Factors impacting the time to ovarian cancer diagnosis based on classic symptom presentation in the United States

Treatment With a Nonaromatizable Androgen for Transgender Man With a Hormone-sensitive Ovarian Cancer

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is increasingly prescribed to transgender men and gender diverse individuals to better align their affirmed gender identity and somatic phenotype, aiming to improve psychosocial well-being. However, the long-term outcomes of GAHT, especially risk of hormone-related malignancy, remains unclear. We report a case of transgender man on long-term GAHT with testosterone who developed recurrent hormone-sensitive endometrioid ovarian cancer. Treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate effectively suppressed serum estradiol (measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) but resulted in intolerable physical and mental health symptoms from hypogonadism. The nonaromatizable androgen 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone) was initiated as an alternative and successfully improved quality of life while maintaining bone and muscle health. This case underscores the importance of coordinated care within a multidisciplinary team.

Chronic conditions, cancer disparities, and the unique needs of Black women with ovarian cancer

Chronic conditions among women contribute to cancer disparities. Consideration of unique influence sex and gender may be useful in understanding the experiences of Black women with ovarian cancer.

Patient and Surgeon Attitudes Toward Opportunistic Salpingectomy During Nongynecological Surgeries for the Prevention of Ovarian Cancer: A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Opportunity salpingectomy (OS), or prophylactic removal of the fallopian tubes during an operation for another indication, is broadly accepted as a risk-reduction strategy for ovarian cancer during gynecological operations. However, OS during nongynecological abdominal surgery is rare in the United States. A better understanding of surgeon and patient attitudes and perceived barriers to OS during nongynecological surgeries may facilitate implementation in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN

Qualitative interviews were conducted with general surgeons (n = 10), gynecologic surgeons (n = 10), and patients (n = 20) to assess perspectives and barriers towards OS during nongynecological surgeries. Interviews were transcribed and inductive analysis was carried out to identify themes and categorize responses using NVivo data analysis software.

RESULTS

OS during nongynecological surgery was viewed favorably by most patients and surgeons interviewed. While patients emphasized the importance of raising awareness of OS, both subsets of surgeons highlighted coordination, counseling, and billing barriers that would need to be overcome for efficient implementation.

CONCLUSION

OS was positively accepted by both patients and surgeons in our cohort. Improved attention to the shared barriers to implementation from our study may facilitate OS implementation during nongynecological surgery in the United States.

Analysis of early diagnostic pathway for prostate cancer in Slovenia

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent male malignancy globally. Prolonged diagnostic intervals are associated with poorer outcomes, emphasizing the need to optimize this process. This study aimed to evaluate the doctor and primary care interval, research their impact on patient survival and explore opportunities to improve PCa diagnostic pathway in primary care.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective cohort study using cancer patients' anonymised primary care data and data of the Slovenian Cancer Registry.

RESULTS

The study found that the doctor interval had a median duration of 0 days (interquartile range ([IQR] 0-6) and primary care interval a median duration of 5 days (IQR 0-58). Longer intervals were observed in patients with more than two comorbidities, where general practitioners didn't have access to laboratory diagnostic tests within their primary health care centre and when patients first presented with symptoms (reported symptoms at first presentation: dysuria, lower urinary tract symptoms [LUTS], abdominal pain). The analysis also revealed a statistically significant association between lower 5-year survival rate and the accessibility of laboratory and ultrasound diagnostics in primary healthcare centres and a shorter 5-year survival of symptomatic patients in comparison to patients who were identified by elevated levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA).

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that treating suspected PCa in primary care has a significant impact on 5-year survival. Several factors contribute to better survival, including easy access to laboratory and abdominal ultrasound in primary care centres. The study highlights the complex array of factors shaping PCa diagnosis, beyond individual clinicians' skills, encompassing test and service availability.

Elucidating the influences of social determinants of health on perceived overall health among African American/Black and Hispanic ovarian cancer survivors using the NIH All of Us Research Program

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the influences of social determinants of health (SDOH) on perceived health and well-being among African American (AA)/Black and Hispanic ovarian cancer survivors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted using overall health and SDOH survey data collected by the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program from May 2017 to September 2023.

RESULTS

While 1250 enrolled participants with ovarian cancer met the inclusion criteria, 414 (33%) completed SDOH surveys: 29 (7%) AA/Black, 33 (8%) Hispanic, and 352 (85%) White. In the ordinal logistic regression models, for every unit increase in the SDOH neighborhood characteristics score, the odds of having a poor perception of general health decreased by 0.96 times. For every unit increase in the SDOH day-to-day discrimination score, the odds of having a poor perception of general health, general mental health, social satisfaction decreased by 0.95, 0.94 and 0.93 times respectively. For every unit increase in the SDOH food and housing security score, the odds of having a poor perception of general health decreased by 0.57 times. Compared to White ovarian cancer survivors, AA/Black and Hispanic ovarian cancer survivors were significantly more likely to have a poor perception of general health, general mental health, and social satisfaction even when adjusting for these SDOH.

CONCLUSIONS

Unfavorable SDOH conditions negatively influence the overall perception of health. These findings signal an urgency for healthcare professionals and scientists to partner together with local communities in designing feasible and imaginative interventions to overcome cancer care disparities in an equitable manner.

Time to Diagnosis and Treatment for Ovarian Cancer and Associations with Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Background: Ovarian cancer is commonly diagnosed symptomatically at an advanced stage. Better survival for early disease suggests improving diagnostic pathways may increase survival. This study examines literature assessing diagnostic intervals and their association with clinical and psychological outcomes. Methods: Medline, EMBASE, and EmCare databases were searched for studies including quantitative measures of at least one interval, published between January 1, 2000 and August 9, 2022. Interval measures and associations (interval, outcomes, analytic strategy) were synthesized. Risk of bias of association studies was assessed using the Aarhus Checklist and ROBINS-E tool. Results: In total, 65 papers (20 association studies) were included and 26 unique intervals were identified. Interval estimates varied widely and were impacted by summary statistic used (mean or median) and group focused on. Of Aarhus-defined intervals, patient (symptom to presentation, n = 23; range [median]: 7-168 days) and diagnostic (presentation to diagnosis, n = 22; range [median]: 7-270 days) were most common. Nineteen association studies examined survival or stage outcomes with most, including five low risk-of-bias studies, finding no association. Conclusions: Studies reporting intervals for ovarian cancer diagnosis are limited by inconsistent definitions and reporting. Greater utilization of the Aarhus statement to define intervals and appropriate analytic methods is needed to strengthen findings from future studies.

The Promise and Challenges of AI Integration in Ovarian Cancer Screenings

PURPOSE

Ovarian cancer is oftendiagnosed late due to vague symptoms, leading to poor survival rate. Improved screening tests could mitigate this issue. This narrative review examines the potential and challenges of integrating artificial intelligence (A.I.) into ovarian cancer screenings, with a focus on improving early detection, diagnosis, and personalized risk assessment.

METHOD

A comprehensive review of existing literature was conducted, analyzing studies and discussions within the scientific community.

RESULTS

A.I. shows promise in significantly improving the ovarian cancer screening processes, increasing accuracy, efficiency, and resource allocation. However, data quality and bias issues pose considerable challenges, potentially leading to healthcare disparities.

CONCLUSIONS

Integrating A.I. into ovarian cancer screenings offers potential benefits but comes with significant challenges. By promoting diverse data collection, engaging with underrepresented groups, and ensuring ethical data use, A.I. can be harnessed for more accurate and equitable ovarian cancer diagnoses.

Assessing the rates of false-positive ovarian cancer screenings and surgical interventions associated with screening tools: a systematic review

Objective

Early detection of ovarian cancer can improve patient outcomes; however, screening tests can yield false-positive results, leading to unnecessary surgical interventions. This systematic review explores the prevalence of false-positive ovarian cancer screenings and subsequent unnecessary surgical interventions.

Methods and analysis

Five databases were searched in March 2023 and again in March 2024, encompassing primary literature published between 2003 and 2024. Data collection focused on studies reporting the number of surgical interventions resulting from a false-positive screening result. Studies were categorized by patient risk (average vs high). Studies lacking screening or surgical intervention data, those in which the screening did not directly influence surgical decisions, or those not in English were excluded.

Results

Of the 12 papers included, the majority were cohort studies (75%) based in the USA (66%). The primary screening methods included Cancer antigen 125 and transvaginal ultrasound scanning. Patients were stratified by risk, with four studies focused on high-risk populations and eight in average-risk populations. The false-positive and surgical screening rates exhibited significant variability, regardless of risk (0.1%-23.3% and 0%-54.9%, respectively). Complications associated with unnecessary surgical interventions, such as perforation, blood loss and bowel injury, were only reported in four studies. No studies examined the effect these interventions had on patients' quality of life or directly reported the associated costs of these interventions.

Conclusion

This review highlights the significant variability in ovarian cancer screening results, which lead to unnecessary and invasive surgical procedures causing complications such as perforation, blood loss and bowel injury.

Ovarian Carcinosarcoma Mimicking Symptoms of Recurrent Diverticulitis: A Case Report

Ovarian carcinosarcoma, also known as malignant mixed müllerian tumor, is a rare and highly aggressive form of ovarian cancer. This report discusses a case where initial misdiagnosis underscored the complexity of diagnosing this condition. The findings highlight the critical nature of considering ovarian malignancies in the differential diagnosis for postmenopausal women presenting with abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. The significance of utilizing advanced imaging techniques and tumor markers in the early detection of ovarian carcinosarcoma is emphasized, demonstrating how such strategies can substantially affect patient management and outcomes. This case also illustrates the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach in treating this challenging malignancy, contributing to our understanding and management of ovarian carcinosarcoma.

Black-White differences in uterine cancer symptomatology and stage at diagnosis

OBJECTIVE

To examine whether uterine cancer symptoms differ between Black and White patients and how this may influence their stage at diagnosis.

METHODS

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database, we identified 2328 Black and 21,774 White patients with uterine cancer in 2008-2017. Their symptoms in the 18 months before diagnosis were categorized as postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) alone, PMB together with other symptoms (e.g., abdominal/pelvic pain, bloating), non-PMB symptoms alone, or no symptoms. Stage at diagnosis was dichotomized as advanced (i.e., regional/distant) versus localized. The association between race and stage was analyzed using regression models incrementally adjusting for symptoms and other patient characteristics.

RESULTS

A larger proportion of Black than White patients experienced PMB together with other symptoms (63.1% versus 58.0%) or experienced non-PMB symptoms alone (13.1% versus 9.4%) (p < 0.001). Black patients had a higher risk of advanced-stage diagnosis than White patients (45.0% versus 30.3%, unadjusted RR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.44-1.59). Adjusting for Black-White differences in symptoms attenuated the RR to 1.46 (95% CI: 1.39-1.53). Compared to PMB symptoms alone, having additional non-PMB symptoms (RR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.15-1.26) and having non-PMB symptoms alone (RR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.88-2.10) were associated with increased risk of advanced-stage diagnosis. Further adjusting for histology and other patient characteristics reduced Black-White disparity in advanced-stage diagnosis to 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03-1.14) but symptoms remained significantly associated with stage at diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Having non-PMB symptoms was associated with more advanced stage at diagnosis. Non-PMB symptoms were more common among Black than White patients, which might hinder symptom recognition/evaluation.

Structural Sexism and Cancer Care: The Effects on the Patient and Oncologist

Despite progress toward equity within our broad social context, the domains of gender as a social, cultural, and structural variable continue to exert influence on the delivery of oncology care. Although there have been vast advances in our understanding of the biological underpinnings of cancer and significant improvements in clinical care, disparities in cancer care for all women-including cisgender, transgender, and gender diverse women-persist. Similarly, despite inclusion within the oncology physician workforce, women and gender minorities, particularly those with additional identities under-represented in medicine, still face structural barriers to clinical and academic productivity and career success. In this article, we define and discuss how structural sexism influences both the equitable care of patients with cancer and the oncology workforce and explore the overlapping challenges in both realms. Solutions toward creating environments where patients with cancer of any gender receive optimal care and all physicians can thrive are put forward.

Association Between Purchase of Over-the-Counter Medications and Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis in the Cancer Loyalty Card Study (CLOCS): Observational Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are frequently used to self-care for nonspecific ovarian cancer symptoms prior to diagnosis. Monitoring such purchases may provide an opportunity for earlier diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the Cancer Loyalty Card Study (CLOCS) was to investigate purchases of OTC pain and indigestion medications prior to ovarian cancer diagnosis in women with and without ovarian cancer in the United Kingdom using loyalty card data.

METHODS

An observational case-control study was performed comparing purchases of OTC pain and indigestion medications prior to diagnosis in women with (n=153) and without (n=120) ovarian cancer using loyalty card data from two UK-based high street retailers. Monthly purchases of pain and indigestion medications for cases and controls were compared using the Fisher exact test, conditional logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

Pain and indigestion medication purchases were increased among cases 8 months before diagnosis, with maximum discrimination between cases and controls 8 months before diagnosis (Fisher exact odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% CI 2.1-4.1). An increase in indigestion medication purchases was detected up to 9 months before diagnosis (adjusted conditional logistic regression OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04-1.83). The ROC analysis for indigestion medication purchases showed a maximum area under the curve (AUC) at 13 months before diagnosis (AUC=0.65, 95% CI 0.57-0.73), which further improved when stratified to late-stage ovarian cancer (AUC=0.68, 95% CI 0.59-0.78).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a difference in purchases of pain and indigestion medications among women with and without ovarian cancer up to 8 months before diagnosis. Facilitating earlier presentation among those who self-care for symptoms using this novel data source could improve ovarian cancer patients' options for treatment and improve survival.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03994653; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03994653.

Pathways to diagnosis of endometrial and ovarian cancer in the 45 and Up Study cohort

PURPOSE

To determine pathways to endometrial or ovarian cancer diagnosis by comparing health service utilization between cancer cases and matched cancer-free controls, using linked health records.

METHODS

From cancer registry records, we identified 238 incident endometrial and 167 ovarian cancer cases diagnosed during 2006-2013 in the Australian 45 and Up Study cohort (142,973 female participants). Each case was matched to four cancer-free controls on birthdate, sex, place of residence, smoking status, and body mass index. The use of relevant health services during the 13-18-, 7-12-, 0-6-, and 0-1-months pre-diagnosis for cases and the corresponding dates for their matched controls was determined through linkage with subsidized medical services and hospital records.

RESULTS

Healthcare utilization diverged between women with cancer and controls in the 0-6-months, particularly 0-1 months, pre-diagnosis. In the 0-1 months, 74.8% of endometrial and 50.3% of ovarian cases visited a gynecologist/gynecological oncologist, 11.3% and 59.3% had a CA125 test, 5.5% and 48.5% an abdominal pelvic CT scan, and 34.5% and 30.5% a transvaginal pelvic ultrasound, respectively (versus ≤ 1% of matched controls). Moreover, 25.1% of ovarian cancer cases visited an emergency department in the 0-1-months pre-diagnosis (versus 1.3% of matched controls), and GP visits were significantly more common for cases than controls in this period.

CONCLUSION

Most women with endometrial or ovarian cancer accessed recommended specialists and tests in the 0-1-months pre-diagnosis, but a high proportion of women with ovarian cancer visited an emergency department. This reinforces the importance of timely specialist referral.

Pathways to ovarian cancer diagnosis: a qualitative study

Background

Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage, when survival is poor. Qualitative narratives of patients’ pathways to ovarian cancer diagnoses may identify opportunities for earlier cancer detection and, consequently, earlier stage at diagnosis.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews of ovarian cancer patients and survivors (n = 14) and healthcare providers (n = 11) between 10/2019 and 10/2021. Interviews focused on the time leading up to an ovarian cancer diagnosis. Thematic analysis was conducted by two independent reviewers using a two-phase deductive and inductive coding approach. Deductive coding used a priori time intervals from the validated Model of Pathways to Treatment (MPT), including self-appraisal and management of symptoms, medical help-seeking, diagnosis, and pre-treatment. Inductive coding identified common themes within each stage of the MPT across patient and provider interviews.

Results

The median age at ovarian cancer diagnosis was 61.5 years (range, 29–78 years), and the majority of participants (11/14) were diagnosed with advanced-stage disease. The median time from first symptom to initiation of treatment was 2.8 months (range, 19 days to 4.7 years). The appraisal and help-seeking intervals contributed the greatest delays in time-to-diagnosis for ovarian cancer. Nonspecific symptoms, perceptions of health and aging, avoidant coping strategies, symptom embarrassment, and concerns about potential judgment from providers prolonged the appraisal and help-seeking intervals. Patients and providers also emphasized access to care, including financial access, as critical to a timely diagnosis.

Conclusion

Interventions are urgently needed to reduce ovarian cancer morbidity and mortality. Population-level screening remains unlikely to improve ovarian cancer survival, but findings from our study suggest that developing interventions to improve self-appraisal of symptoms and reduce barriers to help-seeking could reduce time-to-diagnosis for ovarian cancer. Affordability of care and insurance may be particularly important for ovarian cancer patients diagnosed in the United States.

Association between time to diagnosis, time to treatment, and ovarian cancer survival in the United States

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate the association between time to diagnosis and treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with overall and ovarian cancer specific mortality using a retrospective cross sectional study of a population based cancer registry database.

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database was searched from 1992 to 2015 for women aged ≥66 years with epithelial ovarian cancer and abdominal/pelvic pain, bloating, difficulty eating, or urinary symptoms within 1 year of cancer diagnosis. Time from presentation to diagnosis and treatment were evaluated as outcomes and covariables. Cox regression models and adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves evaluated 5 year overall and cancer-specific survival.

RESULTS

Among 13 872 women, better survival was associated with longer time from presentation to diagnosis (overall survival hazard ratio (HR) 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 0.95; cancer specific survival HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.96) and diagnosis to treatment (overall survival HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.96; cancer specific survival HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.96). There was longer time from presentation to diagnosis in Hispanic women (relative risk (RR) 1.21, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.32) and from diagnosis to treatment in non-Hispanic black women (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.54), with lower likelihood of survival at 5 years after adjustment for time to diagnosis and treatment among non-Hispanic black women (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.26) compared with non-Hispanic white women. Gynecologic oncology visit was associated with improved overall (p<0.001) and cancer specific (p<0.001) survival despite a longer time from presentation to treatment (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Longer time to diagnosis and treatment were associated with improved survival, suggesting that tumor specific features are more important prognostic factors than the time interval of workup and treatment. Significant sociodemographic disparities indicate social determinants of health influencing workup and care. Gynecologic oncologist visits were associated with improved survival, highlighting the importance of appropriate referral for suspected ovarian cancer.

Temporal trends of healthcare system use between symptomatic presentation and ovarian cancer diagnosis in the United States

OBJECTIVE

To describe trends in healthcare system use over time between onset of classic ovarian cancer symptoms and ovarian cancer diagnosis in the United States.

METHODS

A population-based study of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database was conducted on patients aged ≥66 years with stage II-IV epithelial ovarian cancer between 1992 and 2015 with at least one of the following diagnosis codes: abdominal pain, bloating, difficulty eating, and/or urinary symptoms. The outcomes were frequency of visit type, frequency of diagnostic modality, and Medicare reimbursement between first symptomatic claim and cancer diagnosis. Jonckheere-Terpstra and Cochran-Armitage tests were used to evaluate trends over time.

RESULTS

Among 13 872 women, 13 541 (97.6%) had outpatient, 6466 (46.6%) had inpatient, and 4906 (35.4%) had emergency room visits. The frequency of outpatient (p<0.001) and emergency room visits (p<0.001) increased while the frequency of inpatient visits (p<0.001) decreased between 1992 and 2015. The median number of outpatient visits (p<0.001) and physician specialties seen (p<0.001) increased over time. The median hospital length of stay decreased from 10 days in 1992 to 5 days in 2015 (p<0.001). Between 1992 and 2015, the frequency of ultrasound decreased (p<0.001) while the frequency of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography imaging, and cancer antigen 125 tumor immunoassay increased (p<0.001). Median monthly total (p<0.001), inpatient (p<0.001), and outpatient (p=0.006) reimbursements decreased while emergency room reimbursements increased (p<0.001) over time.

CONCLUSION

Healthcare reimbursement between symptomatic presentation and ovarian cancer diagnosis has decreased over time and may reflect the trends in fewer and shorter hospitalizations and increased use of emergency and outpatient management during the evaluation of symptoms of women with ovarian cancer.

Primary Fallopian Tube Carcinoma Presenting with a Massive Inguinal Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) has characteristics similar to those of ovarian carcinoma. The typical course of PFTC metastasis includes peritoneal dissemination and pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis, while inguinal lymph node metastasis is rare. Moreover, the initial presentation of PFTC with an inguinal tumor is extremely rare. A 77-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with a massive 12-cm inguinal subcutaneous tumor. After tumor resection, histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the tumor was a high-grade serous carcinoma of gynecological origin. Subsequent surgery for total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy revealed that the tumor developed in the fallopian tube. She received adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel, followed by maintenance therapy with niraparib. There has been no recurrence or metastasis 9 months after the second surgery. We reviewed the literature for cases of PFTC and ovarian carcinoma that initially presented with an inguinal tumor. In compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed through 31 January 2022 using the PubMed and Google scholar databases and identified 14 cases. In half of them, it was difficult to identify the primary site using preoperative imaging modalities. Disease recurrence occurred in two cases; thus, the prognosis of this type of PFTC appears to be good.