1
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Mariyappan V, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Ramasamy M. Synthesis of novel rapanone derivatives via organocatalytic reductive C-alkylation: biological evaluation of antioxidant properties, in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity, and docking studies. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:623-635. [PMID: 38389875 PMCID: PMC10880907 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A biologically crucial natural product rapanone 1 was isolated from Embelia ribes at the gram scale with excellent purity. Semi-synthetic analogs of 1 semi-synthesized through reductive C-alkylation could increase the therapeutic value of the compounds. Herein, a new synthetic methodology was developed as a single-step reductive C-alkylation protocol using a metal-free, room-temperature-based reaction condition that can be scaled up to gram-scale synthesis with an excellent yield of up to 93%. A straightforward purification protocol was employed for the product obtained by this method. The derivatives of 1 showed antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. Compounds 5a-5ze showed an IC50 value of 2.48-3.37 μM and 1.81-3.12 μM. Substitution by electron-donating groups on the quinone moiety seems to play an essential role in the increased antioxidant activity of compounds 5a-5i, 5v, 5w, 5zc, and 5z. Further, the in vivo embryotoxicity of 1 and its derivatives was analyzed in a zebrafish-based aquatic toxicology model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1 and 5a-5ze at 20 to 160 μM concentrations. They showed reduced toxicity and a survival rate of 90-98% after 96 hpf of treatment; similarly, the compounds 5a-5i, 5v, 5w, 5zc, and 5zd did not significantly affect the hatching rates of 75.66-85.33% or developmental abnormalities of the embryos after 48 hpf of treatment. In silico molecular docking studies for the parent compound, along with its derivatives 5a-5i, 5v-5w, 5zc-5zd, and standard l-ascorbic acid (l-Aa) indicated favorable interactions with the active site of the crystal structure, coupled with the assay protein PDB:1ZB6, which was responsible for the observed biological understanding and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithiyalingam Mariyappan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohankumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
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Zhou B, Yang G, Wang C, Liu L, Shi L, Pan Z, Ji X, Wu L, Zheng H, Xu C, Fan L. Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Azaarene-Equipped CF 3-Tertiary Alcohols under Metal-Free Conditions and Their Fungicidal Activities. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38084-38093. [PMID: 36312435 PMCID: PMC9609063 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A highly chemoselective reaction between α,β-unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones with azaarenes under metal-free conditions was carried out, affording a range of valuable azaarene-equipped CF3-tertiary alcohols in moderate to excellent yields (up to 95% yield) with good tolerance of functional groups, and their structures were confirmed by NMR, HRMS, and X-ray diffraction for validation. This method features simple reaction conditions (only solvent), high atom- and step-economy, and broad substrate scope. Moreover, most of the target products exhibited promising fungicidal activities, and compound 3al exhibited 91.65% fungicidal activity against R. solani, with an EC50 value of 0.18 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Zhou
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College
of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural
University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhenliang Pan
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- College
of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural
University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lulu Wu
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huayu Zheng
- College
of Sciences, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Cuilian Xu
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangxin Fan
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Anti-Tumor Active Isopropylated Fused Azaisocytosine-Containing Congeners Are Safe for Developing Danio rerio as Well as Red Blood Cells and Activate Apoptotic Caspases in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041211. [PMID: 35209001 PMCID: PMC8876100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New isopropylated fused azaisocytosine-containing congeners (I-VI) have previously been reported as promising anticancer drug candidates, so further research on these molecules in the preclinical development phase is fully justified and necessary. For this reason, in the present paper, we assess the toxicity/safety profiles of all the compounds using Danio rerio and red blood cell models, and examine the effect of the most selective congeners on the activation of apoptotic caspases in cancer and normal cells. In order to evaluate the effect of each molecule on the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae and to select the safest compounds for further study, various phenotypic parameters (i.e., mortality, hatchability, heart rate, heart oedema, yolk sac utilization, swim bladder development and body shape) were observed, and the half maximal lethal concentration, the maximal non-lethal concentration and no observed adverse effect concentration for each compound were established. The effect of all the isopropylated molecules was compared to that of an anticancer agent pemetrexed. The lipophilicity-dependent structure-toxicity correlations were also determined. To establish the possible interaction of the compounds with red blood cells, an ex vivo hemolysis test was performed. It was shown that almost all of the investigated isopropylated congeners have no adverse phenotypic effect on zebrafish development during five-day exposure at concentrations up to 50 μM (I-III) or up to 20 μM (IV-V), and that they are less toxic for embryos/larvae than pemetrexed, demonstrating their safety. At the same time, all the molecules did not adversely affect the red blood cells, which confirms their very good hemocompatibility. Moreover, they proved to be activators of apoptotic caspases, as they increased caspase-3, -7 and -9 levels in human breast carcinoma cells. The conducted research allows us to select-from among the anticancer active drug candidates-compounds that are safe for developing zebrafish and red blood cells, suitable for further in vivo pharmacological tests.
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Williams A, Villamor L, Fussell J, Loveless R, Smeyne D, Philp J, Shaikh A, Sittaramane V. Discovery of Quinoline-Derived Trifluoromethyl Alcohols as Antiepileptic and Analgesic Agents That Block Sodium Channels. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100547. [PMID: 34632703 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel analgesic agents with high potency, low toxicity and low addictive properties remain a priority. This study aims to identify the analgesic potential of quinoline derived α-trifluoromethylated alcohols (QTA) and their mechanism of action. We synthesized and characterized several compounds of QTAs and screened them for antiepileptic and analgesic activity using zebrafish larvae in high thorough-put behavior analyses system. Toxicity and behavioral screening of 9 compounds (C1-C9) identified four candidates (C2, C3, C7 and C9) with antiepileptic properties that induces specific and reversible reduction in photomotor activity. Importantly, compounds C2 and C3 relieved the thermal pain response in zebrafish larvae indicating analgesic property. Further, using novel in vivo CoroNa green assay, we show that compounds C2 and C3 block sodium channels and reduce inflammatory sodium signals released by peripheral nerve and tissue damage. Thus, we have identified novel QTA compounds with antiepileptic and analgesic properties which could alleviate neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Williams
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Laurie Villamor
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Jake Fussell
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Dylan Smeyne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, USA
| | - Jack Philp
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Abid Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA30460, USA
| | - Vinoth Sittaramane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
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Sztanke M, Rzymowska J, Sztanke K. Anticancer active trifluoromethylated fused triazinones are safe for early-life stages of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and reveal a proapoptotic action. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:336-344. [PMID: 33390035 PMCID: PMC7782186 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1865944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of anticancer active compounds (I–VIII) on zebrafish development in order to select the safest molecules. Larval mortality, embryo hatchability and malformations were end-points used to assess the acute toxicity among embryos and larvae from compounds-/pemetrexed-treated and control groups. LC50 and MNLC (maximal non-lethal concentration) were determined. Lipophilicity-dependent structure–toxicity relationships were established. The results clearly indicated that the majority of test molecules are safe for zebrafish individuals and simultaneously are less toxic than an anticancer agent – pemetrexed. The subsequent aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of antiproliferative activity of the most selective compounds. Substantially increased activation of caspase-6 and -8 in cancerous cell lines confirmed the proapoptotic action of molecules examined. Considering the safety for zebrafish individuals, the title compounds as inducers of apoptosis are promising drug candidates in the preclinical phase of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Rzymowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sztanke
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis and Analysis, Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Parveen N, Muthukumar A, Sekar G. Ligand‐Free and Reusable Palladium Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Alkylation of 2‐Alkylazaarenes with Activated Ketones under Neutral Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naziya Parveen
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai – 600036 India
| | - Alagesan Muthukumar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai – 600036 India
| | - Govindasamy Sekar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai – 600036 India
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7
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Kumagai Y, Murakami N, Kamiyama F, Tanaka R, Yoshino T, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. C–H γ,γ,γ-Trifluoroalkylation of Quinolines via Visible-Light-Induced Sequential Radical Additions. Org Lett 2019; 21:3600-3605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Kumagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nanami Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Futa Kamiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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8
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Chang Y, Hsu WH, Yang WB, Jayakumar T, Lee TY, Sheu JR, Lu WJ, Li JY. Structure-activity relationship of three synthesized benzimidazole-based oligosaccharides in human platelet activation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1520-1528. [PMID: 28949377 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiplatelet agents have considerable benefits in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases; however, these agents still have substantial limitations due to their severe side-effects. In this study, the antiplatelet activity of three newly synthesized saccharide based benzimidazole derivatives, M3BIM, Malto-BIM and Melibio-BIM, in collagen and thrombin-stimulated human platelets in vitro was examined. Among the compounds tested, only compound M3BIM exerted concentration (20-60 µM)-dependent inhibitory effects against collagen (1 µg/ml) and thrombin (0.01 U/ml)-induced washed human platelet aggregation. Moreover, at a concentration of 60 µM, M3BIM distinctly abolished collagen-induced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Additionally, this compound attenuated the collagen-induced phosphorylation of p47, a marker of the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, Malto-BIM and Melibio-BIM were not effective in this regard. Moreover, the toxic effects of these compounds were evaluated using zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZET) assay, and the results revealed that all three compounds had no comparative cytotoxicity within the range of 25-200 µM. Overall, the results of this study provide evidence for the inhibitory effects of M3BIM on collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro compared to other imidazole derivatives. The presence of 1-imidazolyl moiety at one end with a longer chain length (three sugar moieties) may be mainly responsible for the observed effects of M3BIM. These results suggest that compound M3BIM may be used as a potential candidate for the treatment of aberrant platelet activation-related diseases as it inhibits the activation of p47 and p38 MAPK, and reduces ATP release and Ca2+ mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Hsien Hsu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Xin Zhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Bin Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Yin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Jung Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiun-Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
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McCall R, Miles M, Lascuna P, Burney B, Patel Z, Sidoran KJ, Sittaramane V, Kocerha J, Grossie DA, Sessler JL, Arumugam K, Arambula JF. Dual targeting of the cancer antioxidant network with 1,4-naphthoquinone fused Gold(i) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5918-5929. [PMID: 29619196 PMCID: PMC5859730 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve a systems-based approach to targeting the antioxidant pathway, 1,4-naphthoquinone annulated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [bis(1,3-dimesityl-4,5-naphthoquino-imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i)] [silver(i) dichloride] (1), [bis(1,3-dimesityl-4,5-naphthoquino-imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i)] chloride (2), and 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-naphthoquino-imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i) chloride (3)) were designed, synthesized, and tested for biological activity in a series of human cancer cell lines. The solution phase of complexes 1-3 were assigned using several spectroscopy techniques, including NMR spectroscopic analysis. Complexes 1 and 3 were further characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies revealed that quinone reductions are reversible and that the electrochemically generated semiquinone and quinone dianions are stable under these conditions. Complex 1, containing two NHC-quinone moieties (to accentuate exogenous ROS via redox cycling) centered around a Au(i) center (to inactivate thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) irreversibly), was found to inhibit cancer cell proliferation to a much greater extent than the individual components (i.e., Au(i)-NHC alone or naphthoquinone alone). Treatment of A549 lung cancer cells with 1 produced a 27-fold increase in exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) which was found to localize to the mitochondria. The inhibition of TrxR, an essential mediator of ROS homeostasis, was achieved in the same cell line at low administrated concentrations of 1. TrxR inhibition by 1 was similar to that of auranofin, a gold(i) containing complex known to inhibit TrxR irreversibly. Complex 1 was found to induce cell death via an apoptotic mechanism as confirmed by annexin-V staining. Complex 1 was demonstrated to be efficacious in zebrafish bearing A549 xenografts. These results provide support for the suggestion that a dual targeting approach that involves reducing ROS tolerance while concurrently increasing ROS production can perturb antioxidant homeostasis, enhance cancer cell death in vitro, and reduce tumor burden in vivo, as inferred from preliminary zebra fish model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McCall
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - M Miles
- Department of Chemistry , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , USA .
| | - P Lascuna
- Department of Biology , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA
| | - B Burney
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - Z Patel
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - K J Sidoran
- Department of Chemistry , St. Bonaventure University , St. Bonaventure , NY 14778 , USA
| | - V Sittaramane
- Department of Biology , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA
| | - J Kocerha
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
| | - D A Grossie
- Department of Chemistry , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , USA .
| | - J L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , 105 E. 24th St. , Austin , TX 78712-1224 , USA
| | - K Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , USA .
| | - J F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia Southern University , Statesboro , GA 30460 , USA .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas , 105 E. 24th St. , Austin , TX 78712-1224 , USA
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Guo T, Liu Y, Zhao YH, Zhang PK, Han SL, Liu HM. Palladium-catalyzed external-oxidant-free coupling reactions between isoquinoline/quinoline N-oxides with olefins. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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