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Marín O. Parvalbumin interneuron deficits in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 82:44-52. [PMID: 38490084 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons represent one of the most abundant subclasses of cortical interneurons. Owing to their specific electrophysiological and synaptic properties, PV+ interneurons are essential for gating and pacing the activity of excitatory neurons. In particular, PV+ interneurons are critically involved in generating and maintaining cortical rhythms in the gamma frequency, which are essential for complex cognitive functions. Deficits in PV+ interneurons have been frequently reported in postmortem studies of schizophrenia patients, and alterations in gamma oscillations are a prominent electrophysiological feature of the disease. Here, I summarise the main features of PV+ interneurons and review clinical and preclinical studies linking the developmental dysfunction of cortical PV+ interneurons with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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2
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Kibret BG, Canseco-Alba A, Onaivi ES, Engidawork E. Crosstalk between the endocannabinoid and mid-brain dopaminergic systems: Implication in dopamine dysregulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1137957. [PMID: 37009000 PMCID: PMC10061032 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1137957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) and the expanded endocannabinoid system (ECS)-"endocannabinoidome", consists of the endogenous ligands, eCBs, their canonical and non-canonical receptor subtypes, and their synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes. This system modulates a wide range of body functions and acts as a retrograde signaling system within the central nervous system (CNS) by inhibition of classical transmitters, and plays a vital modulatory function on dopamine, a major neurotransmitter in the CNS. Dopamine is involved in different behavioral processes and contributes to different brain disorders-including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. After synthesis in the neuronal cytosol, dopamine is packaged into synaptic vesicles until released by extracellular signals. Calcium dependent neuronal activation results in the vesicular release of dopamine and interacts with different neurotransmitter systems. The ECS, among others, is involved in the regulation of dopamine release and the interaction occurs either through direct or indirect mechanisms. The cross-talk between the ECS and the dopaminergic system has important influence in various dopamine-related neurobiological and pathologic conditions and investigating this interaction might help identify therapeutic targets and options in disorders of the CNS associated with dopamine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Ana Canseco-Alba
- Direction de Investigacion, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocircirugia “Manuel Velasco Suarez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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3
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Du Y, Xu M, Su Y, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Gu X, Xia T. Long-term sevoflurane exposure relieves stress-enhanced fear learning and anxiety in PTSD mice. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220313. [PMID: 37901139 PMCID: PMC10612489 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of severe anxiety after exposure to traumatic events. It is believed that these episodes are triggered at least in part by environmental stimuli associated with the precipitating trauma through classical conditioning, termed conditioned fear. However, traditional methods of conditioned fear memory extinction are frequently ineffective for PTSD treatment due to the contribution of non-associative sensitization caused by trauma. Anesthetics have shown promise for treating various psychiatric diseases such as depression. Methods In this study, we examined if the inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane can suppress stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) in PTSD model mice. Model mice exposed to 2.4% sevoflurane for 6 h exhibited reduced freezing time and behavioral anxiety compared to sham-treated model mice. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated the regional expression levels of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs), D1 dopamine receptors (D1Rs), and D2 dopamine receptors (D2Rs). Results We verified that both GR and CB1R were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of model mice, while D1R and D2R were downregulated. All of these expression changes were partially normalized in the PFC by 6 h but not with 2 h sevoflurane exposure. Conclusions These results showed that sevoflurane exposure following traumatic events may be an effective treatment for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjiao Xia
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Dienel SJ, Schoonover KE, Lewis DA. Cognitive Dysfunction and Prefrontal Cortical Circuit Alterations in Schizophrenia: Developmental Trajectories. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:450-459. [PMID: 35568522 PMCID: PMC9420748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) exhibit cognitive performance below expected levels based on familial cognitive aptitude. One such cognitive process, working memory (WM), is robustly impaired in SZ. These WM impairments, which emerge over development during the premorbid and prodromal stages of SZ, appear to reflect alterations in the neural circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a microcircuit formed by reciprocal connections between excitatory layer 3 pyramidal neurons and inhibitory parvalbumin basket cells (PVBCs) appears to be a key neural substrate for WM. Postmortem human studies indicate that both layer 3 pyramidal neurons and PVBCs are altered in SZ, suggesting that levels of excitation and inhibition are lower in the microcircuit. Studies in monkeys indicate that features of both cell types exhibit distinctive postnatal developmental trajectories. Together, the results of these studies suggest a model in which 1) genetic and/or early environmental insults to excitatory signaling in layer 3 pyramidal neurons give rise to cognitive impairments during the prodromal phase of SZ and evoke compensatory changes in inhibition that alter the developmental trajectories of PVBCs, and 2) synaptic pruning during adolescence further lowers excitatory activity to a level that exceeds the compensatory capacity of PVBC inhibition, leading to a failure of the normal maturational improvements in WM during the prodromal and early clinical stages of SZ. Findings that support as well as challenge this model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Dienel
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kirsten E Schoonover
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Lewis
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Garzón M, Chan J, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Prefrontal cortical distribution of muscarinic M2 and cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors in adult male mice with or without chronic adolescent exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5420-5437. [PMID: 35151230 PMCID: PMC9712711 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic adolescent administration of marijuana's major psychoactive compound, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), produces adaptive changes in adult social and cognitive functions sustained by prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL-PFC). Memory and learning processes in PL-PFC neurons can be regulated through cholinergic muscarinic-2 receptors (M2R) and modulated by activation of cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1Rs) targeted by Δ9-THC. Thus, chronic exposure to Δ9-THC during adolescence may alter the expression and/or distribution of M2Rs in PL-PFC neurons receiving CB1R terminals. We tested this hypothesis by using electron microscopic dual CB1R and M2R immunolabeling in adult C57BL/6 J male mice that had received vehicle or escalating dose of Δ9-THC through adolescence. In vehicle controls, CB1R immunolabeling was mainly localized to axonal profiles virtually devoid of M2R but often apposing M2R-immunoreactive dendrites and dendritic spines. The dendrites received inputs from CB1R-labeled or unlabeled terminals, whereas spines received asymmetric synapses exclusively from axon terminals lacking CB1Rs. Adolescent Δ9-THC significantly increased plasmalemmal M2R-immunogold density exclusively in large dendrites receiving input from CB1R-labeled terminals. In contrast, cytoplasmic M2R-immunogold density decreased in small spines of the Δ9-THC-treated adult mice. We conclude that Δ9-THC engagement of CB1Rs during adolescence increases M2R plasmalemmal accumulation in large proximal dendrites and decreases M2R cytoplasmic expression in small spines of PL-PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garzón
- Corresponding author: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autónoma University of Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - June Chan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Oleson EB, Hamilton LR, Gomez DM. Cannabinoid Modulation of Dopamine Release During Motivation, Periodic Reinforcement, Exploratory Behavior, Habit Formation, and Attention. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:660218. [PMID: 34177546 PMCID: PMC8222827 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.660218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivational and attentional processes energize action sequences to facilitate evolutionary competition and promote behavioral fitness. Decades of neuropharmacology, electrophysiology and electrochemistry research indicate that the mesocorticolimbic DA pathway modulates both motivation and attention. More recently, it was realized that mesocorticolimbic DA function is tightly regulated by the brain's endocannabinoid system and greatly influenced by exogenous cannabinoids-which have been harnessed by humanity for medicinal, ritualistic, and recreational uses for 12,000 years. Exogenous cannabinoids, like the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, produce their effects by acting at binding sites for naturally occurring endocannabinoids. The brain's endocannabinoid system consists of two G-protein coupled receptors, endogenous lipid ligands for these receptor targets, and several synthetic and metabolic enzymes involved in their production and degradation. Emerging evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is necessary to observe concurrent increases in DA release and motivated behavior. And the historical pharmacology literature indicates a role for cannabinoid signaling in both motivational and attentional processes. While both types of behaviors have been scrutinized under manipulation by either DA or cannabinoid agents, there is considerably less insight into prospective interactions between these two important signaling systems. This review attempts to summate the relevance of cannabinoid modulation of DA release during operant tasks designed to investigate either motivational or attentional control of behavior. We first describe how cannabinoids influence DA release and goal-directed action under a variety of reinforcement contingencies. Then we consider the role that endocannabinoids might play in switching an animal's motivation from a goal-directed action to the search for an alternative outcome, in addition to the formation of long-term habits. Finally, dissociable features of attentional behavior using both the 5-choice serial reaction time task and the attentional set-shifting task are discussed along with their distinct influences by DA and cannabinoids. We end with discussing potential targets for further research regarding DA-cannabinoid interactions within key substrates involved in motivation and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Oleson
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Lindsey R. Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Devan M. Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Klune CB, Jin B, DeNardo LA. Linking mPFC circuit maturation to the developmental regulation of emotional memory and cognitive flexibility. eLife 2021; 10:e64567. [PMID: 33949949 PMCID: PMC8099425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and its abundant connections with other brain regions play key roles in memory, cognition, decision making, social behaviors, and mood. Dysfunction in mPFC is implicated in psychiatric disorders in which these behaviors go awry. The prolonged maturation of mPFC likely enables complex behaviors to emerge, but also increases their vulnerability to disruption. Many foundational studies have characterized either mPFC synaptic or behavioral development without establishing connections between them. Here, we review this rich body of literature, aligning major events in mPFC development with the maturation of complex behaviors. We focus on emotional memory and cognitive flexibility, and highlight new work linking mPFC circuit disruption to alterations of these behaviors in disease models. We advance new hypotheses about the causal connections between mPFC synaptic development and behavioral maturation and propose research strategies to establish an integrated understanding of neural architecture and behavioral repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra B Klune
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
| | - Benita Jin
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
| | - Laura A DeNardo
- Physiology Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesUnited States
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8
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Song CG, Kang X, Yang F, Du WQ, Zhang JJ, Liu L, Kang JJ, Jia N, Yue H, Fan LY, Wu SX, Jiang W, Gao F. Endocannabinoid system in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:803-831. [PMID: 33781002 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mature mammalian brains, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the functioning of neural networks. Besides, the ECS also contributes to the neurodevelopment of the central nervous system. Due to the increase in the medical and recreational use of cannabis, it is inevitable and essential to elaborate the roles of the ECS on neurodevelopment. GABAergic interneurons represent a group of inhibitory neurons that are vital in controlling neural network activity. However, the role of the ECS in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the ECS and interneuron diversity. We focus on the process of interneuron development and the role of ECS in the modulation of interneuron development, from the expansion of the neural stem/progenitor cells to the migration, specification and maturation of interneurons. We further discuss the potential implications of the ECS and interneurons in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wan-Qing Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Jun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Jia
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Yue
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu-Yu Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an710032, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Khlghatyan J, Quintana C, Parent M, Beaulieu JM. High Sensitivity Mapping of Cortical Dopamine D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3813-3827. [PMID: 30295716 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical D2 dopamine receptor (Drd2) have mostly been examined in the context of cognitive function regulation and neurotransmission modulation of medial prefrontal cortex by principal neurons and parvalbumin positive, fast-spiking, interneurons in schizophrenia. Early studies suggested the presence of D2 receptors in several cortical areas, albeit with major technical limitations. We used combinations of transgenic reporter systems, recombinase activated viral vectors, quantitative translatome analysis, and high sensitivity in situ hybridization to identify D2 receptor expressing cells and establish a map of their respective projections. Our results identified previously uncharacterized clusters of D2 expressing neurons in limbic and sensory regions of the adult mouse brain cortex. Characterization of these clusters by translatome analysis and cell type specific labeling revealed highly heterogeneous expression of D2 receptors in principal neurons and various populations of interneurons across cortical areas. Transcript enrichment analysis also demonstrated variable levels of D2 receptor expression and several orphan G-protein-coupled receptors coexpression in different neuronal clusters, thus suggesting strategies for genetic and therapeutic targeting of D2 expressing neurons in specific cortical areas. These results pave the way for a thorough re-examination of cortical D2 receptor functions, which could provide information about neuronal circuits involved in psychotic and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivan Khlghatyan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec-City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clémentine Quintana
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec-City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec-City, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Huang S, Kirkwood A. Endocannabinoid Signaling Contributes to Experience-Induced Increase of Synaptic Release Sites From Parvalbumin Interneurons in Mouse Visual Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:571133. [PMID: 33192316 PMCID: PMC7556304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.571133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development of the visual cortex between eye-opening to puberty, visual experience promotes a gradual increase in the strength of inhibitory synaptic connections from parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) onto layer 2/3 pyramidal cells. However, the detailed connectivity properties and molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental changes are not well understood. Using dual-patch clamp in brain slices from G42 mice, we revealed that both connection probability and the number of synaptic release sites contributed to the enhancement of synaptic strength. The increase of release site number was hindered by dark rearing from eye-opening and rescued by 3-days re-exposure to the normal visual environment. The effect of light re-exposure on restoring synaptic release sites in dark reared mice was mimicked by the agonist of cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors and blocked by an antagonist of these receptors, suggesting a role for endocannabinoid signaling in light-induced maturation of inhibitory connectivity from PV-INs to pyramidal cells during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Huang
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- The Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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11
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Fitzgerald ML, Mackie K, Pickel VM. Ultrastructural localization of cannabinoid CB1 and mGluR5 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2730-2741. [PMID: 31008528 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 triggers retrograde signaling of endocannabinoids that activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors on juxtaposing axon terminals. To better understand the synaptic structure that supports mGluR5 mediation of CB1 activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), we examined electron microscopic dual immunolabeling of these receptors in the prelimbic PFC (prPFC) and BLA of adult male rats. CB1 immunoreactivity was detected in axon terminals that were typically large, complex, and contained dense-core and clear synaptic vesicles. Of terminals forming discernible synaptic specializations, 95% were symmetric inhibitory-type in the prPFC and 90% were inhibitory in the BLA. CB1-immunoreactive terminals frequently contacted dendrites containing mGluR5 adjacent to unlabeled terminals forming excitatory-type synapses. Because most CB1-containing terminals form inhibitory-type synapses, the unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses are the likely source of the mGluR5 ligand glutamate. In the prPFC, serial section analysis revealed that GABAergic CB1-containing axon terminals targeted dendrites adjacent to glutamatergic axon terminals, often near dendritic bifurcations. These observations provide ultrastructural evidence that cortical CB1 receptors are strategically positioned for integration of synaptic signaling in response to stimulation of postsynaptic mGluR5 receptors and facilitation of heterosynaptic communication between multiple neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Fitzgerald
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, New York
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12
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Cai M, Yang Q, Li G, Sun S, Chen Y, Tian L, Dong H. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in protection against mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischaemic tolerance induced by isoflurane preconditioning. Br J Anaesth 2019; 119:1213-1223. [PMID: 29045576 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isoflurane preconditioning (IPC) induces cerebral ischaemic tolerance, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine changes in mitochondrial function in the brain after IPC, and whether the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) could be involved in the mechanism of mitochondrial protection mediated by IPC. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with isoflurane 2% for 1 h day -1 , for 5 days consecutively, and then subjected to 120 min right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cannabinoid receptor 1 expression in the cellular and mitochondrial membrane was measured. The CB1R agonist HU-210 was administered alone, or the antagonists AM251 and SR141716A were given to the animals before each preconditioning. Neurological scores, infarct volume, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function were examined after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results Expression of CB1R on cellular and mitochondrial membranes was increased 6 h after preconditioning. Both IPC and HU-210 administration before middle cerebral artery occlusion improved neurological outcomes and reduced infarct volume. Isoflurane preconditioning increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X L and reduced apoptosis in neurones. Isoflurane preconditioning and HU-210 also markedly preserved the activity of respiratory chain complexes, reduced mitochondrial radical generation, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists abolished the improvement in mitochondrial function and the neuroprotective effects induced by IPC. Conclusions Our results indicate that IPC elicits brain ischaemic tolerance and mitochondrial protection by activating the CB1R, which provides a new mechanism for IPC-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cai
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Q Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - G Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - S Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - L Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | - H Dong
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
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13
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Santiago AN, Lim KY, Opendak M, Sullivan RM, Aoki C. Early life trauma increases threat response of peri-weaning rats, reduction of axo-somatic synapses formed by parvalbumin cells and perineuronal net in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2647-2664. [PMID: 30136731 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Early life trauma is a risk factor for life-long disorders related to emotional processing, but knowledge underlying its enduring effect is incomplete. This study was motivated by the hypothesis that early life trauma increases amygdala-dependent threat responses via reduction in inhibition by parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNN) supporting PV cells, thus increasing excitability of the basolateral amygdala (BLA). From postnatal day (PN) 8-12, rat pups of both sexes were reared under normal bedding or under insufficient nest-building materials to induce maternal-to-infant maltreatment trauma (Scarcity-Adversity Model, SAM). At weaning age of PN23, the SAM group exhibited increased threat responses to predator odor. The SAM-induced increase in threat response was recapitulated in normally reared PN22-23 rats that were unilaterally depleted of PNN in the BLA by the enzymes, chondroitinase-ABC plus hyaluronidase at PN19-20. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the BLA revealed that anterior-to-mid levels of SAM group's BLAs exhibited decreased PNN intensity and decreased axo-somatic synapses between PV-to-principal pyramidal-like neurons and PV-to-PV. PV and PNN densities (cells/mm2 ) in the BLA of both control (CON) and SAM groups were still low at PN12 and SAM delayed the ontogenetic rise of PV intensity and PNN density. Moreover, PV cell density in the anterior-to-mid BLA correlated negatively with threat response of CON animals, but not for SAM animals. Thus, reduction of PNN-supported, PV-mediated somatic inhibition of pyramidal cells provides a mechanistic support for the enduring effect of early life maltreatment manifested as increasing innate threat response at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne N Santiago
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.,Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kayla Y Lim
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Maya Opendak
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chiye Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
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14
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Gorzkiewicz A, Szemraj J. Brain endocannabinoid signaling exhibits remarkable complexity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:33-46. [PMID: 29953913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is one of the most extensive of the mammalian brain. Despite the involvement of only few specific ligands and receptors, the system encompasses a vast diversity of triggered mechanisms and driven effects. It mediates a wide range of phenomena, including the regulation of transmitter release, neural excitability, synaptic plasticity, impulse spread, long-term neuronal potentiation, neurogenesis, cell death, lineage segregation, cell migration, inflammation, oxidative stress, nociception and the sleep cycle. It is also known to be involved in the processes of learning and memory formation. This extensive scope of action is attained by combining numerous variables. In a properly functioning brain, the correlations of these variables are kept in a strictly controlled balance; however, this balance is disrupted in many pathological conditions. However, while this balance is known to be disrupted by drugs in the case of addicts, the stimuli and mechanisms influencing the neurodegenerating brain remain elusive. This review examines the multiple factors and phenomena affecting the eCB signaling system in the brain. It evaluates techniques of controlling the eCB system to identify the obstacles in their applications and highlights the crucial interdependent variables that may influence biomedical research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorzkiewicz
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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15
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Pharmacological modulation of AMPA receptor phosphorylation by dopamine and muscarinic receptor agents in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 820:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Glausier JR, Roberts RC, Lewis DA. Ultrastructural analysis of parvalbumin synapses in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2075-2089. [PMID: 28074478 PMCID: PMC5397325 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated activity of neural circuitry in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) supports a range of cognitive functions. Altered DLPFC activation is implicated in a number of human psychiatric and neurological illnesses. Proper DLPFC activity is, in part, maintained by two populations of neurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV): local inhibitory interneurons that form Type II synapses, and long-range glutamatergic inputs from the thalamus that form Type I synapses. Understanding the contributions of each PV neuronal population to human DLPFC function requires a detailed examination of their anatomical properties. Consequently, we performed an electron microscopic analysis of (1) the distribution of PV immunoreactivity within the neuropil, (2) the properties of dendritic shafts of PV-IR interneurons, (3) Type II PV-IR synapses from PV interneurons, and (4) Type I PV-IR synapses from long-range projections, within the superficial and middle laminar zones of the human DLPFC. In both laminar zones, Type II PV-IR synapses from interneurons comprised ∼60% of all PV-IR synapses, and Type I PV-IR synapses from putative thalamocortical terminals comprised the remaining ∼40% of PV-IR synapses. Thus, the present study suggests that innervation from PV-containing thalamic nuclei extends across superficial and middle layers of the human DLPFC. These findings contrast with previous ultrastructural studies in monkey DLPFC where Type I PV-IR synapses were not identified in the superficial laminar zone. The presumptive added modulation of DLPFC circuitry by the thalamus in human may contribute to species-specific, higher-order functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. Glausier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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17
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Inan M, Zhao M, Manuszak M, Karakaya C, Rajadhyaksha AM, Pickel VM, Schwartz TH, Goldstein PA, Manfredi G. Energy deficit in parvalbumin neurons leads to circuit dysfunction, impaired sensory gating and social disability. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:35-46. [PMID: 27105708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing, fast spiking interneurons have high-energy demands, which make them particularly susceptible to energy impairment. Recent evidence suggests a link between mitochondrial dysfunction in fast spiking cortical interneurons and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction restricted to parvalbumin interneurons has not been directly addressed in vivo. To investigate the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in parvalbumin interneurons in vivo, we generated conditional knockout mice with a progressive decline in oxidative phosphorylation by deleting cox10 gene selectively in parvalbumin neurons (PV-Cox10 CKO). Cox10 ablation results in defective assembly of cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the electron transfer chain, and leads to mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction. PV-Cox10 CKO mice showed a progressive loss of cytochrome oxidase in cortical parvalbumin interneurons. Cytochrome oxidase protein levels were significantly reduced starting at postnatal day 60, and this was not associated with a change in parvalbumin interneuron density. Analyses of intrinsic electrophysiological properties in layer 5 primary somatosensory cortex revealed that parvalbumin interneurons could not sustain their typical high frequency firing, and their overall excitability was enhanced. An increase in both excitatory and inhibitory input onto parvalbumin interneurons was observed in PV-Cox10 CKO mice, resulting in a disinhibited network with an imbalance of excitation/inhibition. Investigation of network oscillations in PV-Cox10 CKO mice, using local field potential recordings in anesthetized mice, revealed significantly increased gamma and theta frequency oscillation power in both medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. PV-Cox10 CKO mice did not exhibit muscle strength or gross motor activity deficits in the time frame of the experiments, but displayed impaired sensory gating and sociability. Taken together, these data reveal that mitochondrial dysfunction in parvalbumin interneurons can alter their intrinsic physiology and network connectivity, resulting in behavioral alterations similar to those observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Inan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Monica Manuszak
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cansu Karakaya
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A Goldstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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18
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Yan R, Fan Q, Zhou J, Vassar R. Inhibiting BACE1 to reverse synaptic dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:326-40. [PMID: 27044452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many studies have identified significant contributions of toxic β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. AD is also recognized as a disease of synaptic failure. Aβ, generated by sequential proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by BACE1 and γ-secretase, is one of major culprits that cause this failure. In this review, we summarize current findings on how BACE1-cleaved APP products impact learning and memory through proteins localized on glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic synapses. Considering the broad effects of Aβ on all three types of synapses, BACE1 inhibition emerges as a practical approach for ameliorating Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Since BACE1 inhibitory drugs are currently in clinical trials, this review also discusses potential complications arising from BACE1 inhibition. We emphasize that the benefits of BACE1 inhibitory drugs will outweigh the concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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19
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Ren L, Wang Z, An L, Zhang Z, Tan K, Miao K, Tao L, Cheng L, Zhang Z, Yang M, Wu Z, Tian J. Dynamic comparisons of high-resolution expression profiles highlighting mitochondria-related genes between in vivo and in vitro fertilized early mouse embryos. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2892-911. [PMID: 26385791 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does in vitro fertilization (IVF) induce comprehensive and consistent changes in gene expression associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and function in mouse embryos from the pre- to post-implantation stage? SUMMARY ANSWER IVF-induced consistent mitochondrial dysfunction in early mouse embryos by altering the expression of a number of mitochondria-related genes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Although IVF is generally safe and successful for the treatment of human infertility, there is increasing evidence that those conceived by IVF suffer increased health risks. The mitochondrion is a multifunctional organelle that plays a crucial role in early development. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with increased IVF-induced embryonic defects and risks in offspring. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION After either IVF and development (IVO groups as control) or IVF and culture (IVF groups), blastocysts were collected and transferred to pseudo-pregnant recipient mice. Both IVO and IVF embryos were sampled at E3.5, E7.5 and E10.5, and the expression profiles of mitochondria-related genes from the pre- to post-implantation stage were compared. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS ICR mice (5- to 6-week-old males and 8- to 9-week-old females) were used to generate IVO and IVF blastocysts. Embryo day (E) 3.5 blastocysts were transferred to pseudo-pregnant recipient mice. Both IVO and IVF embryos were sampled at E3.5, E7.5 and E10.5 for generating transcriptome data. Mitochondria-related genes were filtered for dynamic functional profiling. Mitochondrial dysfunctions indicated by bioinformatic analysis were further validated using cytological and molecular detection, morphometric and phenotypic analysis and integrated analysis with other high-throughput data. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 806, 795 and 753 mitochondria-related genes were significantly (P < 0.05) dysregulated in IVF embryos at E3.5, E7.5 and E10.5, respectively. Dynamic functional profiling, together with cytological and molecular investigations, indicated that IVF-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions mainly included: (i) inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis and impaired maintenance of DNA methylation of mitochondria-related genes during the post-implantation stage; (ii) dysregulated glutathione/glutathione peroxidase (GSH/Gpx) system and increased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis; (iii) disturbed mitochondrial β-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism; and (iv) disrupted mitochondrial transmembrane transport and membrane organization. We also demonstrated that some mitochondrial dysfunctions in IVF embryos, including impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, dysregulated GSH homeostasis and reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis, can be rescued by treatment with melatonin, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, during in vitro culture. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Findings in mouse embryos and fetuses may not be fully transferable to humans. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine their clinical significance better. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The present study provides a new insight in understanding the mechanism of IVF-induced aberrations during embryonic development and the increased health risks in the offspring. In addition, we highlighted the possibility of improving existing IVF systems by modulating mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Ren
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuqing Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei An
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Tan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Tao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linghua Cheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenni Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhonghong Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhui Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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20
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Kann O. The interneuron energy hypothesis: Implications for brain disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 90:75-85. [PMID: 26284893 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking, inhibitory interneurons - prototype is the parvalbumin-positive (PV+) basket cell - generate action potentials at high frequency and synchronize the activity of numerous excitatory principal neurons, such as pyramidal cells, during fast network oscillations by rhythmic inhibition. For this purpose, fast-spiking, PV+ interneurons have unique electrophysiological characteristics regarding action potential kinetics and ion conductances, which are associated with high energy expenditure. This is reflected in the neural ultrastructure by enrichment with mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase, indicating the dependence on oxidative phosphorylation for adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) generation. The high energy expenditure is most likely required for membrane ion transport in dendrites and the extensive axon arbor as well as for presynaptic release of neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Fast-spiking, PV+ interneurons are central for the emergence of gamma oscillations (30-100Hz) that provide a fundamental mechanism of complex information processing during sensory perception, motor behavior and memory formation in networks of the hippocampus and the neocortex. Conversely, shortage in glucose and oxygen supply (metabolic stress) and/or excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (oxidative stress) may render these interneurons to be a vulnerable target. Dysfunction in fast-spiking, PV+ interneurons might set a low threshold for impairment of fast network oscillations and thus higher brain functions. This pathophysiological mechanism might be highly relevant for cerebral aging as well as various acute and chronic brain diseases, such as stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Graham DL, Durai HH, Garden JD, Cohen EL, Echevarria FD, Stanwood GD. Loss of dopamine D2 receptors increases parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:297-305. [PMID: 25393953 PMCID: PMC4372074 DOI: 10.1021/cn500235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Disruption
to dopamine homeostasis during brain development has been implicated
in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and
schizophrenia. Inappropriate expression or activity of GABAergic interneurons
are common features of many of these disorders. We discovered a persistent
upregulation of GAD67+ and parvalbumin+ neurons within the anterior
cingulate cortex of dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice, while other
GABAergic interneuron markers were unaffected. Interneuron distribution
and number were not altered in the striatum or in the dopamine-poor
somatosensory cortex. The changes were already present by postnatal
day 14, indicating a developmental etiology. D2eGFP BAC transgenic
mice demonstrated the presence of D2 receptor expression within a
subset of parvalbumin-expressing cortical interneurons, suggesting
the possibility of a direct cellular mechanism through which D2 receptor
stimulation regulates interneuron differentiation or survival. D2
receptor knockout mice also exhibited decreased depressive-like behavior
compared with wild-type controls in the tail suspension test. These
data indicate that dopamine signaling modulates interneuron number
and emotional behavior and that developmental D2 receptor loss or
blockade could reveal a potential mechanism for the prodromal basis
of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L. Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Heather H. Durai
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jamie D. Garden
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Evan L. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Franklin D. Echevarria
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Vanderbilt Brain Institute, §Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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22
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Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system have been studied extensively using transgenic and targeted knockout mouse models. The first gene deletions of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor were described in the late 1990s, soon followed by CB(2) and FAAH mutations in early 2000. These mouse models helped to elucidate the fundamental role of endocannabinoids as retrograde transmitters in the CNS and in the discovery of many unexpected endocannabinoid functions, for example, in the skin, bone and liver. We now have knockout mouse models for almost every receptor and enzyme of the endocannabinoid system. Conditional mutant mice were mostly developed for the CB(1) receptor, which is widely expressed on many different neurons, astrocytes and microglia, as well as on many cells outside the CNS. These mouse strains include "floxed" CB(1) alleles and mice with a conditional re-expression of CB(1). The availability of these mice made it possible to decipher the function of CB(1) in specific neuronal circuits and cell populations or to discriminate between central and peripheral effects. Many of the genetic mouse models were also used in combination with viral expression systems. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing genetic models and to summarize some of the most important discoveries that were made with these animals.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Endocannabinoids/genetics
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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23
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Highly energized inhibitory interneurons are a central element for information processing in cortical networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1270-82. [PMID: 24896567 PMCID: PMC4126088 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gamma oscillations (∼30 to 100 Hz) provide a fundamental mechanism of information processing during sensory perception, motor behavior, and memory formation by coordination of neuronal activity in networks of the hippocampus and neocortex. We review the cellular mechanisms of gamma oscillations about the underlying neuroenergetics, i.e., high oxygen consumption rate and exquisite sensitivity to metabolic stress during hypoxia or poisoning of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Gamma oscillations emerge from the precise synaptic interactions of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. In particular, specialized interneurons such as parvalbumin-positive basket cells generate action potentials at high frequency ('fast-spiking') and synchronize the activity of numerous pyramidal cells by rhythmic inhibition ('clockwork'). As prerequisites, fast-spiking interneurons have unique electrophysiological properties and particularly high energy utilization, which is reflected in the ultrastructure by enrichment with mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase, most likely needed for extensive membrane ion transport and γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism. This supports the hypothesis that highly energized fast-spiking interneurons are a central element for cortical information processing and may be critical for cognitive decline when energy supply becomes limited ('interneuron energy hypothesis'). As a clinical perspective, we discuss the functional consequences of metabolic and oxidative stress in fast-spiking interneurons in aging, ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia.
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Khan SS, Lee FJS. Delineation of Domains Within the Cannabinoid CB1 and Dopamine D2 Receptors That Mediate the Formation of the Heterodimer Complex. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:10-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gan JO, Bowline E, Lourenco FS, Pickel VM. Adolescent social isolation enhances the plasmalemmal density of NMDA NR1 subunits in dendritic spines of principal neurons in the basolateral amygdala of adult mice. Neuroscience 2013; 258:174-83. [PMID: 24231734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation during the vulnerable period of adolescence produces emotional dysregulation manifested by abnormalities in adult behaviors that require emotional processing. The affected brain regions may include the basolateral amygdala (BLA), where plasticity of glutamatergic synapses in principal neurons plays a role in conditioned emotional responses. This plasticity is dependent on NMDA receptor trafficking denoted by intracellular mobilization of the obligatory NR1 NMDA subunit. We tested the hypothesis that the psychosocial stress of adolescent social isolation (ASI) produces a lasting change in NMDA receptor distribution in principal neurons in the BLA of adults that express maladaptive emotional responses to sensory cues. For this, we used behavioral testing and dual electron microscopic immunolabeling of NR1 and calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a protein predominantly expressed in principal neurons of the BLA in adult C57Bl/6 mice housed in isolation or in social groups from post-weaning day 22 until adulthood (∼3 months of age). The isolates showed persistent deficits in sensorimotor gating evidenced by altered prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle and hyperlocomotor activity in a novel environment. Immunogold-silver labeling for NR1 alone or together with CaMKII was seen in many somatodendritic profiles in the BLA of all mice irrespective of rearing conditions. However, isolates compared with group-reared mice had a significantly lower cytoplasmic (4.72 ± 0.517 vs 6.31 ± 0.517) and higher plasmalemmal (0.397 ± 0.0779 vs 0.216 ± 0.026) density of NR1 immunogold particles in CaMKII-containing dendritic spines. There was no rearing-dependent difference in the size or number of these spines or those of other dendritic profiles within the neuropil, which also failed to show an impact of ASI on NR1 immunogold labeling. These results provide the first evidence that ASI enhances the surface trafficking of NMDA receptors in dendritic spines of principal neurons in the BLA of adult mice showing maladaptive behaviors that are consistent with emotional dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Gan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - E Bowline
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - F S Lourenco
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - V M Pickel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Laprairie RB, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Cannabinoids increase type 1 cannabinoid receptor expression in a cell culture model of striatal neurons: implications for Huntington's disease. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:47-57. [PMID: 23602984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in the striatum. Activation of CB1 increases expression of neuronal trophic factors and inhibits neurotransmitter release from GABA-ergic striatal neurons. CB1 mRNA levels can be elevated by treatment with cannabinoids in non-neuronal cells. We wanted to determine whether cannabinoid treatment could induce CB1 expression in a cell culture model of striatal neurons and, if possible, determine the molecular mechanism by which this occurred. We found that treatment of STHdh(7/7) cells with the cannabinoids ACEA, mAEA, and AEA produced a CB1receptor-dependent increase in CB1 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein expression. This response was Akt- and NF-κB-dependent. Because decreased CB1 expression is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD), we wanted to determine whether cannabinoids could increase CB1 expression in STHdh(7/111) and (111/111) cells expressing the mutant huntingtin protein. We observed that cannabinoid treatment increased CB1 mRNA levels approximately 10-fold in STHdh(7/111) and (111/111) cells, compared to vehicle treatment. Importantly, cannabinoid treatment improved ATP production, increased the expression of the trophic factor BDNF-2, and the mitochondrial regulator PGC1α, and reduced spontaneous GABA release, in HD cells. Therefore, cannabinoid-mediated increases in CB1 levels could reduce the severity of some molecular pathologies observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Rm 6E Sir Charles Tupper Medical Bldg, Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2.
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Seshadri S, Zeledon M, Sawa A. Synapse-specific contributions in the cortical pathology of schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 53:26-35. [PMID: 23336981 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is often described as a disease of neuronal connectivity. Cognitive processes such as working memory, which are particularly dependent on the proper functioning of complex cortical circuitry, are disturbed in the disease. Reciprocal connections between pyramidal neurons and interneurons, as well as dopaminergic innervations, form the basis for higher cognition in the cortex. Nonetheless, only a few review articles are available which address how each synapse operates, and is possibly disturbed in SZ, at least in part by the mechanisms involving genetic susceptibility factors for SZ. In this review, we provide an overview of cortical glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic circuitry, review SZ-associated deficits at each of these synapses, and discuss how genetic factors for SZ may contribute to SZ-related phenotype deficits in a synapse-specific manner. Pinpointing the spatially and temporally distinct sites of action of putative SZ susceptibility factors may help us better understand the pathological mechanisms of SZ, especially those associated with synaptic functioning and neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Seshadri
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Fitzgerald ML, Mackie K, Pickel VM. The impact of adolescent social isolation on dopamine D2 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the adult rat prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2013; 235:40-50. [PMID: 23333674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent experiences of social deprivation result in profound and enduring perturbations in adult behavior, including impaired sensorimotor gating. The behavioral deficits induced by adolescent social isolation in rats can be ameliorated by antipsychotic drugs blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or by chronic administration of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist. The patterning and abundance of D2 receptors in the PFC evolves concurrently with CB1 receptors through the period of adolescence. This evidence suggests that mature expression and/or surface distribution of D2 and CB1 receptors may be influenced by the adolescent social environment. We tested this hypothesis using electron microscopic immunolabeling to compare the distribution of CB1 and D2 receptors in the PFC of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats that were isolated or socially reared throughout the adolescent transition period. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle was assessed as a measure of sensorimotor gating. Social isolation reduced PPI and selectively decreased dendritic D2 immunogold labeling in the PFC. However, the decrease was only evident in dendrites that were not contacted by axon terminals containing CB1. There was no apparent change in the expression of CB1 or D2 receptors in presynaptic terminals. The D2 deficit therefore may be tempered by local CB1-mediated retrograde signaling. This suggests a biological mechanism whereby the adolescent social environment can persistently influence cortical dopaminergic activity and resultant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Laprairie RB, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. The dynamic nature of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB(1) ) gene transcription. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:1583-95. [PMID: 22924606 PMCID: PMC3525862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB(1) ) is an integral component of the endocannabinoid system that modulates several functions in the CNS and periphery. The majority of our knowledge of the endocannabinoid system involves ligand-receptor binding, mechanisms of signal transduction, and protein-protein interactions. In contrast, comparatively little is known about regulation of CB(1) gene expression. The levels and anatomical distribution of CB(1) mRNA and protein are developmental stage-specific and are dysregulated in several pathological conditions. Moreover, exposure to a variety of drugs, including cannabinoids themselves, alters CB(1) gene expression and mRNA levels. As such, alterations in CB(1) gene expression are likely to affect the optimal response to cannabinoid-based therapies, which are being developed to treat a growing number of conditions. Here, we will examine the regulation of CB(1) mRNA levels and the therapeutic potential inherent in manipulating expression of this gene. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Lee TTY, Hill MN. Age of stress exposure modulates the immediate and sustained effects of repeated stress on corticolimbic cannabinoid CB₁ receptor binding in male rats. Neuroscience 2012. [PMID: 23200786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is known to modulate cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding densities in corticolimbic structures, in a region-dependent manner; however, the ontogeny of these changes and the degree to which they recover following exposure to stress have yet to be determined. To this extent, we examined both the immediate and sustained effects (following a 40-day recovery period) of a repeated restraint stress paradigm (30-min restraint/day for 10 days) on CB1 receptor binding in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and amygdala in both adolescent (stress onset at post-natal day [PND] 35) and adult (stress onset at PND 75) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Consistent with previous reports, we found that repeated stress in adult rats resulted in an increase in CB1 receptor binding in the PFC, a reduction in CB1 receptor binding in the hippocampus and no effect in the amygdala. Interestingly, adolescent rats exposed to repeated restraint stress did not show any change in hippocampal CB1 receptor density, but exhibited an upregulation of CB1 receptor binding in both the PFC and amygdala. In adults, a 40-day recovery period resulted in a normalization of CB1 receptor binding in the PFC, and surprisingly a pronounced upregulation of CB1 receptor binding in the hippocampus, possibly indicative of a rebound effect. Adolescents similarly exhibited this rebound increase in hippocampal CB1 receptor binding, despite a lack in immediate downregulation following repeated restraint. Of particular interest, adolescents exposed to stress were found to have a sustained downregulation of prefrontocortical CB1 receptors in adulthood, which may relate to some of the reported sustained behavioral effects of stress in adolescence. Collectively, these data indicate that the effects of chronic stress on cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding are modulated by the age of stress exposure and period of recovery following the cessation of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Y Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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