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Huang J, Wang X, Huang T, Yang Y, Tu J, Zou J, Yang H, Yang R. Application of sodium sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin based on encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121985. [PMID: 38494236 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Sodium Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) is a derivative of β-cyclodextrin, characterized by its stereo structure, which closely resembles a truncated cone with a hydrophobic internal cavity. The solubility of insoluble substances within the hydrophobic cavity is significantly enhanced, reducing contact between the guest and the environment. Consequently, SBE-β-CD is frequently employed as a co-solvent and stabilizer. As the research progresses, it has been observed that the inclusion of SBE-β-CD is reversible and competitive. Besides, some inclusion complexes undergo distinct physicochemical property alterations compared to the guests. Additionally, certain guests exhibit varying inclusions with SBE-β-CD at different concentrations. These features have contributed to the expanding applications. SBE-β-CD finds widespread application in pharmaceutics as a protective agent and pKa regulator, in pharmaceutical analysis as a chiral substance separator, and in biomedical engineering for encapsulating dyes and modifying sensors. The article will elaborate in detail on the physicochemical properties of SBE-β-CD, encapsulation principles, and factors influencing the formation of inclusion complexes. Furthermore, the review focuses on the application of SBE-β-CD through encapsulation in pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical analysis, and biomedical engineering. Finally, the prospects and potential applications of SBE-β-CD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Huang
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian Zou
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing 100050, China.
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Gayathry TC, Gaur M, Mishra L, Mishra M, Barooah N, Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J. Supramolecular assembly of coumarin 7 with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin for biomolecular applications. Front Chem 2023; 11:1245518. [PMID: 37731459 PMCID: PMC10508339 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1245518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins, in general, exhibit a wide range of photophysical characteristics and are highly sensitive to their microenvironment, and, therefore, their fluorescence characteristics have attracted immense attention as sensors in chemical and biological systems. In the present study, the supramolecular interaction of a bichromophoric coumarin dye, namely, Coumarin 7 (C7) with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE7βCD) macrocyclic host at different pH conditions has been investigated by using optical spectroscopic techniques such as absorption, steady-state and time-resolved emissions, and circular dichroism measurements and compared with that of βCD. Considerable enhancement in the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of C7 on complexation with SBE7βCD proposes that non-radiative processes like TICT behavior are strictly hindered due to the confinement in the host cavity experienced by the C7 dye. The increase in the rotational correlation time evaluated from the fluorescence anisotropy decay kinetics further confirms the formation of tightly bound inclusion complexes. The binding constant values reveal that the monocationic form of dye at pH 3 shows ∼3 times stronger interaction with SBE7βCD than the neutral form of dye at pH 7 due to strong electrostatic cation-anion interaction. SBE7βCD:C7 exhibits an improved photostability and an upward pK a shift of 0.4 unit compared to the contrasting downward pK a shift of 0.5 with the βCD. The enhanced fluorescence yield and increased photostability have been exploited for bioimaging applications, and better images were captured by staining the Drosophila fly gut with the SBE7βCD:C7 complex. The enhancement in the binding interaction and the emission intensity were found to be responsive to external stimuli such as small competitive binders or metal ions and nearly quantitative dissociation of the complex was demonstrated to release the dye and would find stimuli-responsive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Gayathry
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Monika Gaur
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Lopamudra Mishra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
| | - Monalisa Mishra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
| | - Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Achikanath C. Bhasikuttan
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
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Sen A, Mora AK, Agarwalla SK, Sridhar G, Kundu S, Nath S. Surfactant mediated suppression of aggregation and excited state ring puckering process in Pyrromethene 597-Application in water based dye laser. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 282:121642. [PMID: 35901541 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is being considered as an economical, safe and environmental friendly alternative solvent for dye lasers. However, the use of water in dye laser is restricted due to the formation of non-emissive aggregates of dye molecules. In the present study we have explored the possibility of the use of commercially available surfactant molecules for the water based laser of Pyrromethene 597 (PM597) dye, which has emerged as an alternative for more commonly used Rhodamine dyes in dye laser systems. Our studies show that in water, PM597 forms non-emissive aggregates which can be dissociated into monomeric dye molecules by adding common surfactants. Further, the high microviscosity in the micellar media retarded energy wasting ring puckering process in the excited state of the dye leading to the increase in its emission yield and excited state lifetime to a significant extent. It has been demonstrated that the emission yield and excited state lifetime in surfactant solution is relatively higher than in ethanol, the most commonly used organic solvent for dye lasers. Lasing action has been demonstrated in the aqueous solution of dye and lasing efficiency is found to be comparable to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayentika Sen
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Aruna K Mora
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Sandeep K Agarwalla
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - G Sridhar
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Soumitra Kundu
- Beam Technology and Development Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Sukhendu Nath
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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Xanthene-stained nanoparticles for phosphorescence anisotropy measurements. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For the measurement of flow-induced microrotations in flows utilizing the depolarization of phosphorescence anisotropy, suitable luminophores are crucial. The present work examines dyes of the xanthene family, namely Rhodamine B, Eosin Y and Erythrosine B. Both in solution and incorporated in particles, the dyes are examined regarding their luminescent lifetimes and their quantum yield. In an oxygen-rich environment at room temperature, all dyes exhibit lifetimes in the sub-microsecond range and a low intensity signal, making them suitable for sensing fast rotations with sensitive acquisition systems.
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Dutta Choudhury S, Pal H. Supramolecular and suprabiomolecular photochemistry: a perspective overview. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:23433-23463. [PMID: 33112299 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective review article, we have attempted to bring out the important current trends of research in the areas of supramolecular and suprabiomolecular photochemistry. Since the spans of the subject areas are very vast, it is impossible to cover all the aspects within the limited space of this review article. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to assimilate the basic understanding of how supramolecular interactions can significantly change the photophysical and other related physiochemical properties of chromophoric dyes and drugs, which have enormous academic and practical implications. We have discussed with reference to relevant chemical systems where supramolecularly assisted modulations in the properties of chromophoric dyes and drugs can be used or have already been used in different areas like sensing, dye/drug stabilization, drug delivery, functional materials, and aqueous dye laser systems. In supramolecular assemblies, along with their conventional photophysical properties, the acid-base properties of prototropic dyes, as well as the excited state prototautomerization and related proton transfer behavior of proton donor/acceptor dye molecules, are also largely modulated due to supramolecular interactions, which are often reflected very explicitly through changes in their absorption and fluorescence characteristics, providing us many useful insights into these chemical systems and bringing out intriguing applications of such changes in different applied areas. Another interesting research area in supramolecular photochemistry is the excitation energy transfer from the donor to acceptor moieties in self-assembled systems which have immense importance in light harvesting applications, mimicking natural photosynthetic systems. In this review article, we have discussed varieties of these aspects, highlighting their academic and applied implications. We have tried to emphasize the progress made so far and thus to bring out future research perspectives in the subject areas concerned, which are anticipated to find many useful applications in areas like sensors, catalysis, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, drug formulations, nanomedicine, light harvesting, and smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Dutta Choudhury
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Haridas Pal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Trombay, Mumbai-400094, India and Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
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Kadam V, Kakatkar AS, Barooah N, Chatterjee S, Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J. Supramolecular interaction of sanguinarine dye with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin: modulation of the photophysical properties and antibacterial activity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25370-25378. [PMID: 35517463 PMCID: PMC9055271 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03823g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The noncovalent host-guest interaction of sanguinarine (SGR), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, with a nontoxic, water soluble sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE7βCD, commercially available as Captisol) macrocyclic host has been investigated using ground-state optical absorption, and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The pH-dependent changes in the absorbance of the dye at 327 nm showed a pK a value of 7.5, which has been shifted to 8.1 in the presence of SBE7βCD. The changes in the pK a values, absorption and fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetime values of these two forms of SG with SBE7βCD indicate complex formation between them. The cationic form shows 3 times higher interaction towards SEB7βCD (K = 1.2 × 104 M-1) as compared to the neutral form (K = 3.9 × 103 M-1) which leads to a moderate upward pK a shift (pK a values of SGR shifted by more than 0.6 units). The subsequent fluorescence "turn off" was demonstrated to be responsive to chemical stimuli, such as metal ions (Ca2+ ions). Upon addition of Ca2+ ions, nearly quantitative dissociation of the complex was established to regenerate the free dye and result in fluorescence "turn on". Apart from improving the stability under ambient light conditions, the upward pK a shift of SGR in the presence of SBE7βCD results in increasing the antibacterial activity of the SBE7βCD:SGR complex compared to that of the free dye towards four pathogenic micro-organisms at the physiological pH range. This work further compares SGR interaction with parent β-cyclodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Kadam
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400 085 India +91 22 2550 5151
| | - Aarti S Kakatkar
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400 085 India +91 22 2550 5151
| | - Suchandra Chatterjee
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400 085 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushaktinagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Achikanath C Bhasikuttan
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400 085 India +91 22 2550 5151
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushaktinagar Mumbai 400094 India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 400 085 India +91 22 2550 5151
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex Anushaktinagar Mumbai 400094 India
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Haynes AZ, Levine M. Detection of anabolic steroids via cyclodextrin-promoted fluorescence modulation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25108-25115. [PMID: 35517489 PMCID: PMC9055181 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is the detection of anabolic steroids through the use of cyclodextrin-promoted interactions between the analyte of interest and a high quantum yield fluorophore, which lead to measurable, analyte-specific changes in the fluorophore emission signal. By using a variety of β-cyclodextrin derivatives (unmodified β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) in combination with high quantum yield fluorophore rhodamine 6G, we detected five anabolic steroid analytes with 100% differentiation between structurally similar analytes and micromolar level limits of detection. Overall, these results show significant potential in the development of practical, fluorescence-based steroid detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Haynes
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Ariel University, Department of Chemical Sciences 65 Ramat HaGolan Street Ariel Israel
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881 USA
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Gharat PM, Pal H, Dutta Choudhury S. Contrasting Modulations in the Photophysics of Chrysazine with Cyclodextrin Hosts. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Khurana R, Barooah N, Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J. Supramolecular Assembly Induced Emission of Thiazole Orange with Sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin: A Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescence Sensor for Tyramine. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2498-2505. [PMID: 31397953 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulation and control of stimuli responsive features of molecular assemblies in organized assemblies/cavitand macrocycles have received immense attention in many areas. In this study, we have established the formation of a discrete molecular assembly of thiazole orange (TO) dyes at the portals of the sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin (SBE7 βCD) macrocycle leading to the evolution of a strong and distinct emission band from aggregated TO. The supramolecular assembly promoted portal aggregation of TO in its 1 : 4 (SBE7 βCD : TO) composition, characterized by absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism, ITC and 1 H NMR measurements, was probed to be selectively responsive to tyramine among other biogenic amines/neurotransmitters. For the first time, the different extent of emission quenching of SBE7 βCD : TO assembly in the presence of biogenic amines/neurotransmitters is translated to achieve a selective on-off fluorescence sensor for the detection of tyramine against other neurotransmitters with a limit-of-detection (LOD) as low as ∼575 nM (79 ppb). The emission features of the assembly with changes in temperature is found to be highly reproducible even after several temperature cycles and is promising to design an optical supramolecular thermometer in the ambient temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Khurana
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Achikanath C Bhasikuttan
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
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Khurana R, Kakatkar AS, Chatterjee S, Barooah N, Kunwar A, Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J. Supramolecular Nanorods of (N-Methylpyridyl) Porphyrin With Captisol: Effective Photosensitizer for Anti-bacterial and Anti-tumor Activities. Front Chem 2019; 7:452. [PMID: 31294017 PMCID: PMC6598724 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins, especially the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin (TMPyP), are well-accepted as photosensitizers due to strong absorption from visible to near-infrared region, good singlet oxygen quantum yields as well as chemical versatility, all of which can be further modulated through planned supramolecular strategies. In this study, we report the construction of supramolecular nanorods of TMPyP dye/drug with captisol [sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE7βCD)] macrocycle through host-guest interaction. The availability of four cationic N-methylpyridyl groups favors multiple binding interaction with the captisol host, building an extended supramolecular assembly of captisol and TMPyP. In addition to the spectroscopic characterizations for the assembly formation, the same has been pictured in SEM and FM images as nanorods of ~10 μm in length or more. Complexation of TMPyP has brought out beneficial features over the uncomplexed TMPyP dye; enhanced singlet oxygen yield, improved photostability, and better photosensitizing effect, all supportive of efficient photodynamic therapy activity. The Captisol:TMPyP complex displayed enhanced antibacterial activity toward E. coli under white light irradiation as compared to TMPyP alone. Cell viability studies performed in lung carcinoma A549 cells with light irradiation documented increased cytotoxicity of the complex toward the cancer cells whereas reduced dark toxicity is observed toward normal CHO cells. All these synergistic effects of supramolecular nanorods of Captisol-TMPyP complex make the system an effective photosensitizer and a superior antibacterial and antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Khurana
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Aarti S Kakatkar
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Nilotpal Barooah
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Achikanath C Bhasikuttan
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Mohanty
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
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