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Wongso H. Recent progress on the development of fluorescent probes targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114854. [PMID: 35963341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was first identified in 1997, and has now become one of the appealing subcellular targets in medicinal chemistry and its related fields. TSPO involves in a variety of diseases, covering neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, cancers, and so on. To date, various high-affinity TSPO ligands labelled with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclides have been reported, with some third-generation radioligands advanced to clinical trials. On the other hand, only a few number of TSPO ligands have been labelled with fluorophores for disease diagnosis. It is noteworthy that the majority of the TSPO fluorescent probes synthesised to date are based on visible fluorophores, suggesting that their applications are limited to in vitro studies, such as in vitro imaging of cancer cells, post-mortem analysis, and tissue biopsies examinations. In this context, the potential application of TSPO ligands can be broadened for in vivo investigations of human diseases by labelling with near-infrared (NIR)-fluorophores or substituting visible fluorophores with NIR-fluorophores on the currently developed fluorescent probes. In this review article, recent progress on fluorescent probes targeting the TSPO are summarised, with an emphasis on development trend in recent years and application prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, Banten, 15314, Indonesia.
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2
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Ailuno G, Iacobazzi RM, Lopalco A, Baldassari S, Arduino I, Azzariti A, Pastorino S, Caviglioli G, Denora N. The Pharmaceutical Technology Approach on Imaging Innovations from Italian Research. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1214. [PMID: 34452175 PMCID: PMC8402236 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many modern therapeutic approaches are based on precise diagnostic evidence, where imaging procedures play an essential role. To date, in the diagnostic field, a plethora of agents have been investigated to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of diagnosis. However, the most common drawbacks of conventional imaging agents reside in their non-specificity, short imaging time, instability, and toxicity. Moreover, routinely used diagnostic agents have low molecular weights and consequently a rapid clearance and renal excretion, and this represents a limitation if long-lasting imaging analyses are to be conducted. Thus, the development of new agents for in vivo diagnostics requires not only a deep knowledge of the physical principles of the imaging techniques and of the physiopathological aspects of the disease but also of the relative pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical requirements. In this scenario, skills in pharmaceutical technology have become highly indispensable in order to respond to these needs. This review specifically aims to collect examples of newly developed diagnostic agents connoting the importance of an appropriate formulation study for the realization of effective products. Within the context of pharmaceutical technology research in Italy, several groups have developed and patented promising agents for fluorescence and radioactive imaging, the most relevant of which are described hereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Ailuno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (G.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, O. Flacco St., 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.M.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Sara Baldassari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (G.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, O. Flacco St., 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.M.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Pastorino
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Caviglioli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (G.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Orabona St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.L.); (I.A.)
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Su Z, Guo Y, Huang X, Feng B, Tang L, Zheng G, Zhu Y. Phytochemicals: Targeting Mitophagy to Treat Metabolic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686820. [PMID: 34414181 PMCID: PMC8369426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders include metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Due to unhealthy lifestyles such as high-calorie diet, sedentary and physical inactivity, the prevalence of metabolic disorders poses a huge challenge to global human health, which is the leading cause of global human death. Mitochondrion is the major site of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, fatty acid β-oxidation and ROS production. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction-related oxidative stress and inflammation is involved in the development of metabolic disorders. Mitophagy, a catabolic process, selectively degrades damaged or superfluous mitochondria to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and preserve mitochondrial function. It is considered to be one of the major mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial quality control. Growing evidence shows that mitophagy can prevent and treat metabolic disorders through suppressing mitochondrial dysfunction-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. In the past decade, in order to expand the range of pharmaceutical options, more and more phytochemicals have been proven to have therapeutic effects on metabolic disorders. Many of these phytochemicals have been proved to activate mitophagy to ameliorate metabolic disorders. Given the ongoing epidemic of metabolic disorders, it is of great significance to explore the contribution and underlying mechanisms of mitophagy in metabolic disorders, and to understand the effects and molecular mechanisms of phytochemicals on the treatment of metabolic disorders. Here, we investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic disorders and discuss the potential of targeting mitophagy with phytochemicals for the treatment of metabolic disorders, with a view to providing a direction for finding phytochemicals that target mitophagy to prevent or treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiufang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lipeng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Auriemma R, Sponchioni M, Capasso Palmiero U, Rossino G, Rossetti A, Marsala A, Collina S, Sacchetti A, Moscatelli D, Peviani M. Synthesis and Characterization of a "Clickable" PBR28 TSPO-Selective Ligand Derivative Suitable for the Functionalization of Biodegradable Polymer Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071693. [PMID: 34203263 PMCID: PMC8308144 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive microgliosis is a pathological hallmark that accompanies neuronal demise in many neurodegenerative diseases, ranging from acute brain/spinal cord injuries to chronic diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-related dementia. One strategy to assess and monitor microgliosis is to use positron emission tomography (PET) by exploiting radioligands selective for the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) which is highly upregulated in the brain in pathological conditions. Several TSPO ligands have been developed and validated, so far. Among these, PBR28 has been widely adopted for PET imaging at both preclinical and clinical levels, thanks to its high brain penetration and high selectivity. For this reason, PBR28 represents a good candidate for functionalization strategies, where this ligand could be exploited to drive selective targeting of TSPO-expressing cells. Since the PBR28 structure lacks functional moieties that could be exploited for derivatization, in this work we explored a synthetic pathway for the synthesis of a PBR28 derivative carrying an alkyne group (PBR-alkyne), enabling the fast conjugation of the ligand through azide-alkyne cycloaddition, also known as click-chemistry. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated in silico that the derivatized PBR28 ligand maintains the capability to fit into the TSPO binding pocked, and we successfully exploited PBR-alkyne to decorate zwitterionic biodegradable polymer nanoparticles (NPs) resulting in efficient internalization in cultured microglia-like cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Auriemma
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Umberto Capasso Palmiero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Arianna Rossetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Andrea Marsala
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Davide Moscatelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Marco Peviani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.P.)
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Huang Y, Wang T, Tan Q, He D, Wu M, Fan J, Yang J, Zhong C, Li K, Zhang J. Smart Stimuli-Responsive and Mitochondria Targeting Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4117-4146. [PMID: 34163163 PMCID: PMC8214531 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s315368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the mitochondria (Mc) contributes to tumor progression. It is a major challenge to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the Mc for precise treatment. Smart drug delivery systems are based on stimuli-responsiveness and active targeting. Here, we give a whole list of documented pathways to achieve smart stimuli-responsive (St-) and Mc-targeted DDSs (St-Mc-DDSs) by combining St and Mc targeting strategies. We present the formulations, targeting characteristics of St-Mc-DDSs and clarify their anti-cancer mechanisms as well as improvement in efficacy and safety. St-Mc-DDSs usually not only have Mc-targeting groups, molecules (lipophilic cations, peptides, and aptamers) or materials but also sense the surrounding environment and correspondingly respond to internal biostimulators such as pH, redox changes, enzyme and glucose, and/or externally applied triggers such as light, magnet, temperature and ultrasound. St-Mc-DDSs exquisitely control the action site, increase therapeutic efficacy and decrease side effects of the drug. We summarize the clinical research progress and propose suggestions for follow-up research. St-Mc-DDSs may be an innovative and sensitive precision medicine for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Huang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunyou Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital of Army Medical University, PLA, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Wu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchuan Fan
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cailing Zhong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailing Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Suthar SK, Alam MM, Lee J, Monga J, Joseph A, Lee SY. Bioinformatic Analyses of Canonical Pathways of TSPOAP1 and its Roles in Human Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:667947. [PMID: 34212002 PMCID: PMC8239723 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.667947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TSPO-associated protein 1 (TSPOAP1) is a cytoplasmic protein and is closely associated with its mitochondrial transmembrane protein partner translocator protein (TSPO). To decipher the canonical signalling pathways of TSPOAP1, its role in human diseases and disorders, and relationship with TSPO; expression analyses of TSPOAP1- and TSPO-associated human genes were performed by Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). In the expression analysis, necroptosis and sirtuin signalling pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammasome were the top canonical pathways for both TSPOAP1 and TSPO, confirming the close relationship between these two proteins. A distribution analysis of common proteins in all the canonical pathways predicted for TSPOAP1 revealed that tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), cyclic AMP response element-binding protein 1 (CREB1), T-cell receptor (TCR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK or PRKDC), and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) were the major interaction partners of TSPOAP1, highlighting the role of TSPOAP1 in inflammation, particularly neuroinflammation. An analysis of the overlap between TSPO and TSPOAP1 Homo sapiens genes and top-ranked canonical pathways indicated that TSPO and TSPOAP1 interact via voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC1/2/3). A heat map analysis indicated that TSPOAP1 has critical roles in inflammatory, neuroinflammatory, psychiatric, and metabolic diseases and disorders, and cancer. Taken together, this information improves our understanding of the mechanism of action and biological functions of TSPOAP1 as well as its relationship with TSPO; furthermore, these results could provide new directions for in-depth functional studies of TSPOAP1 aimed at unmasking its detailed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - Jihye Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jitender Monga
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Monga S, Denora N, Laquintana V, Franco M, Marek I, Singh S, Nagler R, Weizman A, Gavish M. The protective effect of the TSPO ligands 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1, CB86, and CB204 against LPS-induced M1 pro-inflammatory activation of microglia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100083. [PMID: 34589858 PMCID: PMC8474401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously, that the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) synthetic ligands quinazoline derivatives (2-Cl-MGV-1 and MGV-1) can inhibit activation of in BV-2 microglial cells. In the present study we assessed the impact of novel TSPO ligands on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation as expressed by release of pro-inflammatory molecules, including cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, interferon- γ (IFN-γ)] nitric oxide (NO), CD8, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). The TSPO ligands 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1, CB86, and CB204 counteracted with the LPS-induced microglial activation. Exposure to LPS along with the TSPO ligand 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1 (25 μM) reduced significantly the release of NO by 24-, IL-6 by 14-, IL-β by 14-, IFN- γ by 6-, and TNF-α by 29-folds, respectively. In contrast to the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of the TSPO ligands, the effect of diclofenac sodium (DS; 25 μM) did not reach statistical significance. No alterations in IL-10 and IL-13 were detected (M2 anti-inflammatory pathway) during the inhibition of M1 pro-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelu Monga
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Ilan Marek
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Israel
| | - Sukhdev Singh
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Israel
| | - Rafi Nagler
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Moshe Gavish
- Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel
- Corresponding author.
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Denora N, Lee C, Iacobazzi RM, Choi JY, Song IH, Yoo JS, Piao Y, Lopalco A, Leonetti F, Lee BC, Kim SE. TSPO-targeted NIR-fluorescent ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles for glioblastoma imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 139:105047. [PMID: 31422171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is mainly located in outer membrane of mitochondria and results highly expressed in a variety of tumor including breast, colon, prostate, ovarian and brain (such as glioblastoma). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor. Although GBM patients had currently available therapies, the median survival is <14 months. Complete surgical resection of GBM is critical to improve GBM treatment. In this study, we performed the one-step synthesis of water-dispersible ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) and combine them with an imidazopyridine based TSPO ligand and a fluorescent dye. The optical and structural characteristics of TSPO targeted-USPIONs were properly evaluated at each step of preparation demonstrating the high colloidal stability in physiological media and the ability to preserve the relevant optical properties in the NIR region. The cellular uptake in TSPO expressing cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. The TSPO selectivity was confirmed in vivo by competition studies with the TSPO ligand PK 11195. In vivo fluorescence imaging of U87-MG xenograft models were performed to highlight the great potential of the new NIR imaging nanosystem for diagnosis and successful delineation of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy; Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, SS Bari, Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Chaedong Lee
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Ji Young Choi
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Sun Yoo
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Yuanzhe Piao
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Green Fluorescent Terbium (III) Complex Doped Silica Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133139. [PMID: 31252567 PMCID: PMC6651519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The low photostability of conventional organic dyes and the toxicity of cadmium-based luminescent quantum dots have prompted the development of novel probes for in vitro and in vivo labelling. Here, a new fluorescent lanthanide probe based on silica nanoparticles is fabricated and investigated for optically traceable in vitro translocator protein (TSPO) targeting. The targeting and detection of TSPO receptor, overexpressed in several pathological states, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, may provide valuable information for the early diagnosis and therapy of human disorders. Green fluorescent terbium(III)-calix[4]arene derivative complexes are encapsulated within silica nanoparticles and surface functionalized amine groups are conjugated with selective TSPO ligands based on a 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine acetamide structure containing derivatizable carboxylic groups. The photophysical properties of the terbium complex, promising for biological labelling, are demonstrated to be successfully conveyed to the realized nanoarchitectures. In addition, the high degree of biocompatibility, assessed by cell viability assay and the selectivity towards TSPO mitochondrial membrane receptors, proven by subcellular fractional studies, highlight targeting potential of this nanostructure for in vitro labelling of mitochondria.
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10
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Marginedas-Freixa I, Alvarez CL, Moras M, Hattab C, Bouyer G, Chene A, Lefevre SD, Le Van Kim C, Bihel F, Schwarzbaum PJ, Ostuni MA. Induction of ATP Release, PPIX Transport, and Cholesterol Uptake by Human Red Blood Cells Using a New Family of TSPO Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103098. [PMID: 30308949 PMCID: PMC6213633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two main isoforms of the Translocator Protein (TSPO) have been identified. TSPO1 is ubiquitous and is mainly present at the outer mitochondrial membrane of most eukaryotic cells, whereas, TSPO2 is specific to the erythroid lineage, located at the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The design of specific tools is necessary to determine the molecular associations and functions of TSPO, which remain controversial nowadays. We recently demonstrated that TSPO2 is involved in a supramolecular complex of the erythrocyte membrane, where micromolar doses of the classical TSPO ligands induce ATP release and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPPIX) transport. In this work, three newly-designed ligands (NCS1016, NCS1018, and NCS1026) were assessed for their ability to modulate the functions of various erythrocyte's and compare them to the TSPO classical ligands. The three new ligands were effective in reducing intraerythrocytic Plasmodium growth, without compromising erythrocyte survival. While NCS1016 and NCS1018 were the most effective ligands in delaying sorbitol-induced hemolysis, NCS1016 induced the highest uptake of ZnPPIX and NCS1026 was the only ligand inhibiting the cholesterol uptake. Differential effects of ligands are probably due, not only, to ligand features, but also to the dynamic interaction of TSPO with various partners at the cell membrane. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of the TSPO's complex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marginedas-Freixa
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Cora L Alvarez
- Instituto de Química y Fisico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martina Moras
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Claude Hattab
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Bouyer
- UMR 8227 LBI2M, Comparative Erythrocyte's Physiology, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Arnaud Chene
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Sophie D Lefevre
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frederic Bihel
- UMR7200, Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, F-67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
| | - Pablo J Schwarzbaum
- Instituto de Química y Fisico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini", UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariano A Ostuni
- UMR-S1134, Integrated Biology of Red Blood Cells, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de la Réunion, Université des Antilles, F-75015 Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
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11
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Lopalco A, Cutrignelli A, Denora N, Perrone M, Iacobazzi RM, Fanizza E, Lopedota A, Depalo N, de Candia M, Franco M, Laquintana V. Delivery of Proapoptotic Agents in Glioma Cell Lines by TSPO Ligand-Dextran Nanogels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041155. [PMID: 29641449 PMCID: PMC5979576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein 18-kDa (TSPO) is a versatile mitochondrial target for molecular imaging and therapy. Moreover, selective TSPO ligands have been widely investigated for diagnostic purposes and explored to target drug delivery systems directed to cancer cells overexpressing TSPO. Indeed, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymers and nanocarriers decorated with TSPO ligands are capable of transporting TSPO ligands inside cancer cells, inducing survival inhibition in cancer cells and producing mitochondrial morphology modification. The aim of this work was to prepare nanogels (NGs) made with TSPO ligand dextran conjugates (TSPO-Dex) that are useful as potential delivery systems of two TSPO ligands as apoptotic agents. Synthesis and complete characterization of TSPO–dextran conjugates, an average molecular weights analysis, TSPO ligand release profiles, thermal behaviour and swelling studies were achieved. NG preparation, characterization and in vitro biological studies were also performed. The release of TSPO ligands released from dextran conjugates at 37 °C occurred in human serum at a faster rate than that detected in phosphate buffer. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that NGs produced from TSPO ligand–dextran conjugates induce survival inhibition in rat C6 glioma cell lines. Cellular uptake was also proven by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, SS Bari, Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mara Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Istituto tumori IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Flacco, St. 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, SS Bari, Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, SS Bari, Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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12
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Lopalco A, Cutrignelli A, Denora N, Lopedota A, Franco M, Laquintana V. Transferrin Functionalized Liposomes Loading Dopamine HCl: Development and Permeability Studies across an In Vitro Model of Human Blood-Brain Barrier. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8030178. [PMID: 29558440 PMCID: PMC5869669 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transport of dopamine across the blood brain barrier represents a challenge for the management of Parkinson’s disease. The employment of central nervous system targeted ligands functionalized nanocarriers could be a valid tactic to overcome this obstacle and avoid undesirable side effects. In this work, transferrin functionalized dopamine-loaded liposomes were made by a modified dehydration–rehydration technique from hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcoline, cholesterol and 1,2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[carboxy(poly(ethylene glycol)-2000)]. The physical features of the prepared liposomes were established with successive determination of their endothelial permeability across an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier, constituted by human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Functionalized dopamine-loaded liposomes with encapsulation efficiency more than 35% were made with sizes in a range around 180 nm, polydispersity indices of 0.2, and positive zeta potential values (+7.5 mV). Their stability and drug release kinetics were also evaluated. The apparent permeability (Pe) values of encapsulated dopamine in functionalized and unfunctionalized liposomes showed that transferrin functionalized nanocarriers could represent appealing non-toxic candidates for brain delivery, thus improving benefits and decreasing complications to patients subjected to L-dopa chronical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, SS Bari, 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 4 E. Orabona st, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
This chapter presents an outline of the recent available information regarding safety, toxicity, and efficacy of nano drug delivery systems. Of particular importance is the evaluation of several key factors to design nontoxic and effective nanoformulations. Among them, we focus on nanostructure materials and synthesis methods, mechanisms of interactions with biological systems, treatment of nanoparticles, manufacture impurities, and nanostability. Emphasis is given to in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models used to assess and predict the toxicity of these new formulations. Additionally, some examples of in vitro and in vivo studies of specific nanoderivatives are also presented in this chapter.
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14
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An Updated View of Translocator Protein (TSPO). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122640. [PMID: 29211020 PMCID: PMC5751243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of study on the role of mitochondria in living cells have evidenced the importance of the 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), first discovered in the 1977 as an alternative binding site for the benzodiazepine diazepam in the kidneys. This protein participates in a variety of cellular functions, including cholesterol transport, steroid hormone synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, permeability transition pore opening, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Thus, TSPO has become an extremely attractive subcellular target for the early detection of disease states that involve the overexpression of this protein and the selective mitochondrial drug delivery. This special issue was programmed with the aim of summarizing the latest findings about the role of TSPO in eukaryotic cells and as a potential subcellular target of diagnostics or therapeutics. A total of 9 papers have been accepted for publication in this issue, in particular, 2 reviews and 7 primary data manuscripts, overall describing the main advances in this field.
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