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Suzuki T, Hattori S, Mizukami H, Nakajima R, Hibi Y, Kato S, Matsuzaki M, Ikebe R, Miyakawa T, Yamakawa K. Inversed Effects of Nav1.2 Deficiency at Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Ventral Tegmental Area for Prepulse Inhibition in Acoustic Startle Response. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:622-634. [PMID: 37650965 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic variants of SCN2A gene, encoding voltage-gated sodium channel α2 subunit Nav1.2 protein, have been identified in a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, pathological mechanisms for the schizophrenia-relevant behavioral abnormalities caused by the variants remain poorly understood. Here in this study, we characterized mouse lines with selective Scn2a deletion at schizophrenia-related brain regions, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or ventral tegmental area (VTA), obtained by injecting adeno-associated viruses (AAV) expressing Cre recombinase into homozygous Scn2a-floxed (Scn2afl/fl) mice, in which expression of the Scn2a was locally deleted in the presence of Cre recombinase. The mice lacking Scn2a in the mPFC exhibited a tendency for a reduction in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in acoustic startle response. Conversely, the mice lacking Scn2a in the VTA showed a significant increase in PPI. We also found that the mice lacking Scn2a in the mPFC displayed increased sociability, decreased locomotor activity, and increased anxiety-like behavior, while the mice lacking Scn2a in the VTA did not show any other abnormalities in these parameters except for vertical activity which is one of locomotor activities. These results suggest that Scn2a-deficiencies in mPFC and VTA are inversely relevant for the schizophrenic phenotypes in patients with SCN2A variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Research Creation Support Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakajima
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yurina Hibi
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saho Kato
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mahoro Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ryu Ikebe
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
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Beecher K, Wang J, Jacques A, Chaaya N, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Sucrose Consumption Alters Serotonin/Glutamate Co-localisation Within the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:678267. [PMID: 34262435 PMCID: PMC8273284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.678267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The overconsumption of sugar-sweetened food and beverages underpins the current rise in obesity rates. Sugar overconsumption induces maladaptive neuroplasticity to decrease dietary control. Although serotonin and glutamate co-localisation has been implicated in reward processing, it is still unknown how chronic sucrose consumption changes this transmission in regions associated with executive control over feeding—such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. To address this, a total of 16 C57Bl6 mice received either 5% w/v sucrose or water as a control for 12 weeks using the Drinking-In-The-Dark paradigm (n = 8 mice per group). We then examined the effects of chronic sucrose consumption on the immunological distribution of serotonin (5-HT), vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) and 5-HT+/VGLUT3+ co-localised axonal varicosities. Sucrose consumption over 12 weeks decreased the number of 5-HT–/VGLUT3+ and 5-HT+/VGLUT3+ varicosities within the PFC and DG. The number of 5-HT+/VGLUT3– varicosities remained unchanged within the PFC but decreased in the DG following sucrose consumption. Given that serotonin mediates DG neurogenesis through microglial migration, the number of microglia within the DG was also assessed in both experimental groups. Sucrose consumption decreased the number of DG microglia. Although the DG and PFC are associated with executive control over rewarding activities and emotional memory formation, we did not detect a subsequent change in DG neurogenesis or anxiety-like behaviour or depressive-like behaviour. Overall, these findings suggest that the chronic consumption of sugar alters serotonergic neuroplasticity within neural circuits responsible for feeding control. Although these alterations alone were not sufficient to induce changes in neurogenesis or behaviour, it is proposed that the sucrose consumption may predispose individuals to these cognitive deficits which ultimately promote further sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Beecher
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Wang
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Chaaya
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, Faculty of Health, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Borges G, Miguelez C, Neto F, Mico JA, Ugedo L, Berrocoso E. Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK 1/2) in the Locus Coeruleus Contributes to Pain-Related Anxiety in Arthritic Male Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:463. [PMID: 28158734 PMCID: PMC5458337 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence suggesting that the Locus Coeruleus plays a role in pain-related anxiety. Indeed, we previously found that prolonged arthritis produces anxiety-like behavior in rats, along with enhanced expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (a marker of plasticity) in the Locus Coeruleus. However, it is unknown how this effect correlates with the electrophysiological activity of Locus Coeruleus neurons or pain-related anxiety. METHODS Using the complete Freund's adjuvant model of monoarthritis in male Sprague-Dawley rats, we studied the behavioral attributes of pain and anxiety as well as Locus Coeruleus electrophysiology in vivo 1 (MA1W) and 4 weeks (MA4W) after disease induction. RESULTS The manifestation of anxiety in MA4W was accompanied by dampened tonic Locus Coeruleus activity, which was coupled to an exacerbated evoked Locus Coeruleus response to noxious stimulation of the inflamed and healthy paw. When a mitogen-activating extracellular kinase inhibitor was administered to the contralateral Locus Coeruleus of MA4W, the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 levels in the Locus Coeruleus were restored and the exaggerated evoked response was blocked, reversing the anxiogenic-like behavior while pain hypersensitivity remained unaltered. CONCLUSION As phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 blockade in the Locus Coeruleus relieved anxiety and counteracted altered LC function, we propose that phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in the Locus Coeruleus plays a crucial role in pain-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Borges
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Borges and Mico); Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) e Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Drs Miguelez and Ugedo); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso); Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Berrocoso); Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso)
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Borges and Mico); Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) e Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Drs Miguelez and Ugedo); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso); Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Berrocoso); Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso)
| | - Fani Neto
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Borges and Mico); Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) e Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Drs Miguelez and Ugedo); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso); Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Berrocoso); Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso)
| | - Juan Antonio Mico
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Borges and Mico); Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) e Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Drs Miguelez and Ugedo); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso); Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Berrocoso); Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso)
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Borges and Mico); Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) e Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Drs Miguelez and Ugedo); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso); Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Berrocoso); Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso)
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Borges and Mico); Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) e Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Drs Borges and Neto); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain (Drs Miguelez and Ugedo); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso); Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Berrocoso); Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain (Drs Mico and Berrocoso)
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Voulalas PJ, Ji Y, Jiang L, Asgar J, Ro JY, Masri R. Loss of dopamine D1 receptors and diminished D1/5 receptor-mediated ERK phosphorylation in the periaqueductal gray after spinal cord lesion. Neuroscience 2016; 343:94-105. [PMID: 27932310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from spinal cord injury is often accompanied by maladaptive plasticity of the central nervous system, including the opioid receptor-rich periaqueductal gray (PAG). Evidence suggests that sensory signaling via the PAG is robustly modulated by dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors, but the effect of damage to the spinal cord on D1 and D2 receptor protein expression and function in the PAG has not been examined. Here we show that 21days after a T10 or C6 spinothalamic tract lesion, both mice and rats display a remarkable decline in the expression of D1 receptors in the PAG, revealed by western blot analysis. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in hindpaw withdrawal thresholds in lesioned animals compared to sham-operated controls. We investigated the consequences of diminished D1 receptor levels by quantifying D1-like receptor-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and CREB, events that have been observed in numerous brain structures. In naïve animals, western blot analysis revealed that ERK1,2, but not CREB phosphorylation was significantly increased in the PAG by the D1-like agonist SKF 81297. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that SKF 81297 increased ERK1,2 phosphorylation in the PAG of sham animals. However, in lesioned animals, basal pERK1,2 levels were elevated and did not significantly increase after exposure to SKF 81297. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that molecular adaptations resulting in a decrease in D1 receptor expression and signaling in the PAG are a consequence of SCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Voulalas
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics & Prosthodontics, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yadong Ji
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics & Prosthodontics, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jamila Asgar
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jin Y Ro
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Kyung Hee University, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Radi Masri
- University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Periodontics & Prosthodontics, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ito T, Hioki H, Sohn J, Okamoto S, Kaneko T, Iino S, Oliver DL. Convergence of Lemniscal and Local Excitatory Inputs on Large GABAergic Tectothalamic Neurons. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2277-96. [PMID: 25879870 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Large GABAergic (LG) neurons form a distinct cell type in the inferior colliculus (IC), identified by the presence of dense VGLUT2-containing axosomatic terminals. Although some of the axosomatic terminals originate from local and commissural IC neurons, it has been unclear whether LG neurons also receive axosomatic inputs from the lower auditory brainstem nuclei, i.e., cochlear nuclei (CN), superior olivary complex (SOC), and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL). In this study we injected recombinant viral tracers that force infected cells to express GFP in a Golgi-like manner into the lower auditory brainstem nuclei to determine whether these nuclei directly innervate LG cell somata. Labeled axons from CN, SOC, and NLL terminated as excitatory axosomatic endings, identified by colabeling of GFP and VGLUT2, on single LG neurons in the IC. Each excitatory axon made only a few axosomatic contacts on each LG neuron. Inputs to a single LG cell are unlikely to be from a single brainstem nucleus, since lesions of individual nuclei failed to eliminate most VGLUT2-positive terminals on the LG neurons. The estimated number of inputs on a single LG cell body was almost proportional to the surface area of the cell body. Double injections of different viruses into IC and a brainstem nucleus showed that LG neurons received inputs from both. These results demonstrated that both ascending and intrinsic sources converge on the LG somata to control inhibitory tectothalamic projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsufumi Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jaerin Sohn
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 5-3-1 Koujimachi, Tokyo, 102-8472, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iino
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Douglas L Oliver
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030-3401, USA
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Burgos-Ramos E, Chowen JA, Argente J, Barrios V. Regional and temporal differences in leptin signaling in rat brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:143-52. [PMID: 20138175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptin regulates energy homeostasis through activation of different hypothalamic pathways. Evidence indicates that leptin is a pleiotropic hormone that acts on many brain areas, altering food intake, metabolism, and locomotion, among other functions. Because short-term effects of leptin infusion and intracellular pathways in other brain areas involved in food regulation have not been thoroughly analysed, we have studied the acute effect of intracerebroventricular leptin administration on the levels of the long form of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), as well as on activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs) and levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum of adult male Wistar rats at 15min, 1 and 6h. The levels of Ob-Rb increased at 6h in hypothalamus only. Leptin activated the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in all areas, although in a temporally specific pattern. In contrast, this hormone decreased Akt activation in hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum and ERK activation in frontal cortex, while it increased ERK activation in hypothalamus and hippocampus. These differences in modulation of Ob-Rb levels and signaling indicate that the rapid effects of leptin in non-hypothalamic areas are mediated, at least in part, through the intracellular pathways involved in hypothalamic energy balance, but in a temporally specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28009, Spain
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Staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of neuropsychiatry: agents, phases and ages at expression. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:287-305. [PMID: 20237881 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental risk factors have assumed a critical role in prevailing notions concerning the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Staging, diagnostic elements at which phase of disease is determined, provides a means of conceptualizing the degree and extent of factors affecting brain development trajectories, but is concurrently specified through the particular interactions of genes and environment unique to each individual case. For present purposes, staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of the disease processes are considered from conditions giving rise to neurodevelopmental staging in affective states, adolescence, dopamine disease states, and autism spectrum disorders. Three major aspects influencing the eventual course of individual developmental trajectories appear to possess an essential determinant influence upon outcome: (i) the type of agent that interferes with brain development, whether chemical, immune system activating or absent (anoxia/hypoxia), (ii) the phase of brain development at which the agent exerts disruption, whether prenatal, postnatal, or adolescent, and (iii) the age of expression of structural and functional abnormalities. Clinical staging may be assumed at any or each developmental phase. The present perspective offers both a challenge to bring further order to diagnosis, intervention, and prognosis and a statement regarding the extreme complexities and interwoven intricacies of epigenetic factors, biomarkers, and neurobehavioral entities that aggravate currents notions of the neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Hoskison MM, Moore AN, Hu B, Orsi S, Kobori N, Dash PK. Persistent working memory dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: evidence for a time-dependent mechanism. Neuroscience 2009; 159:483-91. [PMID: 19167462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is highly vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in the dysfunction of many high-level cognitive and executive functions such as planning, information processing speed, language, memory, attention, and perception. All of these processes require some degree of working memory. Interestingly, in many cases, post-injury working memory deficits can arise in the absence of overt damage to the prefrontal cortex. Recently, excess GABA-mediated inhibition of prefrontal neuronal activity has been identified as a contributor to working memory dysfunction within the first month following cortical impact injury of rats. However, it has not been examined if these working memory deficits persist, and if so, whether they remain amenable to treatment by GABA antagonism. Our findings show that working memory dysfunction, assessed using both the delay match-to-place and delayed alternation T-maze tasks, following lateral cortical impact injury persists for at least 16 weeks post-injury. These deficits were found to be no longer the direct result of excess GABA-mediated inhibition of medial prefrontal cortex neuronal activity. Golgi staining of prelimbic pyramidal neurons revealed that TBI causes a significant shortening of layers V/VI basal dendrite arbors by 4 months post-injury, as well as an increase in the density of both basal and apical spines in these neurons. These changes were not observed in animals 14 days post-injury, a time point at which administration of GABA receptor antagonists improves working memory function. Taken together, the present findings, along with previously published reports, suggest that temporal considerations must be taken into account when designing mechanism-based therapies to improve working memory function in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hoskison
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77225, USA
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