemisinin pharmacophore. Artefenomel has been generally well tolerated in volunteers at doses up to 1600 mg and is being developed as a partner drug in an antimalarial combination treatment. We investigated the efficacy, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of artefenomel at different doses in patients with Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria. Methods This phase 2a exploratory, open-label trial was done at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, and the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit in Thailand. Adult patients with acute, uncomplicated P falciparum or P vivax malaria received artefenomel in a single oral dose (200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg, or 1200 mg). The first cohort received 800 mg. Testing of a new dose of artefenomel in a patient cohort was decided on after safety and efficacy assessment of the preceding cohort. The primary endpoint was the natural log parasite reduction per 24 h. Definitive oral treatment was given at 36 h. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01213966. Findings Between Oct 24, 2010, and May 25, 2012, 82 patients were enrolled (20 in each of the 200 mg, 400 mg, and 800 mg cohorts, and 21 in the 1200 mg cohort). One patient withdrew consent (before the administration of artefenomel) but there were no further dropouts. The parasite reduction rates per 24 h ranged from 0·90 to 1·88 for P falciparum, and 2·09 to 2·53 for P vivax. All doses were equally effective in both P falciparum and P vivax malaria, with median parasite clearance half-lives of 4·1 h (range 1·3–6·7) to 5·6 h (2·0–8·5) for P falciparum and 2·3 h (1·2–3·9) to 3·2 h (0·9–15·0) for P vivax. Maximum plasma concentrations, dose-proportional to 800 mg, occurred at 4 h (median). The estimated elimination half-life was 46–62 h. No serious drug-related adverse effects were reported; other adverse effects were generally mild and reversible, with the highest number in the 1200 mg cohort (17 [81%] patients with at least one adverse event). The most frequently reported adverse effect was an asymptomatic increase in plasma creatine phosphokinase concentration (200 mg, n=5; 400 mg, n=3; 800 mg, n=1; 1200 mg, n=3). Interpretation Artefenomel is a new synthetic antimalarial peroxide with a good safety profile that clears parasitaemia rapidly in both P falciparum and P vivax malaria. Its long half-life suggests a possible use in a single-dose treatment in combination with other drugs. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and UK Department for International Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Pyae Phyo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Podjanee Jittamala
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - François H Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Baker
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
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Liu L, Wei Y, Zhai S, Chen Q, Xing D. Dihydroartemisinin and transferrin dual-dressed nano-graphene oxide for a pH-triggered chemotherapy. Biomaterials 2015; 62:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fontaine SD, DiPasquale AG, Renslo AR. Efficient and stereocontrolled synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes useful for ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery. Org Lett 2014; 16:5776-9. [PMID: 25331549 PMCID: PMC4227544 DOI: 10.1021/ol5028392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferrous iron-promoted reduction of a hindered peroxide bond underlies the antimalarial action of the 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin and the 1,2,4-trioxolane arterolane. In appropriately designed systems, a 1,2,4-trioxolane ring can serve as a trigger to realize ferrous iron-dependent and parasite-selective drug delivery, both in vitro and in vivo. A stereocontrolled, expeditious (three steps), and efficient (67-71% overall yield) synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes possessing the requisite 3″ substitution pattern that enables ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery is reported. The key synthetic step involves a diastereoselective Griesbaum co-ozonolysis reaction to afford primarily products with a trans relationship between the 3″ substituent and the peroxide bridge, as confirmed by X-ray structural analysis of a 3″-substituted 4-nitrobenzoate analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Fontaine SD, Spangler B, Gut J, Lauterwasser EMW, Rosenthal PJ, Renslo AR. Drug delivery to the malaria parasite using an arterolane-like scaffold. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:47-51. [PMID: 25314098 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial agents artemisinin and arterolane act via initial reduction of a peroxide bond in a process likely mediated by ferrous iron sources in the parasite. Here, we report the synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of arterolane-like 1,2,4-trioxolanes specifically designed to release a tethered drug species within the malaria parasite. Compared with our earlier drug delivery scaffolds, these new arterolane-inspired systems are of significantly decreased molecular weight and possess superior metabolic stability. We describe an efficient, concise and scalable synthesis of the new systems, and demonstrate the use of the aminonucleoside antibiotic puromycin as a chemo/biomarker to validate successful drug release in live Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Together, the improved drug-like properties, more efficient synthesis, and proof of concept using puromycin, suggests these new molecules as improved vehicles for targeted drug delivery to the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 (USA)
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Nguyen Le T, De Borggraeve WM, Grellier P, Pham VC, Dehaen W, Nguyen VH. Synthesis of 11-aza-artemisinin derivatives using the Ugi reaction and an evaluation of their antimalarial activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maggio RM, Calvo NL, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products: uses and applications of NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:102-22. [PMID: 24853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current standards and regulations demand the pharmaceutical industry not only to produce highly pure drug substances, but to achieve a thorough understanding of the impurities accompanying their manufactured drug substances and products. These challenges have become important goals of process chemistry and have steadily stimulated the search of impurities after accelerated or forced degradation procedures. As a result, impurity profiling is one of the most attractive, active and relevant fields of modern pharmaceutical analysis. This activity includes the identification, structural elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drugs and their pharmaceutical formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved into an irreplaceable approach for pharmaceutical quality assessment, currently playing a critical role in unequivocal structure identification as well as structural confirmation (qualitative detection), enabling the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the formation of process and/or degradation impurities. NMR is able to provide qualitative information without the need of standards of the unknown compounds and multiple components can be quantified in a complex sample without previous separation. When coupled to separative techniques, the resulting hyphenated methodologies enhance the analytical power of this spectroscopy to previously unknown levels. As a result, and by enabling the implementation of rational decisions regarding the identity and level of impurities, NMR contributes to the goal of making better and safer medicines. Herein are discussed the applications of NMR spectroscopy and its hyphenated derivate techniques to the study of a wide range pharmaceutical impurities. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and well as specific challenges with regards to the different analytical problems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Maggio
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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Antoine T, Fisher N, Amewu R, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. Rapid kill of malaria parasites by artemisinin and semi-synthetic endoperoxides involves ROS-dependent depolarization of the membrane potential. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:1005-16. [PMID: 24335485 PMCID: PMC3956377 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Artemisinin and artemisinin semi-synthetic derivatives (collectively known as endoperoxides) are first-line antimalarials for the treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria. Endoperoxides display very fast killing rates and are generally recalcitrant to parasite resistance development. These key pharmacodynamic features are a result of a complex mechanism of action, the details of which lack consensus. Here, we report on the primary physiological events leading to parasite death. Methods Parasite mitochondrial (ΔΨm) and plasma membrane (ΔΨp) electrochemical potentials were measured using real-time single-cell imaging following exposure to pharmacologically relevant concentrations of endoperoxides (artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artesunate and the synthetic tetraoxane RKA182). In addition, mitochondrial electron transport chain components NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (alternative complex I), bc1 (complex III) and cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) were investigated to determine their functional sensitivity to the various endoperoxides. Results Parasite exposure to endoperoxides resulted in rapid depolarization of parasite ΔΨm and ΔΨp. The rate of depolarization was decreased in the presence of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and Fe3+ chelators. Depolarization of ΔΨm by endoperoxides is not believed to be through the inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain components, owing to the lack of significant inhibition when assayed directly. Conclusions The depolarization of ΔΨm and ΔΨp is shown to be mediated via the generation of ROS that are initiated by iron bioactivation of endoperoxides and/or catalysed by iron-dependent oxidative stress. These data are discussed in the context of current hypotheses concerning the mode of action of endoperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Antoine
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas Fisher
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Paul M. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Giancarlo A. Biagini
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel: +44-151-7053151; Fax: +44-151-7053371; E-mail:
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Kumar SP, Jasrai YT, Pandya HA, George LB, Patel SK. Structural insights into the theoretical model of Plasmodium falciparum NADH dehydrogenase and its interaction with artemisinin and derivatives: towards global health therapeutics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:231-41. [PMID: 23638880 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is a continuing quest to uncover the principal molecular targets of malarial parasites to understand the antimalarial activity and mechanism of action of artemisinin, a potent antimalarial. A series of parasite proteins are experimentally validated as potential targets, such as translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum membrane calcium ATP-ase (SERCA). The present study addressed the development of a theoretical model of Plasmodium falciparum NADH dehydrogenase with inference from artemisinin in vivo inhibitory activity. We report here the predicted binding modes of artemisinin and its derivatives. The modeled protein resembled the structural architecture of flavoproteins and oxidoreductases, consisting of two Rossmann folds and dedicated binding sites for its cofactors. Docked poses of the ligand dataset revealed its interactions at or near the si face, indicating being activated. This may aid in generation of reactive oxygen species, thereby disrupting the membrane potential of parasite mitochondria and leading to the clearance from the blood. These observations open up new strategies for development of novel therapeutics, or improvement of existing pharmacotherapies against malaria, a major burden for global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Applied Botany Centre, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Navacchia ML, Capobianco ML, D’Angelantonio M, Marconi G. Monoelectronic reduction of dihydroartemsisinin (DHA): pH dependence and product analysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Charrier C, Bertho G, Petigny O, Moneton P, Azerad R. A new derivative detected in accelerated ageing of artesunate-amodiaquine fixed dose combination tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:20-6. [PMID: 23603276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An unknown impurity detected in small amounts during the heat treatment of artesunate-amodiaquine bilayer tablets was purified by semipreparative HPLC and identified by MS and NMR as the tetrahydrofuranyl acetate-rearranged derivative of anhydrodihydroartemisinin. When anhydrodihydroartemisinin was treated with a Fe(II) salt in acetonitrile-water solution, the same product was generated, together with an isomeric 2-deoxy-4α-hydroxy-anhydrodihydroartemisinin derivative, as expected from the usual homolytic radical opening of the endoperoxide bond previously described for other artemisinin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Charrier
- Molecular Biodiversity Department, Bertin Pharma, Parc d'activités du Pas du Lac, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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Saleh G, Soave R, Lo Presti L, Destro R. Progress in the Understanding of the Key Pharmacophoric Features of the Antimalarial Drug Dihydroartemisinin: An Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Study. Chemistry 2013; 19:3490-503. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Saleh
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, I‐20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 02‐50314300
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Århus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Århus (Denmark)
| | - Raffaella Soave
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR‐ISTM), Via Golgi 19 I‐20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 02‐50314300
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, I‐20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 02‐50314300
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Århus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Århus (Denmark)
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR‐ISTM), Via Golgi 19 I‐20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 02‐50314300
| | - Riccardo Destro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, I‐20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 02‐50314300
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR‐ISTM), Via Golgi 19 I‐20133 Milano (Italy), Fax: (+39) 02‐50314300
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Haynes RK, Cheu KW, Chan HW, Wong HN, Li KY, Tang MMK, Chen MJ, Guo ZF, Guo ZH, Sinniah K, Witte AB, Coghi P, Monti D. Interactions between artemisinins and other antimalarial drugs in relation to the cofactor model--a unifying proposal for drug action. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2204-26. [PMID: 23112085 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinins are proposed to act in the malaria parasite cytosol by oxidizing dihydroflavin cofactors of redox-active flavoenzymes, and under aerobic conditions by inducing their autoxidation. Perturbation of redox homeostasis coupled with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ensues. Ascorbic acid-methylene blue (MB), N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH)-MB, BNAH-lumiflavine, BNAH-riboflavin (RF), and NADPH-FAD-E. coli flavin reductase (Fre) systems at pH 7.4 generate leucomethylene blue (LMB) and reduced flavins that are rapidly oxidized in situ by artemisinins. These oxidations are inhibited by the 4-aminoquinolines piperaquine (PPQ), chloroquine (CQ), and others. In contrast, the arylmethanols lumefantrine, mefloquine (MFQ), and quinine (QN) have little or no effect. Inhibition correlates with the antagonism exerted by 4-aminoquinolines on the antimalarial activities of MB, RF, and artemisinins. Lack of inhibition correlates with the additivity/synergism between the arylmethanols and artemisinins. We propose association via π complex formation between the 4-aminoquinolines and LMB or the dihydroflavins; this hinders hydride transfer from the reduced conjugates to the artemisinins. The arylmethanols have a decreased tendency to form π complexes, and so exert no effect. The parallel between chemical reactivity and antagonism or additivity/synergism draws attention to the mechanism of action of all drugs described herein. CQ and QN inhibit the formation of hemozoin in the parasite digestive vacuole (DV). The buildup of heme-Fe(III) results in an enhanced efflux from the DV into the cytosol. In addition, the lipophilic heme-Fe(III) complexes of CQ and QN that form in the DV are proposed to diffuse across the DV membrane. At the higher pH of the cytosol, the complexes decompose to liberate heme-Fe(III) . The quinoline or arylmethanol reenters the DV, and so transfers more heme-Fe(III) out of the DV. In this way, the 4-aminoquinolines and arylmethanols exert antimalarial activities by enhancing heme-Fe(III) and thence free Fe(III) concentrations in the cytosol. The iron species enter into redox cycles through reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) largely mediated by reduced flavin cofactors and likely also by NAD(P)H-Fre. Generation of ROS through oxidation of Fe(II) by oxygen will also result. The cytotoxicities of artemisinins are thereby reinforced by the iron. Other aspects of drug action are emphasized. In the cytosol or DV, association by π complex formation between pairs of lipophilic drugs must adversely influence the pharmacokinetics of each drug. This explains the antagonism between PPQ and MFQ, for example. The basis for the antimalarial activity of RF mirrors that of MB, wherein it participates in redox cycling that involves flavoenzymes or Fre, resulting in attrition of NAD(P)H. The generation of ROS by artemisinins and ensuing Fenton chemistry accommodate the ability of artemisinins to induce membrane damage and to affect the parasite SERCA PfATP6 Ca(2+) transporter. Thus, the effect exerted by artemisinins is more likely a downstream event involving ROS that will also be modulated by mutations in PfATP6. Such mutations attenuate, but cannot abrogate, antimalarial activities of artemisinins. Overall, parasite resistance to artemisinins arises through enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Copple IM, Mercer AE, Firman J, Donegan G, Herpers B, Wong MH, Chadwick J, Bringela AD, Cristiano MLS, van de Water B, Ward SA, O'Neill PM, Park BK. Examination of the cytotoxic and embryotoxic potential and underlying mechanisms of next-generation synthetic trioxolane and tetraoxane antimalarials. Mol Med 2012; 18:1045-55. [PMID: 22669474 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Semisynthetic artemisinin-based therapies are the first-line treatment for P. falciparum malaria, but next-generation synthetic drug candidates are urgently required to improve availability and respond to the emergence of artemisinin-resistant parasites. Artemisinins are embryotoxic in animal models and induce apoptosis in sensitive mammalian cells. Understanding the cytotoxic propensities of antimalarial drug candidates is crucial to their successful development and utilization. Here, we demonstrate that, similarly to the model artemisinin artesunate (ARS), a synthetic tetraoxane drug candidate (RKA182) and a trioxolane equivalent (FBEG100) induce embryotoxicity and depletion of primitive erythroblasts in a rodent model. We also show that RKA182, FBEG100 and ARS are cytotoxic toward a panel of established and primary human cell lines, with caspase-dependent apoptosis and caspase-independent necrosis underlying the induction of cell death. Although the toxic effects of RKA182 and FBEG100 proceed more rapidly and are relatively less cell-selective than that of ARS, all three compounds are shown to be dependent upon heme, iron and oxidative stress for their ability to induce cell death. However, in contrast to previously studied artemisinins, the toxicity of RKA182 and FBEG100 is shown to be independent of general chemical decomposition. Although tetraoxanes and trioxolanes have shown promise as next-generation antimalarials, the data described here indicate that adverse effects associated with artemisinins, including embryotoxicity, cannot be ruled out with these novel compounds, and a full understanding of their toxicological actions will be central to the continuing design and development of safe and effective drug candidates which could prove important in the fight against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Copple
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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47
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Slack RD, Jacobine AM, Posner GH. Antimalarial peroxides: advances in drug discovery and design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abad Martínez MJ, Del Olmo LMB, Ticona LA, Benito PB. The Artemisia L. Genus. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY VOLUME 37 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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49
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Clark RL. Effects of artemisinins on reticulocyte count and relationship to possible embryotoxicity in confirmed and unconfirmed malarial patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 94:61-75. [PMID: 22125126 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rat studies suggest that artemisinin-induced decreases in reticulocyte count are a marker for embryotoxicity (in one study, r = 0.82; p < 0.05). In clinical studies, therapeutic doses of artemisinins induced decreases in reticulocyte count that were larger in five of six groups of healthy volunteers (mean decreases of 47-75%) than in 12 groups of patients with malaria (mean decreases of 0-34% and incidences of low reticulocyte count of 0.6-18%). Malaria causes hypoferremia and drug concentrates in infected red cells so, among the explanations for the lesser decreases in patients, is that malaria protects against artemisinin-induced decreases in reticulocyte count by reducing the target tissue levels of active drug and/or ferrous iron which activates the drug to toxic free radicals. The disease could also protect against embryotoxicity in which case pregnant women without malaria would be at greater risk of artemisinin-induced embryotoxicity. Malaria protection against artesunate toxicity has been observed in rats. No artemisinin-induced embryotoxicity has been identified in limited numbers of women with confirmed malaria in the first trimester. However, in large parts of tropical Africa, malaria treatment is based on fever rather than confirmation of parasitemia and many pregnant women without malaria are exposed to antimalarials. No clinical studies have been conducted on uninfected women for whom pregnancy was identified and then an artemisinin was administered subsequently. Testing in rats and/or humans is needed to determine if malaria protects against reticulocytopenia and embryotoxicity and whether the parasite is a more or less sensitive target than the embryo and reticulocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Clark
- Artemis Pharmaceutical Research, 1758 Allentown Road, Lansdale, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Hartwig CL, Lauterwasser EMW, Mahajan SS, Hoke JM, Cooper RA, Renslo AR. Investigating the antimalarial action of 1,2,4-trioxolanes with fluorescent chemical probes. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8207-13. [PMID: 22023506 DOI: 10.1021/jm2012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,4-trioxolanes are a new class of synthetic peroxidic antimalarials currently in human clinical trials. The well-known reactivity of the 1,2,4-trioxolane ring toward inorganic ferrous iron and ferrous iron heme is proposed to play a role in the antimalarial action of this class of compounds. We have designed structurally relevant fluorescent chemical probes to study the subcellular localization of 1,2,4-trioxolanes in cultured Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Microscopy experiments revealed that a probe fluorescently labeled on the adamantane ring accumulated specifically in digestive vacuole-associated neutral lipid bodies within the parasite while an isosteric, but nonperoxidic, congener did not. Probes fluorescently labeled on the cyclohexane ring showed no distinct localization pattern. In their subcellular localization and peroxidative effects, 1,2,4-trioxolane probes behave much like artemisinin-based probes studied previously. Our results are consistent with a role for adamantane-derived carbon-centered radicals in the antimalarial action of 1,2,4-trioxolanes, as hypothesized previously on the basis of chemical reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmony L Hartwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
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