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Wang G, Zhang Z, Li J, Han J, Lu C. The PTB and PRR domains of numb regulate neurite outgrowth by influencing voltage-gated calcium channel expression and kinetics. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110876. [PMID: 38215950 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Numb is an evolutionarily conserved protein that regulates the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells through unknown mechanisms. Numb has four alternative splice variants with different lengths of phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) and proline-rich regions (PRR) domains. In this study, we demonstrated that Numb expression was increased in the primary cultures of rat cortical and hippocampal neurons over time in vitro, and Numb antisense inhibited neurite outgrowth. We verified that cells overexpressing short PTB (SPTB) or long PTB (LPTB) domains exhibited differentiation or proliferation, respectively. SPTB-mediated differentiation was related to the PRR domains, as cells expressing SPTB/LPRR had longer dendrites and more branched dendrites than cells expressing SPTB/SPRR. The differentiation of both cell types was completely blocked by the Ca2+ chelator. Western blot analysis revealed the increased total protein expression of voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) subunit α1C and α1D in cells expressing SPTB and LPTB Numb. The increased expression of the VGCC β3 subunit was only observed in cells expressing SPTB Numb. Immunocytochemistry further showed that SPTB-mediated cell differentiation was associated with increased membrane expression of VGCC subunits α1C, α1D and β3, which corresponded to the higher Ca2+ current (ICa) densities. Furthermore, we found that VGCC of cells transfected with SPTB/SPRR or SPTB/LPRR Numb isoforms exhibit steady-state inactivation (SSI) in both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes. A similar SSI of VGCC was observed in the differentiated cells transfected with SPTB/SPRR or SPTB/LPRR Numb isoforms, whereas a left shift SSI of VGCC in cells expressing SPTB/LPRR was detected in the undifferentiated cells. Collectively, these data indicate that SPTB domain is essential for neurite outgrowth involving in membrane expression of VGCC subunits, and LPRR plays a role in neuronal branching and the regulation of VGCC inactivation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- International-Joint Lab for Non-Invasive Neural Modulation of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- International-Joint Lab for Non-Invasive Neural Modulation of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Junmei Li
- International-Joint Lab for Non-Invasive Neural Modulation of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jinhong Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- International-Joint Lab for Non-Invasive Neural Modulation of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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Castro PA, Pinto-Borguero I, Yévenes GE, Moraga-Cid G, Fuentealba J. Antiseizure medication in early nervous system development. Ion channels and synaptic proteins as principal targets. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948412. [PMID: 36313347 PMCID: PMC9614143 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The main strategy for the treatment of epilepsy is the use of pharmacological agents known as antiseizure medication (ASM). These drugs control the seizure onset and improves the life expectancy and quality of life of patients. Several ASMs are contraindicated during pregnancy, due to a potential teratogen risk. For this reason, the pharmacological treatments of the pregnant Women with Epilepsy (WWE) need comprehensive analyses to reduce fetal risk during the first trimester of pregnancy. The mechanisms by which ASM are teratogens are still under study and scientists in the field, propose different hypotheses. One of them, which will be addressed in this review, corresponds to the potential alteration of ASM on ion channels and proteins involved in relevant signaling and cellular responses (i.e., migration, differentiation) during embryonic development. The actual information related to the action of ASM and its possible targets it is poorly understood. In this review, we will focus on describing the eventual presence of some ion channels and synaptic proteins of the neurotransmitter signaling pathways present during early neural development, which could potentially interacting as targets of ASM. This information leads to elucidate whether these drugs would have the ability to affect critical signaling during periods of neural development that in turn could explain the fetal malformations observed by the use of ASM during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A. Castro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Patricio A. Castro,
| | - Ingrid Pinto-Borguero
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Paudel S, Sindelar R, Saha M. Calcium Signaling in Vertebrate Development and Its Role in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3390. [PMID: 30380695 PMCID: PMC6274931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence over the past three decades suggests that altered calcium signaling during development may be a major driving force for adult pathophysiological events. Well over a hundred human genes encode proteins that are specifically dedicated to calcium homeostasis and calcium signaling, and the majority of these are expressed during embryonic development. Recent advances in molecular techniques have identified impaired calcium signaling during development due to either mutations or dysregulation of these proteins. This impaired signaling has been implicated in various human diseases ranging from cardiac malformations to epilepsy. Although the molecular basis of these and other diseases have been well studied in adult systems, the potential developmental origins of such diseases are less well characterized. In this review, we will discuss the recent evidence that examines different patterns of calcium activity during early development, as well as potential medical conditions associated with its dysregulation. Studies performed using various model organisms, including zebrafish, Xenopus, and mouse, have underscored the critical role of calcium activity in infertility, abortive pregnancy, developmental defects, and a range of diseases which manifest later in life. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which calcium regulates these diverse developmental processes remains a challenge; however, this knowledge will potentially enable calcium signaling to be used as a therapeutic target in regenerative and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Paudel
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
| | - Regan Sindelar
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
| | - Margaret Saha
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
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HIV-1 TAT protein enhances sensitization to methamphetamine by affecting dopaminergic function. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:210-221. [PMID: 28495611 PMCID: PMC5537017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse is common among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-1 regulatory protein TAT induces dysfunction of mesolimbic dopaminergic systems which may result in impaired reward processes and contribute to methamphetamine abuse. These studies investigated the impact of TAT expression on methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization, underlying changes in dopamine function and adenosine receptors in mesolimbic brain areas and neuroinflammation (microgliosis). Transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced TAT protein expression in the brain were tested for locomotor activity in response to repeated methamphetamine injections and methamphetamine challenge after a 7-day abstinence period. Dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Expression of dopamine and/or adenosine A receptors (ADORA) in the Acb and caudate putamen (CPu) was assessed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses. Microarrays with pathway analyses assessed dopamine and adenosine signaling in the CPu. Activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching of a reserve pool of non-dopaminergic neurons to a dopaminergic phenotype in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was determined by immunohistochemistry and quantified with stereology. TAT expression enhanced methamphetamine-induced sensitization. TAT expression alone decreased striatal dopamine (D1, D2, D4, D5) and ADORA1A receptor expression, while increasing ADORA2A receptors expression. Moreover, TAT expression combined with methamphetamine exposure was associated with increased adenosine A receptors (ADORA1A) expression and increased recruitment of dopamine neurons in the VTA. TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure induced microglia activation with the largest effect after combined exposure. Our findings suggest that dopamine-adenosine receptor interactions and reserve pool neuronal recruitment may represent potential targets to develop new treatments for methamphetamine abuse in individuals with HIV.
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Heyes S, Pratt WS, Rees E, Dahimene S, Ferron L, Owen MJ, Dolphin AC. Genetic disruption of voltage-gated calcium channels in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:36-54. [PMID: 26386135 PMCID: PMC4658333 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channel classification—genes and proteins. Genetic analysis of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Calcium channel genes identified from GWA studies of psychiatric disorders. Rare mutations in calcium channel genes in psychiatric disorders. Pathophysiological sequelae of CACNA1C mutations and polymorphisms. Monogenic disorders resulting from harmful mutations in other voltage-gated calcium channel genes. Changes in calcium channel gene expression in disease. Involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels in early brain development.
This review summarises genetic studies in which calcium channel genes have been connected to the spectrum of neuropsychiatric syndromes, from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia to autism spectrum disorders and intellectual impairment. Among many other genes, striking numbers of the calcium channel gene superfamily have been implicated in the aetiology of these diseases by various DNA analysis techniques. We will discuss how these relate to the known monogenic disorders associated with point mutations in calcium channels. We will then examine the functional evidence for a causative link between these mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms and the disease processes. A major challenge for the future will be to translate the expanding psychiatric genetic findings into altered physiological function, involvement in the wider pathology of the diseases, and what potential that provides for personalised and stratified treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Heyes
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wendy S Pratt
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elliott Rees
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Shehrazade Dahimene
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laurent Ferron
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Annette C Dolphin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Among the many forms of brain plasticity, changes in synaptic strength and changes in synapse number are particularly prominent. However, evidence for neurotransmitter respecification or switching has been accumulating steadily, both in the developing nervous system and in the adult brain, with observations of transmitter addition, loss, or replacement of one transmitter with another. Natural stimuli can drive these changes in transmitter identity, with matching changes in postsynaptic transmitter receptors. Strikingly, they often convert the synapse from excitatory to inhibitory or vice versa, providing a basis for changes in behavior in those cases in which it has been examined. Progress has been made in identifying the factors that induce transmitter switching and in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved. There are many intriguing questions to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences & Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Methylmercury exposure during early Xenopus laevis development affects cell proliferation and death but not neural progenitor specification. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:102-13. [PMID: 25496965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a widespread environmental toxin that preferentially and adversely affects developing organisms. To investigate the impact of MeHg toxicity on the formation of the vertebrate nervous system at physiologically relevant concentrations, we designed a graded phenotype scale for evaluating Xenopus laevis embryos exposed to MeHg in solution. Embryos displayed a range of abnormalities in response to MeHg, particularly in brain development, which is influenced by both MeHg concentration and the number of embryos per ml of exposure solution. A TC50 of ~50μg/l and LC50 of ~100μg/l were found when maintaining embryos at a density of one per ml, and both increased with increasing embryo density. In situ hybridization and microarray analysis showed no significant change in expression of early neural patterning genes including sox2, en2, or delta; however a noticeable decrease was observed in the terminal neural differentiation genes GAD and xGAT, but not xVGlut. PCNA, a marker for proliferating cells, was negatively correlated with MeHg dose, with a significant reduction in cell number in the forebrain and spinal cord of exposed embryos by tadpole stages. Conversely, the number of apoptotic cells in neural regions detected by a TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay was significantly increased. These results provide evidence that disruption of embryonic neural development by MeHg may not be directly due to a loss of neural progenitor specification and gene transcription, but to a more general decrease in cell proliferation and increase in cell death throughout the developing nervous system.
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Estes S, Zhong LR, Artinian L, Tornieri K, Rehder V. The role of action potentials in determining neuron-type-specific responses to nitric oxide. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:435-51. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Estes
- Department of Biology; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
| | - Lei Ray Zhong
- Department of Biology; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
| | - Liana Artinian
- Department of Biology; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
| | - Karine Tornieri
- Department of Biology; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
| | - Vincent Rehder
- Department of Biology; Georgia State University; Atlanta Georgia 30302
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