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Tan TF, Grzybowski A, Ruamviboonsuk P, Tan ACS. Color vision restrictions for medical school admission: a discussion on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to countries across the world. Int J Retina Vitreous 2023; 9:5. [PMID: 36717956 PMCID: PMC9887736 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-023-00441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Color vision deficiency impairs one's ability to perceive and discriminate colors. Color-deficient individuals may face discrimination in various occupations, particularly in medical school admissions. This discussion seeks to compare the existing color vision requirements for entry to medical school in Southeast Asian countries as compared to countries across the world. Following this, we explore the published evidence in this field, to provide recommendations for future guidelines that will maximize the occupational opportunities for color-deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tan
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paisan Ruamviboonsuk
- grid.415633.60000 0004 0637 1304Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anna C. S. Tan
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
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Grünebaum A, Bornstein E, Dudenhausen JW, Lenchner E, De Four Jones M, Varrey A, Lewis D, Chervenak FA. Hidden in plain sight in the delivery room - The Apgar score is biased. J Perinat Med 2023:jpm-2022-0550. [PMID: 36706313 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the maximum 5-min Apgar score of 10 among different U.S. races and Hispanic ethnicity. METHODS Retrospective population-based cohort study from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and Division of Vital Statistics natality online database. We included only deliveries where the race and Hispanic ethnicity of the father and mother were listed as either Black, White, Chinese, or Asian Indian and as Hispanic or Latino origin or other. Proportions of 5-Minute Apgar scores of 10 were compared among different races and Hispanic ethnicity for six groups each for mother and father: Non-Hispanic or Latino White, Hispanic or Latino White, Non-Hispanic or Latino Black, Hispanic or Latino Black, Chinese, and Asian Indian. RESULTS The study population consists of 9,710,066 mothers and 8,138,475 fathers from the US natality birth data 2016-2019. Black newborns had a less than 50% chance of having a 5-min Apgar score of 10 when compared to white newborns (OR 0.47 for Black mother and Black father; p<0.001). White babies (non-Hispanic and Hispanic) had the highest proportion of Apgar scores of 10 across all races and ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS The Apgar score introduces a bias by systematically lowering the score in people of color. Embedding skin color scoring into basic data and decisions of health care propagates race-based medicine. By removing the skin color portion of the Apgar score and with it's racial and ethnic bias, we will provide more accuracy and equity when evaluating newborn babies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Grünebaum
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eran Bornstein
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Monique De Four Jones
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aneesha Varrey
- Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Towson, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dawnette Lewis
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank A Chervenak
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
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Boisclair J, Bawa B, Barale-Thomas E, Bertrand L, Carter J, Crossland R, Dorn C, Forest T, Grote S, Gilis A, Hildebrand D, Knight B, Laurent S, Marxfeld HA, Østergaard SJ, Roguet T, Schlueter T, Schumacher V, Spehar R, Varady W, Zeugin C. IT/QA and Regulatory Aspects of Digital Pathology: Results of the 8th ESTP International Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:793-807. [PMID: 35950710 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Digital toxicologic histopathology has been broadly adopted in preclinical compound development for informal consultation and peer review. There is now increased interest in implementing the technology for good laboratory practice-regulated study evaluations. However, the implementation is not straightforward because systems and work processes require qualification and validation, with consideration also given to security. As a result of the high-throughput, high-volume nature of safety evaluations, computer performance, ergonomics, efficiency, and integration with laboratory information management systems are further key considerations. The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology organized an international expert workshop with participation by toxicologic pathologists, quality assurance/regulatory experts, and information technology experts to discuss qualification and validation of digital histopathology systems in a good laboratory practice environment, and to share the resulting conclusions broadly in the toxicologic pathology community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anja Gilis
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Brian Knight
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - William Varady
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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Flotte TJ, Cornell LD. Color Vision Deficiency Survey in Anatomic Pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:516-520. [PMID: 35913114 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To learn what color vision-deficient pathologists and cytotechnologists consider their most significant problems and advantages as well as any accommodations. METHODS An anonymous online survey developed for practicing pathologists and cytotechnologists regarding their experiences with stains was sent to the members of 4 national societies. RESULTS We received 377 responses. Twenty-three people, all men, identified themselves as color vision deficient, with 22 reporting red-green color vision deficiency and 1 reporting uncertain type. Eight pathologists and cytotechnologists indicated that they thought that their color vision deficiency conferred advantages to them, including a greater appreciation of morphology, with less confusion resulting from variations in stain quality or intensity. Nineteen pathologists and cytotechnologists thought that their color vision deficiency conferred disadvantages; the most common disadvantages stated were the identification of eosinophils and acid-fast bacilli. Other difficulties included interpretation of RBCs and nucleoli and sometimes Alcian blue, Brown and Brenn, Congo red, crystal violet, Fite, Giemsa, mucicarmine, periodic acid-Schiff, and fluorescence in situ hybridization stains. Only 2 of the color vision-deficient pathologists and cytotechnologists found digital slides more difficult than glass slides. CONCLUSIONS Color vision-deficient pathologists and cytotechnologists report that they have developed approaches to viewing slides that do not compromise their interpretations. Digital pathology may provide several approaches for aiding color vision-deficient pathologists with the interpretation of certain stains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Flotte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lynn D Cornell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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