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Electrolytes with flame retardant pentafluoro(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene for nickel-rich layered oxide/graphite cells. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Electroreduction of nitrogen at almost 100% current-to-ammonia efficiency. Nature 2022; 609:722-727. [PMID: 35868345 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beyond its use in the fertiliser and chemical industries1, ammonia is currently seen as a potential replacement for carbon-based fuels and as a carrier for worldwide transportation of renewable energy2. Implementation of this vision requires transformation of the existing fossil fuel based technology for NH3 production3 to a simpler, scale-flexible technology, such as the electrochemical lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR)3,4. This provides a genuine pathway from N2 to ammonia, yet is hampered by limited yield rates and efficiencies4-12. Here we investigate the role of the electrolyte in this reaction and present a high-efficiency, robust process enabled by compact ionic layering in the electrode-electrolyte interfacial region. The interface is generated by a high-concentration imide-based lithium salt electrolyte, enabling stabilised ammonia yield rates of 150±20 nmol s-1 cm-2 and current-to-ammonia efficiency closely approaching 100%. The ionic assembly formed at the electrode surface suppresses electrolyte decomposition and supports stable N2 reduction. Our study highlights the interrelation between the performance of the Li-NRR and the physicochemical properties of the electrode-electrolyte interface. We anticipate that these findings will guide the development of a robust, high-performance process for sustainable ammonia production.
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3
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Volkov VI, Yarmolenko OV, Chernyak AV, Slesarenko NA, Avilova IA, Baymuratova GR, Yudina AV. Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied by NMR Techniques. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040416. [PMID: 35448386 PMCID: PMC9028971 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is devoted to different types of novel polymer electrolytes for lithium power sources developed during the last decade. In the first part, the compositions and conductivity of various polymer electrolytes are considered. The second part contains NMR applications to the ion transport mechanism. Polymer electrolytes prevail over liquid electrolytes because of their exploitation safety and wider working temperature ranges. The gel electrolytes are mainly attractive. The systems based on polyethylene oxide, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, etc., modified by nanoparticle (TiO2, SiO2, etc.) additives and ionic liquids are considered in detail. NMR techniques such as high-resolution NMR, solid-state NMR, magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, NMR relaxation, and pulsed-field gradient NMR applications are discussed. 1H, 7Li, and 19F NMR methods applied to polymer electrolytes are considered. Primary attention is given to the revelation of the ion transport mechanism. A nanochannel structure, compositions of ion complexes, and mobilities of cations and anions studied by NMR, quantum-chemical, and ionic conductivity methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly I. Volkov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
- Scientific Center in Chernogolovka RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Olga V. Yarmolenko
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Alexander V. Chernyak
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
- Scientific Center in Chernogolovka RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Slesarenko
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Irina A. Avilova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Guzaliya R. Baymuratova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
| | - Alena V. Yudina
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (O.V.Y.); (A.V.C.); (N.A.S.); (I.A.A.); (G.R.B.); (A.V.Y.)
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Damodaran K. Recent advances in NMR spectroscopy of ionic liquids. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 129:1-27. [PMID: 35292132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent developments in the application of NMR spectroscopic techniques in the study of ionic liquids. NMR has been the primary tool not only for the structural characterization of ionic liquids, but also for the study of dynamics. The presence of a host of NMR active nuclei in ionic liquids permits widespread use of multinuclear NMR experiments. Chemical shifts and multinuclear coupling constants are used routinely for the structure elucidation of ionic liquids and of products formed by their covalent interactions with other materials. Also, the availability of a multitude of NMR techniques has facilitated the study of dynamical processes in them. These include the use of NOESY to study inter-ionic interactions, pulsed-field gradient techniques for probing transport properties, and relaxation measurements to elucidate rotational dynamics. This review will focus on the application of each of these techniques to investigate ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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Gafurov MM, Akhmedov MA, Suleimanov SI, Amirov AM, Rabadanov KS, Ataev MB, Kubataev ZY. Electrophysical Properties of the System PEG 1500–LiTFSI. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193521110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Wang A, Gunnarsdóttir AB, Fawdon J, Pasta M, Grey CP, Monroe CW. Potentiometric MRI of a Superconcentrated Lithium Electrolyte: Testing the Irreversible Thermodynamics Approach. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2021; 6:3086-3095. [PMID: 34541321 PMCID: PMC8438662 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Superconcentrated electrolytes, being highly thermodynamically nonideal, provide a stringent proving ground for continuum transport theories. Herein, we test an ostensibly complete model of LiPF6 in ethyl-methyl carbonate (EMC) based on the Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell theory from irreversible thermodynamics. We perform synchronous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chronopotentiometry to examine how superconcentrated LiPF6:EMC responds to galvanostatic polarization and open-circuit relaxation. We simulate this experiment using an independently parametrized model with six composition-dependent electrolyte properties, quantified up to saturation. Spectroscopy reveals increasing ion association and solvent coordination with salt concentration. The potentiometric MRI data agree closely with the predicted ion distributions and overpotentials, providing a completely independent validation of the theory. Superconcentrated electrolytes exhibit strong cation-anion interactions and extreme solute-volume effects that mimic elevated lithium transference. Our simulations allow surface overpotentials to be extracted from cell-voltage data to track lithium interfaces. Potentiometric MRI is a powerful tool to illuminate electrolytic transport phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
A. Wang
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | | | - Jack Fawdon
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Mauro Pasta
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Charles W. Monroe
- Department
of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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Mynam M, Kumari S, Ravikumar B, Rai B. Effect of temperature on concentrated electrolytes for advanced lithium ion batteries. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214503. [PMID: 34240968 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-concentrated electrolytes are emerging as promising electrolytes for advanced lithium ion batteries (LIBs) that can offer high energy density and improved cycle life. To further improve these electrolytes, it is essential to understand their inherent behavior at various operating conditions of LIBs. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are extensively used to study various properties of electrolytes and explain the associated molecular-level phenomena. In this study, we use classical MD simulations to probe the properties of the concentrated electrolyte solution of 3 mol/kg lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) salt in the propylene carbonate solvent at various temperatures ranging from 298 to 378 K. Our results reveal that the properties such as ionic diffusivity and molar conductivity of a concentrated electrolyte are more sensitive to temperature compared to that of dilute electrolytes. The residence time analysis shows that temperature affects the Li+ ion solvation shell dynamics significantly. The effect of temperature on the transport and dynamic properties needs to be accounted carefully while designing better thermal management systems for batteries made with concentrated electrolytes to garner the advantages of these electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Mynam
- TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune 411013, India
| | - Surbhi Kumari
- TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune 411013, India
| | - Bharath Ravikumar
- TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune 411013, India
| | - Beena Rai
- TCS Research, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, 54B, Hadapsar Industrial Estate, Pune 411013, India
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Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Correlations and Their Impact on Transport in Polymer-Based Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Konefał R, Morávková Z, Paruzel B, Patsula V, Abbrent S, Szutkowski K, Jurga S. Effect of PAMAM Dendrimers on Interactions and Transport of LiTFSI and NaTFSI in Propylene Carbonate-Based Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1595. [PMID: 32708361 PMCID: PMC7407142 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM)-based electrolytes are prepared by dissolving the PAMAM half-generations G1.5 or G2.5 in propylene carbonate (PC), either with lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) or sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) salts. The solutions, designed for ion battery applications, are studied in terms of ions transport properties. Raman Spectroscopy reveals information about the interactions between cations and PAMAM dendrimers as well as full dissociation of the salts in all solutions. Pulsed-field gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG NMR), measured as a function of both temperature and PAMAM concentration, are obtained for the cation, anion, solvent, and dendrimer molecules using lithium (7Li), sodium (23Na), fluorine (19F), and hydrogen (1H) NMR, respectively. It was found that lithium diffusion is slow compared to the larger TFSI anion and decreases with PAMAM concentration due to interactions between cation and dendrimer. Comparison of conductivities calculated from diffusion coefficients using the Nernst-Einstein equation, with conductivity measurements obtained from Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), shows slightly higher IS conductivities, caused among others by PAMAM conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (B.P.); (V.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Zuzana Morávková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (B.P.); (V.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Bartosz Paruzel
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (B.P.); (V.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Vitalii Patsula
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (B.P.); (V.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Sabina Abbrent
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.M.); (B.P.); (V.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Kosma Szutkowski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.); (S.J.)
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