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Gongal D, Thakur S, Panse A, Stark JA, Yu CQ, Foster CD. Temperature Elevation in the Human Eye Due To Intraocular Projection Prosthesis Device. JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:064502. [PMID: 36284522 PMCID: PMC9592079 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Corneal opacity is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis can restore vision but have limitations due to the shortage of donor corneas and complications due to infection. A proposed alternative treatment using an intraocular projection prosthesis device can treat corneal disease. In this study, we perform a transient thermal analysis of the bionic eye model to determine the power the device can produce without elevating the eye tissue temperature above the 2°C limit imposed by the international standard for implantable devices. A 3D finite element model, including blood perfusion and natural convection fluid flow of the eye, was created. The device was placed 1.95 mm from the iris, which experienced less than 2°C rise in the tissue temperature at a maximum power dissipation of LED at 100 mW and microdisplay at 25 mW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Gongal
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | | | - Ashay Panse
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - John A. Stark
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Charles Q. Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Craig D. Foster
- Computational Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
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Tan J, Foster LJR, Lovicu FJ, Watson SL. Laser-Activated Corneal Adhesive: Retinal Safety in Rabbit Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:27. [PMID: 34319386 PMCID: PMC8322714 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.8.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate whether laser irradiation, used to activate an adhesive for sealing penetrating corneal incisions, causes any ophthalmoscopically or histologically visible retinal changes. Methods Baseline fundus assessment was conducted prior to laser irradiation of eyes of pigmented Dutch Belted rabbits. Treatment group was 18 eyes with the corneal adhesive activated in situ by a near infrared laser (125 mW for 45 seconds). The positive control group was 18 eyes, each irradiated for 60 seconds at 375, 500, 625, and 750 mW at different retinal locations. Unexposed regions of the retina were used as negative internal control. Ophthalmoscopic assessment was conducted immediately after laser exposure and prior to euthanasia. Retinas were histologically assessed at 0, 3, 72, and 168 hours after treatment. Results No ophthalmoscopically or histologically visible retinal changes were observed in the treatment group immediately, nor up to 168 hours after laser irradiation. In the positive control group, the incidences of ophthalmoscopically visible retinal lesions increased with irradiation power: 5.6% at 375 mW, 16.7% at 500 mW, 44.4% at 625 mW, and 50% at 750 mW. Histologically, retinal damage was observed as coagulative necrosis to all layers of the neural retina, including the retinal pigment epithelium. Conclusions The laser irradiation process used in the corneal adhesive technology did not cause any ophthalmoscopically or histologically visible retinal changes in the in vivo pigmented rabbit model. Prolonged exposure with this laser and at higher power can cause coagulative necrosis to the retina. Translational Relevance The corneal adhesive can be applied in humans without causing laser retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Tan
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leslie John Ray Foster
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bio/polymers Research Group, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Frank James Lovicu
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Louise Watson
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Reid L. An Introduction to Biomedical Computational Fluid Dynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1334:205-222. [PMID: 34476751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76951-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a tool that has been used by engineers for over 50 years to analyse heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena. In recent years, there have been rapid developments in biomedical and health research applications of CFD. It has been used to evaluate drug delivery systems, analyse physiological flows (e.g. laryngeal jet flow), facilitate surgical planning (e.g. management of intracranial aneurysms), and develop medical devices (e.g. vascular stents and valve prostheses). Due to the complexity of these fluid flows, it demands an interdisciplinary approach consisting of engineers, computer scientists, and mathematicians to develop the computer programs and software used to solve the mathematical equations. Advances in technology and decreases in computational cost are allowing CFD to be more widely accessible and therefore used in more varied contexts. Cardiovascular medicine is the most common area of biomedical research in which CFD is currently being used, followed closely by upper and lower respiratory tract medicine. CFD is also being used in research investigating cerebrospinal fluid, synovial joints, and intracellular fluid. Although CFD can provide meaningful and aesthetically pleasing outputs, interpretation of the data can be challenging for those without a strong understanding of mathematical and engineering principles. Future development and evolution of computational medicine will therefore require close collaboration between experts in engineering, computer science, and biomedical research. This chapter aims to introduce computational fluid dynamics and present the reader with the basics of biological fluid properties, the CFD method, and its applications within biomedical research through published examples, in hope of bridging knowledge gaps in this rapidly emerging method of biomedical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Reid
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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Mauro A, Massarotti N, Mohamed S, Uña IR, Romano MR, Romano V. A novel patient-oriented numerical procedure for glaucoma drainage devices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e3141. [PMID: 30101520 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work analyses the performance of four glaucoma drainage devices, by means of a novel patient-oriented numerical procedure. The procedure is based on the three-dimensional geometry reconstruction from the stacks of tomographic images of a human eye, at different angles, on meshing and on thermo-fluid dynamics modelling activities, carried out on the reconstructed computational domain. The current three-dimensional eye model considers anterior chamber (AC), trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and collector channels, making use of generalised porous medium approach for modelling ocular porous tissue and cavities. The intraocular pressure (IOP) management inside AC of human eye is analysed, by comparing the results obtained for four drainage devices implanted in a human eye for glaucoma treatment, ie, ExPRESS shunt, iStent inject, SOLX gold micro shunt, and the novel silicon shunt device. The numerical results allow predicting the effects of the installation of these implants on human eyes, in terms of IOP decrease, aqueous humour velocity, pressure, friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number, pointing out the clear distinction between pre-operative and post-operative eye conditions for different glaucoma surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mauro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Salahudeen Mohamed
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez Uña
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mario R Romano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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Singh R, Rajaraman S, Balasubramanian M. A Novel Nanoparticle Mediated Selective Inner Retinal Photocoagulation for Diseases of the Inner Retina. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017; 16:542-554. [PMID: 28829313 PMCID: PMC5926191 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2017.2741490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel nanoparticle mediated methodology for laser photocoagulation of the inner retina to achieve tissue selective treatment is presented. METHODS Transport of 527, 577, and 810 nm laser, heat deposition, and eventual thermal damage in vitreous, retina, RPE, choroid, and sclera were modeled using Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law of absorption and solved numerically using the finite volume method. Nanoparticles were designed using Mie theory of scattering. Performance of the new photocoagulation strategy using gold nanospheres and gold-silica nanoshells was compared with that of conventional methods without nanoparticles. For experimental validation, vitreous cavity of ex vivo porcine eyes was infused with gold nanospheres. After ~6 h of nanoparticle diffusion, the porcine retina was irradiated with a green laser and imaged simultaneously using a spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis SD-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering). RESULTS Our computational model predicted a significant spatial shift in the peak temperature from RPE to the inner retinal region when infused with nanoparticles. Arrhenius thermal damage in the mid-retinal location was achieved in ~14 ms for 527 nm laser thereby reducing the irradiation duration by ~30 ms compared with the treatment without nanoparticles. In ex vivo porcine eyes infused with gold nanospheres, SD-OCT retinal images revealed a lower thermal damage and expansion at RPE due to laser photocoagulation. CONCLUSION Nanoparticle infused laser photocoagulation strategy provided a selective inner retinal thermal damage with significant decrease in laser power and laser exposure time. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed treatment strategy shows possibilities for an efficient and highly selective inner retinal laser treatment.
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Lorget F, Parenteau A, Carrier M, Lambert D, Gueorguieva A, Schuetz C, Bantseev V, Thackaberry E. Characterization of the pH and Temperature in the Rabbit, Pig, and Monkey Eye: Key Parameters for the Development of Long-Acting Delivery Ocular Strategies. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:2891-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lorget
- Genentech Safety Assessment, 1
DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Michel Carrier
- Faculté de
médecine vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | | | - Chris Schuetz
- Genentech Safety Assessment, 1
DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vlad Bantseev
- Genentech Safety Assessment, 1
DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Evan Thackaberry
- Genentech Safety Assessment, 1
DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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