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Kantarci H, Elvira PD, Thottumkara AP, O'Connell EM, Iyer M, Donovan LJ, Dugan MQ, Ambiel N, Granados A, Zeng H, Saw NL, Brosius Lutz A, Sloan SA, Gray EE, Tran KV, Vichare A, Yeh AK, Münch AE, Huber M, Agrawal A, Morri M, Zhong H, Shamloo M, Anderson TA, Tawfik VL, Du Bois J, Zuchero JB. Schwann cell-secreted PGE 2 promotes sensory neuron excitability during development. Cell 2024; 187:4690-4712.e30. [PMID: 39142281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Electrical excitability-the ability to fire and propagate action potentials-is a signature feature of neurons. How neurons become excitable during development and whether excitability is an intrinsic property of neurons remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Schwann cells, the most abundant glia in the peripheral nervous system, promote somatosensory neuron excitability during development. We find that Schwann cells secrete prostaglandin E2, which is necessary and sufficient to induce developing somatosensory neurons to express normal levels of genes required for neuronal function, including voltage-gated sodium channels, and to fire action potential trains. Inactivating this signaling pathway in Schwann cells impairs somatosensory neuron maturation, causing multimodal sensory defects that persist into adulthood. Collectively, our studies uncover a neurodevelopmental role for prostaglandin E2 distinct from its established role in inflammation, revealing a cell non-autonomous mechanism by which glia regulate neuronal excitability to enable the development of normal sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husniye Kantarci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pablo D Elvira
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Emma M O'Connell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren J Donovan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Micaela Quinn Dugan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Ambiel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Hong Zeng
- Transgenic, Knockout and Tumor model Center (TKTC), Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nay L Saw
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda Brosius Lutz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erin E Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Khanh V Tran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aditi Vichare
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ashley K Yeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra E Münch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Max Huber
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aditi Agrawal
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Anthony Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ribeiro M, Andreis FR, Jabban L, Nielsen TGNDS, Smirnov SV, Lutteroth C, Proulx MJ, Rocha PRF, Metcalfe B. Ex-vivo systems for neuromodulation: A comparison of ex-vivo and in-vivo large animal nerve electrophysiology. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110116. [PMID: 38548122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research exists on extending ex-vivo systems to large animal nerves, and to the best of our knowledge, there has yet to be a study comparing these against in-vivo data. This paper details the first ex-vivo system for large animal peripheral nerves to be compared with in-vivo results. NEW METHOD Detailed ex-vivo and in-vivo closed-loop neuromodulation experiments were conducted on pig ulnar nerves. Temperatures from 20 °C to 37 °C were evaluated for the ex-vivo system. The data were analysed in the time and velocity domains, and a regression analysis established how evoked compound action potential amplitude and modal conduction velocity (CV) varied with temperature and time after explantation. MAIN RESULTS Pig ulnar nerves were sustained ex-vivo up to 5 h post-explantation. CV distributions of ex-vivo and in-vivo data were compared, showing closer correspondence at 37 °C. Regression analysis results also demonstrated that modal CV and time since explantation were negatively correlated, whereas modal CV and temperature were positively correlated. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous ex-vivo systems were primarily aimed at small animal nerves, and we are not aware of an ex-vivo system to be directly compared with in-vivo data. This new approach provides a route to understand how ex-vivo systems for large animal nerves can be developed and compared with in-vivo data. CONCLUSION The proposed ex-vivo system results were compared with those seen in-vivo, providing new insights into large animal nerve activity post-explantation. Such a system is crucial for complementing in-vivo experiments, maximising collected experimental data, and accelerating neural interface development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Ribeiro
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - Felipe R Andreis
- Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260, Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Leen Jabban
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G N dS Nielsen
- Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Selma Lagerløfs Vej 249, 9260, Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Sergey V Smirnov
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Christof Lutteroth
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo R F Rocha
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Metcalfe
- Centre for Accountable, Responsible, and Transparent AI (ART-AI), Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; The Bath Institute for the Augmented Human, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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Krotov V, Kopach O. Nerve Preparation and Recordings for Pharmacological Tests of Sensory and Nociceptive Fiber Conduction Ex Vivo. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4969. [PMID: 38618174 PMCID: PMC11006801 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring signal propagation through nerves is a classical electrophysiological technique established decades ago to evaluate sensory and motor functions in the nervous system. The whole-nerve preparation provides a valuable model to investigate nerve function ex vivo; however, it requires specific knowledge to ensure successful and stable measurements. Although the methodology for sciatic nerve recordings has long existed, a method for reliable and long-lasting recordings from myelinated and non-myelinated (nociceptive) fibers still needs to be adapted for pharmacological testing. This protocol takes benefits from epineurium sheath removal for pharmacological tests and provides a detailed description of how to make accurate nerve preparations, from the dissection and handling of nerves to epineurium cleaning, fabrication of adaptable suction electrodes for appropriate fiber stimulation and recordings, setting of electrophysiological protocols for compound action potential (CAP) recordings to distinguish between myelinated and non-myelinated (nociceptive) fibers, and finally to the analysis of the datasets of CAP components. We also demonstrate the feasibility of CAP recordings from individual branches in epineurium-free nerve preparations and provide clues to help retain nerve viability and maintain stable recordings over time. Although a sciatic nerve preparation was used here, the methodology can be applied to other nerve-type preparations. Key features • Detailed and simplified protocol for peripheral nerve preparation for recording sensory inputs ex vivo. • Recordings from myelinated and non-myelinated (nociceptive) fibers can be performed hours after nerve preparation. • The protocol involves the epineurium removal to facilitate drug permeability into nerve tissue for pharmacological tests. • The protocol allows physiological and pathological studies (pain/chronic pain conditions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Krotov
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Olga Kopach
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Bardoni R. Experimental Protocols and Analytical Procedures for Studying Synaptic Transmission in Rodent Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e409. [PMID: 35435326 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic modulation and plasticity are key mechanisms underlying pain transmission in the spinal cord and supra-spinal centers. The study and understanding of these phenomena are fundamental to investigating both acute nociception and maladaptive changes occurring in chronic pain. This article describes experimental protocols and analytical methods utilized in electrophysiological studies to investigate synaptic modulation and plasticity at the first station of somatosensory processing, the spinal cord dorsal horn. Protocols useful for characterizing the nature of synaptic inputs, the site of modulation (pre- versus postsynaptic), and the presence of short-term synaptic plasticity are presented. These methods can be employed to study the physiology of acute nociception, the pathological mechanisms of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and the pharmacology of receptors and channels involved in pain transmission. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Spinal cord dissection and acute slice preparation Basic Protocol 2: Stimulation of the dorsal root and extracellular recording (compound action potentials and field potentials) Basic Protocol 3: Patch-clamp recording from dorsal horn neurons: action potential firing patterns and evoked synaptic inputs Basic Protocol 4: Analysis of parameters responsible for changes in synaptic efficacy Basic Protocol 5: Recording and analysis of currents mediated by astrocytic glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, Modena, Italy
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Anderson TA, Delgado J, Sun S, Behzadian N, Vilches-Moure J, Szlavik RB, Butts-Pauly K, Yeomans D. Dose-dependent effects of high intensity focused ultrasound on compound action potentials in an ex vivo rodent peripheral nerve model: comparison to local anesthetics. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022; 47:242-248. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2021-103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundIn animal models, focused ultrasound can reversibly or permanently inhibit nerve conduction, suggesting a potential role in managing pain. We hypothesized focused ultrasound’s effects on action potential parameters may be similar to those of local anesthetics.MethodsIn an ex vivo rat sciatic nerve model, action potential amplitude, area under the curve, latency to 10% peak, latency to 100% peak, rate of rise, and half peak width changes were assessed after separately applying increasing focused ultrasound pressures or concentrations of bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Focused ultrasound’s effects on nerve structure were examined histologically.ResultsIncreasing focused ultrasound pressures decreased action potential amplitude, area under the curve, and rate of rise, increased latency to 10% peak, and did not change latency to 100% peak or half peak width. Increasing local anesthetic concentrations decreased action potential amplitude, area under the curve, and rate of rise and increased latency to 10% peak, latency to 100% peak, and half peak width. At the highest focused ultrasound pressures, nerve architecture was altered compared with controls.DiscussionWhile some action potential parameters were altered comparably by focused ultrasound and local anesthetics, there were small but notable differences. It is not evident if these differences may lead to differences in clinical pain effects when focused ultrasound is applied in vivo or if focused ultrasound pressures that result in clinically relevant changes damage nerve structures. Given the potential advantages of a non-invasive technique for managing pain conditions, further investigation may be warranted in an in vivo pain model.
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Zhao D, Behzadian N, Yeomans D, Anderson TA. In Vivo Whole-Nerve Electrophysiology Setup, Action Potential Recording, and Data Analyses in a Rodent Model. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e285. [PMID: 34748292 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In vivo rodent, whole peripheral nerve models are useful for studying the electrical conduction of sensory and motor fibers under normal physiological conditions as well as for assessing neurological outcomes after the application of physical alterations or pharmacological agents to the nervous system. Significant literature has focused on single-neuron and central nervous system electrophysiology protocol development. However, creation and development of in vivo whole-nerve electrophysiological recording protocols are sparse in the scientific literature. Here, detailed protocols for designing and building an in vivo whole-nerve electrophysiology system are described, including straightforward techniques to create working stimulation and recording electrodes that may be adapted to numerous study designs. Further, we include details for rodent anesthesia, surgical dissection (for the sciatic nerve), compound action potential signal optimization, data acquisition, data analyses, and troubleshooting tips. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: In vivo electrophysiology system wiring, hardware, and software setups Support Protocol 1: Design and 3D printing of electrophysiology base electrodes Support Protocol 2: Building needle electrodes Basic Protocol 2: Rodent anesthesia and surgery for nerve exposure Basic Protocol 3: Compound action potential recording and troubleshooting using WinWCP Basic Protocol 4: Compound action potential data analysis using WinWCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Zhao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Negin Behzadian
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - David Yeomans
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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