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Novel Class of Proteasome Inhibitors: In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation of Diverse Chloro(trifluoromethyl)aziridines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012363. [PMID: 36293216 PMCID: PMC9603864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the major proteolytic system in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. The role of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) as critical agents for regulating cancer cell death has been established. Aziridine derivatives are well-known alkylating agents employed against cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, aziridine derivatives showing inhibitory activity towards proteasome have never been described before. Herein we report a new class of selective and nonPIs bearing an aziridine ring as a core structure. In vitro cell-based assays (two leukemia cell lines) also displayed anti-proliferative activity for some compounds. In silico studies indicated non-covalent binding mode and drug-likeness for these derivatives. Taken together, these results are promising for developing more potent PIs.
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Erkmen T, Serdar BS, Ateş H, Korkmaz M, Koçtürk S. Borax Pentahydrate and Disodium Pentaborate Decahydrate Are Candidates as Anti-leukemic Drug Components by Inducing Apoptosis and Changing Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio in HL-60 Cell Line. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1608-1616. [PMID: 34184213 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia and has the lowest 5-year survival rates. Current treatment strategies do not meet the expectations also. Therefore, there is a need to improve therapeutic approaches still. Boron, which is a natural trace element in human diet, is gaining attention with its important roles in cellular processes for the development of new anti-cancer drug candidates. For instance, bortezomib, a dipeptidyl boronic acid, has encouraging results in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. However, severe toxic effects and resistance development are the limitations to its application for AML treatment. Hence, the development of alternative boron-derived anti-AML agents is unmet need. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate anti-leukemic effect of two promising boron compounds, borax pentahydrate (BP) and disodium pentaborate decahydrate (DPD), and comparison of each other in terms of the capacity to trigger apoptosis on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptotic effects of the boron compounds on HL-60 cells were evaluated by annexin V/propidium iodide dyes and caspase 3/7 activity assay by flow cytometry. In addition, Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved PARP levels were detected by western blotting. Although BP showed greater apoptosis-inducing capacity, we observed that both DPD (6 mM) and BP (24 mM) treatment showed anti-leukemic effect by triggering apoptotic pathway through increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for the first time. Our study suggests that BP and DPD are the promising candidates for anti-AML drug development research, which may be confirmed by further wide-spectrum studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Erkmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Belgin Sert Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Ateş
- Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Semra Koçtürk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Wu Y, Jhong Y, Lin H, Swain SP, Tsai HG, Hou D. Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Michael Addition of 2‐Hydroxypyridines and α,β‐Unsaturated 1,4‐Dicarbonyl Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Chun Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
| | - Yi Jhong
- Department of ChemistryNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
| | - Hui‐Jie Lin
- Department of ChemistryNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
| | - Sharada Prasanna Swain
- Department of ChemistryNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
- Assistant Professor-Selection Grade, School of Health SciencesUniversity of Petroleum and Energy Studies Bidholi, Dehradun- 248007 India
| | - Hui‐Hsu Gavin Tsai
- Department of ChemistryNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
- Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module InstitutionNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
| | - Duen‐Ren Hou
- Department of ChemistryNational Central University 300 Jhong-Da Rd., Jhong-Li Taoyuan Taiwan 32001
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Ettari R, Pallio G, Pizzino G, Irrera N, Zappalà M, Maiorana S, Di Chio C, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Bitto A. Non-covalent immunoproteasome inhibitors induce cell cycle arrest in multiple myeloma MM.1R cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1307-1313. [PMID: 31307247 PMCID: PMC6691773 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1594802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibition is a promising strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma; unfortunately, this disease is often associated with an increasing chemoresistance. One novel approach may be to target the immunoproteasome, a proteasomal isoform mainly present in cells of hematopoietic origin. We investigated the activity of a panel of amides against immunoproteasome core particles as potential agents for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Amide 6 showed an ideal profile since it was able to inhibit both the chymotrypsin-like activities of the immunoproteasome with Ki values of 4.90 µM and 4.39 µM for β1i and β5i, respectively, coupled with an EC50 =17.8 µM against MM.1R cells. Compound 6 inhibited also ubiquitinated protein degradation and was able to act on different phases of MM cell cycle reducing the levels of cyclin A/CDK1, cyclin B/CDK1 and cyclin D/CDK4/6 complexes, which turns in cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Gabriele Pizzino
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Santina Maiorana
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- a Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry, and Morphofunctional Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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Ettari R, Cerchia C, Maiorana S, Guccione M, Novellino E, Bitto A, Grasso S, Lavecchia A, Zappalà M. Development of Novel Amides as Noncovalent Inhibitors of Immunoproteasomes. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:842-852. [PMID: 30829448 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors is a promising strategy for treating hematologic malignancies, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this context, we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of amide derivatives as immunoproteasome inhibitors. Notably, the designed compounds act as noncovalent inhibitors, which might be a promising therapeutic option because of the lack of drawbacks and side effects associated with irreversible inhibition. Among the synthesized compounds, we identified a panel of active inhibitors with Ki values in the low micromolar or sub-micromolar ranges toward the β5i and/or β1i subunits of immunoproteasomes. One of the active compounds was shown to be the most potent and selective inhibitor with a Ki value of 21 nm against the single β1i subunit. Docking studies allowed us to determine the mode of binding of the molecules in the catalytic site of immunoproteasome subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Santina Maiorana
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Manuela Guccione
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Discovery Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Novel C6-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazinones as potential anti-cancer agents. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40598-610. [PMID: 26515601 PMCID: PMC4747355 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a membrane receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed in a number of tumors. However, combating resistance is one of the main challenges in the currently available IGF-1R inhibitor-based cancer therapies. Increased Src activation has been reported to confer resistance to anti-IGF-1R therapeutics in various tumor cells. An urgent unmet need for IGF-1R inhibitors is to suppress Src rephosphorylation induced by current anti-IGF-1R regimens. In efforts to develop effective anticancer agents targeting the IGF-1R signaling pathway, we explored 2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazin-5-ones as a novel scaffold that is structurally unrelated to current tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The compound, LL-2003, exhibited promising antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo; it effectively suppressed IGF-1R and Src and induced apoptosis in various non-small cell lung cancer cells. Further optimizations for enhanced potency in cellular assays need to be followed, but our strategy to identify novel IGF-1R/Src inhibitors may open a new avenue to develop more efficient anticancer agents.
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Computational Approaches for the Discovery of Human Proteasome Inhibitors: An Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070927. [PMID: 27438821 PMCID: PMC6274525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome emerged as an important target in recent pharmacological research due to its pivotal role in degrading proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotic cells, regulating a wide variety of cellular pathways, including cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, transcription, immune response, and signaling processes. The last two decades witnessed intensive efforts to discover 20S proteasome inhibitors with significant chemical diversity and efficacy. To date, the US FDA approved to market three proteasome inhibitors: bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib. However new, safer and more efficient drugs are still required. Computer-aided drug discovery has long being used in drug discovery campaigns targeting the human proteasome. The aim of this review is to illustrate selected in silico methods like homology modeling, molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and combined methods that have been used in proteasome inhibitors discovery. Applications of these methods to proteasome inhibitors discovery will also be presented and discussed to raise improvements in this particular field.
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Taspase1: a 'misunderstood' protease with translational cancer relevance. Oncogene 2015; 35:3351-64. [PMID: 26657154 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis is not only a critical requirement for life, but the executing enzymes also play important roles in numerous pathological conditions, including cancer. Therefore, targeting proteases is clearly relevant for improving cancer patient care. However, to effectively control proteases, a profound knowledge of their mechanistic function as well as their regulation and downstream signalling in health and disease is required. The highly conserved protease Threonine Aspartase1 (Taspase1) is overexpressed in numerous liquid and solid malignancies and was characterized as a 'non-oncogene addiction' protease. Although Taspase1 was shown to cleave various regulatory proteins in humans as well as leukaemia provoking mixed lineage leukaemia fusions, our knowledge on its detailed functions and the underlying mechanisms contributing to cancer is still incomplete. Despite superficial similarity to type 2 asparaginases as well as Ntn proteases, such as the proteasome, Taspase1-related research so far gives us the picture of a unique protease exhibiting special features. Moreover, neither effective genetic nor chemical inhibitors for this enzyme are available so far, thus hampering not only to further dissect Taspase1's pathobiological functions but also precluding the assessment of its clinical impact. Based on recent insights, we here critically review the current knowledge of Taspase1's structure-function relationship and its mechanistic relevance for tumorigenesis obtained from in vitro and in vivo cancer models. We provide a comprehensive overview of tumour entities for which Taspase1 might be of predictive and therapeutic value, and present the respective experimental evidence. To stimulate progress in the field, a comprehensive overview of Taspase1 targeting approaches is presented, including coverage of Taspase1-related patents. We conclude by discussing future inhibition strategies and relevant challenges, which need to be resolved by the field.
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Optimization of peptidomimetic boronates bearing a P3 bicyclic scaffold as proteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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