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Meanwell NA, Loiseleur O. Applications of Isosteres of Piperazine in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds: Part 2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10972-11004. [PMID: 35675052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Applications of piperazine and homopiperazine in drug design are well-established, and these heterocycles have found use as both scaffolding and terminal elements and also as a means of introducing a water-solubilizing element into a molecule. In the accompanying review (10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00726), we summarized applications of piperazine and homopiperazine and their fused ring homologues in bioactive compound design along with illustrations of the use of 4-substituted piperidines and a sulfoximine-based mimetic. In this review, we discuss applications of pyrrolidine- and fused-pyrrolidine-based mimetics of piperazine and homopiperazine and illustrate derivatives of azetidine that include stretched and spirocyclic motifs, along with applications of a series of diaminocycloalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Post Office Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
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Meanwell NA, Loiseleur O. Applications of Isosteres of Piperazine in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds: Part 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10942-10971. [PMID: 35675050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine and homopiperazine are well-studied heterocycles in drug design that have found gainful application as scaffolds and terminal elements and for enhancing the aqueous solubility of a molecule. The optimization of drug candidates that incorporate these heterocycles in an effort to refine potency, selectivity, and developability properties has stimulated the design and evaluation of a wide range of bioisosteres that can offer advantage. In this review, we summarize the design and application of bioisosteres of piperazine and homopiperazine that have almost exclusively been in the drug design arena. While there are ∼100 approved drugs that incorporate a piperazine ring, only a single marketed agricultural product is built on this heterocycle. As part of the review, we discuss some of the potential reasons underlying the relatively low level of importance of this heterocycle to the design of agrochemicals and highlight the potential opportunities for their use in contemporary research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
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Structure-based development of a subtype-selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18059-18067. [PMID: 32669442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002704117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are neuropeptides that activate the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors OX1R and OX2R. The orexin system plays an important role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and the regulation of feeding and emotions. The nonselective orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant has been the first drug on the market targeting the orexin system and is prescribed for the treatment of insomnia. Subtype-selective OX1R antagonists are valuable tools to further investigate the functions and physiological role of the OX1R in vivo and promising lead compounds for the treatment of drug addiction, anxiety, pain or obesity. Starting from the OX1R and OX2R crystal structures bound to suvorexant, we exploited a single amino acid difference in the orthosteric binding site by using molecular docking and structure-based drug design to optimize ligand interactions with the OX1R while introducing repulsive interactions with the OX2R. A newly established enantiospecific synthesis provided ligands showing up to 75-fold selectivity for the OX1R over the OX2R subtype. The structure of a new OX1R antagonist with subnanomolar affinity (JH112) was determined by crystallography in complex with the OX1R and corresponded closely to the docking-predicted geometry. JH112 exhibits high selectivity over a panel of different GPCRs, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and acts as slowly diffusing and insurmountable antagonist for Gq protein activation and in particular β-arrestin-2 recruitment at OX1R. This study demonstrates the potential of structure-based drug design to develop more subtype-selective GPCR ligands with potentially reduced side effects and provides an attractive probe molecule and lead compound.
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Biernacki K, Daśko M, Ciupak O, Kubiński K, Rachon J, Demkowicz S. Novel 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives in Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060111. [PMID: 32485996 PMCID: PMC7345688 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-membered 1,2,4-oxadiazole heterocyclic ring has received considerable attentionbecause of its unique bioisosteric properties and an unusually wide spectrum of biological activities.Thus, it is a perfect framework for the novel drug development. After a century since the1,2,4-oxadiazole have been discovered, the uncommon potential attracted medicinal chemists'attention, leading to the discovery of a few presently accessible drugs containing 1,2,4-oxadiazoleunit. It is worth noting that the interest in a 1,2,4-oxadiazoles' biological application has been doubledin the last fifteen years. Herein, after a concise historical introduction, we present a comprehensiveoverview of the recent achievements in the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole-based compounds and themajor advances in their biological applications in the period of the last five years as well as briefremarks on prospects for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Biernacki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Olga Ciupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environment Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (K.B.); (O.C.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Fang Y, Zhang S, Li M, Xiong L, Tu L, Xie S, Jin Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Liu R. Optimisation of novel 4, 8-disubstituted dihydropyrimido[5,4- b][1,4]oxazine derivatives as potent GPR 119 agonists. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 35:50-58. [PMID: 31656107 PMCID: PMC6830257 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1681988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR119 is a promising target for discovery of anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus agents. We described the optimisation of a novel series of pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazine derivatives as GPR119 agonists. Most designed compounds exhibited good agonistic activities. Among them, compound 10 and 15 demonstrated the potent EC50 values (13 and 12 nM, respectively) and strong inherent activities. Moreover, significant hypoglycaemic effect of compound 15 was observed by reducing the blood glucose AUC0-2h at the dose of 30 mg/kg, which is stronger than Vildagliptin (23.4% reduction vs. 17.9% reduction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China.,National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Min Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Lijuan Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Liangxing Tu
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Saisai Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Yi Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
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Brotschi C, Roch C, Gatfield J, Treiber A, Williams JT, Sifferlen T, Heidmann B, Jenck F, Bolli MH, Boss C. Oxadiazole Derivatives as Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Sleep‐Promoting Properties in Rats. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1257-1270. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Jodi T. Williams
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Francois Jenck
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & DevelopmentIdorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Hegenheimermattweg 91 4123 Allschwil BL Switzerland
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Treiber A, de Kanter R, Roch C, Gatfield J, Boss C, von Raumer M, Schindelholz B, Muehlan C, van Gerven J, Jenck F. The Use of Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling in the Discovery of the Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist ACT-541468. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:489-503. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Wu S, Sun Y, Hu Y, Zhang H, Hou L, Liu X, Li Y, He H, Luo Z, Chen Y, Wang Y, Shi W, Shen L, Cao C, Liang W, Xu Q, Lv Q, Lan J, Li J, Chen S. Discovery of novel substituted octahydropyrrolo[3,4- c ]pyrroles as dual orexin receptor antagonists for insomnia treatment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1458-1462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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