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Mohamed HA, Alotaibi MH, Kariuki BM, El-Hiti GA. Convenient Synthesis of New Heterocycles Containing the Quinoxaline Ring System. LETT ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178616666190311161505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
The aim of the current article was to describe simple procedures for the synthesis of new
heterocycles incorporating the quinoxaline moiety using benzene-1,2-diamine and quinoxaline-2,3-
dithiol as precursors. Simple synthetic methods are described for the synthesis of new heterocycles using
commercially available chemicals. Also, the new compounds were determined using analytical and
spectroscopic methods including single X-ray crystal structures. A series of new heterocycles containing
the quinoxaline nucleus have been synthesized in good yields using simple and convenient procedures.
A process has been described for the synthesis of new heterocycles containing the quinoxaline
moiety that might be difficult to synthesize by other routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan A. Mohamed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi
- National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gamal A. El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Sekaran B, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Push-Pull Porphyrins via β-Pyrrole Functionalization: Evidence of Excited State Events Leading to High-Potential Charge-Separated States. Chemistry 2019; 25:12991-13001. [PMID: 31415117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new set of free-base and zinc(II)-metallated, β-pyrrole-functionalized unsymmetrical push-pull porphyrins were designed and synthesized via β-mono- and dibrominated tetraphenylporphyrins using Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. The ability of donors and acceptors on the push-pull porphyrins to produce high-potential charge separated states was investigated. The porphyrins were functionalized at the opposite β,β'-pyrrole positions of porphyrin ring bearing triphenylamine push groups and naphthalimide pull groups. Systematic studies involving optical absorption, steady-state and time-resolved emission revealed existence of intramolecular type interactions both in the ground and excited states. The push-pull nature of the molecular systems was supported by frontier orbitals generated on optimized structures, wherein delocalization of HOMO over the push group and LUMO over the pull group connecting the porphyrin π-system was witnessed. Electrochemical studies were performed to visualize the effect of push and pull groups on the overall redox potentials of the porphyrins. Spectroelectrochemical studies combined with frontier orbitals helped in characterizing the one-electron oxidized and reduced porphyrins. Finally, by performing transient absorption studies in polar benzonitrile, the ability of push-pull porphyrins to produce charge-separated states upon photoexcitation was confirmed and the measured rates were in the range of 109 s-1 . The lifetime of the final charge separated state was around 5 ns. This study ascertains the importance of push-pull porphyrins in solar energy conversion and diverse optoelectronic applications, for which high-potential charge-separated states are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
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Kurumisawa Y, Higashino T, Nimura S, Tsuji Y, Iiyama H, Imahori H. Renaissance of Fused Porphyrins: Substituted Methylene-Bridged Thiophene-Fused Strategy for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9910-9919. [PMID: 31189307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, porphyrin sensitizers have made a remarkable contribution to performance improvement in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In particular, versatile push-pull-type porphyrin sensitizers have achieved power conversion efficiencies (η) over 10% as a result of their improved light-harvesting abilities. Meanwhile, aromatic ring fusion to a porphyrin core is an attractive option for highly efficient DSSCs because of its expanded π-conjugation and resultant red-shifted absorption. Nevertheless, aromatic-fused porphyrin sensitizers have suffered rather low cell performances due to their mismatch of HOMO-LUMO levels, high aggregation tendency, and short lifetime of the excited states. Bearing these in mind, we envisioned that the fusion of substituted methylene-bridged small aromatic ring to a porphyrin core would overcome these drawbacks, boosting the cell performance. Herein, we report a series of substituted methylene-bridged thiophene-fused porphyrins, AfZnP, DfZnP, and DfZnP- iPr. After optimization, DSSC with the donor-side thiophene-fused DfZnP- iPr achieved an η-value of 10.1%, which is comparable to that of DSSC with GY50 (10.0%), a representative high-performance push-pull-type porphyrin sensitizer. More importantly, cosensitization of DfZnP- iPr with a complementary sensitizer LEG4 further led to an η-value of 10.7%, which is the highest value ever reported for DSSCs with fused porphyrin sensitizers. Therefore, our strategy will reboot the exploration of aromatic-fused porphyrin sensitizers for high-performance DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Kurumisawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Shimpei Nimura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hitomi Iiyama
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
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Reddy KSK, Liu YC, Chou HH, Kala K, Wei TC, Yeh CY. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel β-Bis( N, N-diarylamino)-Substituted Porphyrin for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells under 1 sun and Dim Light Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39970-39982. [PMID: 30376713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have synthesized a novel porphyrin dye named SK7, which contains two N, N-diarylamino moieties at two β-positions as electron-donating units and one carboxy phenylethynyl moiety at the meso-position as an electron-withdrawing, anchoring group. This novel dye was tested for the application in dye-sensitized solar cells. The light-harvesting behavior of SK7 and YD2 was investigated using UV-vis absorption and density functional calculation. The electron transport properties at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface for SK7- and YD2-based devices were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic characterization was conducted to understand the influence of two N, N-diarylamino units at two β-positions. The power conversion efficiencies of ca. 6.54% under 1 sun illumination (AM 1.5G) and ca. 19.72% under a T5 light source were noted for the SK7 dye. The performance of SK7 is comparable to that of dye YD2, which contains only one N, N-diarylamino moiety at the meso-position (ca. 7.78 and 20.00% under 1 sun and T5 light, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chieh Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Hsin Chou
- Department of Chemistry , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
| | - Kannankutty Kala
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300 , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Yeh
- Department of Chemistry , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology (RCSEN) and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA) , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402 , Taiwan
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Bodedla GB, Wang H, Chang S, Chen S, Chen T, Zhao J, Wong WK, Zhu X. β-Functionalized Imidazole-Fused Porphyrin-Donor-Based Dyes: Effect of π-Linker and Acceptor on Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Properties. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Govardhana Babu Bodedla
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Hongda Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Chang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Xunjin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
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β-Substituted ZnII porphyrins as dyes for DSSC: A possible approach to photovoltaic windows. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hu Y, Yellappa S, Thomas MB, Jinadasa RGW, Matus A, Shulman M, D'Souza F, Wang H. β‐Functionalized Push–Pull
opp
‐Dibenzoporphyrins as Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2749-2762. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, no. 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Shivaraj Yellappa
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, no. 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
- Government Science College Bengaluru 560001 Karnataka India
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, no. 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - R. G. Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, no. 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Alex Matus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Max Shulman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, no. 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, no. 305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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Jinadasa RGW, Li B, Schmitz B, Kumar S, Hu Y, Kerr L, Wang H. Monobenzoporphyrins as Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Observation of Significant Spacer-Group Effect. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2239-2249. [PMID: 27469616 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of monobenzoporphyrins (WH1-WH4) bearing different conjugated spacer groups were designed and synthesized as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Although a phenyl spacer only has a minimal impact on the absorption bands of the monobenzoporphyrin, an ethynylphenyl (WH3) or a vinyl (WH4) spacer redshifts and broadens the absorption bands of the dyes to result in much enhanced light-harvesting ability. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on these monobenzoporphyrin dyes displayed remarkable differences in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The monobenzoporphyrin bearing no spacer (WH1) resulted in a PCE of only 0.5 %; in contrast, the monobenzoporphyrin bearing vinyl spacers (WH4) achieved a PCE of 5.2 %. The high efficiency of the WH4 cell is attributed to the higher light-harvesting ability, the lesser extent of aggregation on the TiO2 surface, and the more favorable electron-density distributions of the HOMO and LUMO for electron injection and collection. This work demonstrates the exceptional tunability of benzoporphyrins as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Bihong Li
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Benjamin Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Siddhartha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Lei Kerr
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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Higashino T, Kawamoto K, Sugiura K, Fujimori Y, Tsuji Y, Kurotobi K, Ito S, Imahori H. Effects of Bulky Substituents of Push-Pull Porphyrins on Photovoltaic Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15379-15390. [PMID: 27267428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of substituent bulkiness around a porphyrin core on the photovoltaic properties of porphyrin-sensitized solar cells, long alkoxy groups were introduced at the meso-phenyl group (ZnPBAT-o-C8) and the anchoring group (ZnPBAT-o-C8Cn, n = 4, 8) of an asymmetrically substituted push-pull porphyrin with double electron-donating diarylamino groups and a single electron-withdrawing carboxyphenylethynyl anchoring group. The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of ZnPBAT-o-C8 and ZnPBAT-o-C8Cn were found to be superior to those of a push-pull porphyrin reference (YD2-o-C8), demonstrating their excellent light-harvesting and redox properties for dye-sensitized solar cells. A power conversion efficiency (η) of the ZnPBAT-o-C8-sensitized solar cell (η = 9.1%) is higher than that of the YD2-o-C8-sensitized solar cell (η = 8.6%) using iodine-based electrolyte due to the enhanced light-harvesting ability of ZnPBAT-o-C8. In contrast, the solar cells based on ZnPBAT-o-C8Cn, possessing the additional alkoxy chains in the anchoring group, revealed the lower η values of 7.3% (n = 4) and 7.0% (n = 8). Although ZnPBAT-o-C8Cn exhibited higher resistance at the TiO2-dye-electrolyte interface by virtue of the extra alkoxy chains, the reduced amount of the porphyrins on TiO2 by excessive addition of coadsorbent chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) for mitigating the aggregation on TiO2 resulted in the low η values. Meanwhile, the ZnPBAT-o-C8-sensitized solar cell showed the lower η value of 8.1% than the YD2-o-C8-sensitized solar cell (η = 9.8%) using cobalt-based electrolyte. The smaller η value of the ZnPBAT-o-C8-sensitized solar cell may be attributed to the insufficient blocking effect of the bulky substituents of ZnPBAT-o-C8 under the cobalt-based electrolyte conditions. Overall, the alkoxy chain length and substitution position around the porphyrin core are important factors to affect the cell performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugiura
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yamato Fujimori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Kurotobi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Materials and Synchrotron Radiation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo , 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Akhigbe J, Yang M, Luciano M, Brückner C. Quinoline-annulated chlorins and chlorin-analogs. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The OsO4-mediated dihydroxylation of quinoline-annulated porphyrin generates a quinoline-annulated dihydroxychlorin in a regioselective fashion. Its dihydroxypyrroline moiety, located at the opposite of the annulated pyrrole, is susceptible to the same functional group interconversions we previously demonstrated for non-annulated dihydroxychlorins: oxidations to the corresponding dione, lactone, and dialkoxymorpholine derivatives. The quinoline-annulated chlorin and derivatives are all characterized by absorption spectra that are much broadened and between 130 and 220 nm red-shifted compared to their non-annulated analogs. Absorbance maxima in the NIR up to well above 800 nm were recorded. We attribute the bathochromic shift to their extended [Formula: see text]-systems and inferred non-planarity, highlighting that quinoline-annulation is a particularly effective and simple strategy to red-shift the absorption spectra of chlorins and chlorin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Mengxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Michael Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
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Ooyama Y, Uenaka K, Kamimura T, Ozako S, Kanda M, Koide T, Tani F. Dye-sensitized solar cell based on an inclusion complex of a cyclic porphyrin dimer bearing four 4-pyridyl groups and fullerene C60. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic free-base porphyrin dimers linked by butadiyne or phenothiazine bearing four 4-pyridyl groups and their inclusion complexes with fullerene C60 have been applied to dye-sensitized solar cells as a new class of porphyrin dye sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Koji Uenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Takuya Kamimura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shuwa Ozako
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Taro Koide
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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Hayashi H, Higashino T, Kinjo Y, Fujimori Y, Kurotobi K, Chabera P, Sundström V, Isoda S, Imahori H. Effects of Immersion Solvent on Photovoltaic and Photophysical Properties of Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18689-18696. [PMID: 26266818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory effects in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of zinc porphyrin carboxylic acid on TiO2 electrodes have been demonstrated for the first time by evaluating the photovoltaic and electron transfer properties of porphyrin-sensitized solar cells prepared by using different immersion solvents sequentially. The structure of the SAM of the porphyrin on the TiO2 was maintained even after treating the porphyrin monolayer with different neat immersion solvents (memory effect), whereas it was altered by treatment with solutions containing different porphyrins (inverse memory effect). Infrared spectroscopy shows that the porphyrins in the SAM on the TiO2 could be exchanged with the same or analogous porphyrin, leading to a change in the structure of the porphyrin SAM. The memory and inverse memory effects are well correlated with a change in porphyrin geometry, mainly the tilt angle of the porphyrin along the long molecular axis from the surface normal on the TiO2, as well as with kinetics of electron transfer between the porphyrin and TiO2. Such a new structure-function relationship for DSSCs will be very useful for the rational design and optimization of photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic properties of molecular assemblies on semiconductor surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pavel Chabera
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Sharma GD, Zervaki GE, Ladomenou K, Koukaras EN, Angaridis PP, Coutsolelos AG. Donor-π-acceptor, triazine-linked porphyrin dyads as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461450117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two porphyrin dyads with the donor-π-acceptor molecular architecture, namely ( ZnP )-[triazine-gly]-( H 2 PCOOH ) and ( ZnP )-[triazine-Npip]-( H 2 PCOOH ), which consist of a zinc-metalated porphyrin unit and a free-base porphyrin unit covalently linked at their peripheries to a central triazine group, substituted either by a glycine in the former or a N-piperidine group in the latter, have been synthesized via consecutive amination substitution reactions of cyanuric chloride. The UV-vis absorption spectra and cyclic-voltammetry measurements of the two dyads, as well as theoretical calculations based on Density Functional Theory, suggest that they have suitable frontier orbital energy levels for use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on ( ZnP )-[triazine-gly]-( H 2 PCOOH ) and ( ZnP )-[triazine-Npip]-( H 2 PCOOH ) have been fabricated, and they were found to exhibit power conversion efficiency values of 5.44 and 4.15%, respectively. Photovoltaic measurements (J–V curves) and incident photon to current conversion efficiency spectra of the two solar cells suggest that the higher power conversion efficiency value of the former solar cell is a result of its enhanced short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and fill factor values, as well as higher dye loading. This is ascribed to the existence of two carboxylic acid anchoring groups in ( ZnP )-[triazine-gly]-( H 2 PCOOH ), compared to one carboxylic acid group in ( ZnP )-[triazine-Npip]-( H 2 PCOOH ), which leads to a more effective binding onto the TiO 2 photoanode. Electrochemical impedance spectra show evidence that the ( ZnP )-[triazine-gly]-( H 2 PCOOH ) based solar cell exhibits a longer electron lifetime and more effective suppression of charge recombination reactions between the injected electrons and electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh D. Sharma
- R&D Center for Engineering and Science, JEC Group of Colleges, Jaipur Engineering College, Kukas, Jaipur (Raj.) 303101, India
| | - Galateia E. Zervaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P. O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P. O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuel N. Koukaras
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Str. Platani, Patras 26504, Greece
| | | | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Str. Platani, Patras 26504, Greece
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, 26500, GR, Greece
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Nikolaou V, Angaridis PA, Charalambidis G, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. A “click-chemistry” approach for the synthesis of porphyrin dyads as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:1734-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel porphyrin dyads consisting of two zinc-metallated porphyrin units, linked by 1,2,3-triazole containing bridges, have been synthesized via “click” reactions, and used as sensitizers in DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Heraklion, Crete
- Greece
| | | | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Heraklion, Crete
- Greece
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- R&D Center for Engineering and Science
- JEC group of Colleges
- Jaipur Engineering College campus
- Jaipur (Raj.) 303101
- India
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16
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Higashino T, Imahori H. Porphyrins as excellent dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: recent developments and insights. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:448-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02756f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin sensitizers have exhibited power conversion efficiencies that are comparable to or even higher than those of well-established highly efficient DSSCs based on ruthenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo-ku
- Japan
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17
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Gourlaouen C, Daniel C, Durola F, Frey J, Heitz V, Sauvage JP, Ventura B, Flamigni L. NIR Dual Luminescence from an Extended Porphyrin. Spectroscopy, Photophysics and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3616-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5033383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR-7177 CNRS-UdS, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR-7177 CNRS-UdS, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Fabien Durola
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR-7177 CNRS-UdS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Frey
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR-7177 CNRS-UdS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR-7177 CNRS-UdS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organo-Minérale, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR-7177 CNRS-UdS, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Lucia Flamigni
- Istituto ISOF-CNR, via P. Gobetti
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Zervaki GE, Angaridis PA, Koukaras EN, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on triazine-linked porphyrin dyads containing one or two carboxylic acid anchoring groups. Inorg Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3qi00095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin dyads, covalently linked by 1,3,5-triazine, either with one or two carboxylic acid groups, were synthesized and used as sensitizers in DSSCs, resulting in power conversion efficiency higher than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galateia E. Zervaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A. Angaridis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuel N. Koukaras
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences
- Foundation for Research & Technology
- Patras, 26504 Greece
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- R&D Center for Engineering and Science
- JEC Group of Colleges
- Jaipur Engineering College
- Jaipur (Raj.) 303101, India
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Crete
- 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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19
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Zervaki GE, Roy MS, Panda MK, Angaridis PA, Chrissos E, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. Efficient Sensitization of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Novel Triazine-Bridged Porphyrin–Porphyrin Dyads. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9813-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400774p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Galateia E. Zervaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
| | | | - Manas K. Panda
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A. Angaridis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouel Chrissos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
| | - Ganesh D. Sharma
- R&D Center for Engineering and Science, JEC Group of Colleges, Jaipur Engineering College, Kukas, Jaipur (Raj.) 303101, India
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion,
Crete, Greece
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20
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Hayashi H, Touchy AS, Kinjo Y, Kurotobi K, Toude Y, Ito S, Saarenpää H, Tkachenko NV, Lemmetyinen H, Imahori H. Triarylamine-substituted imidazole- and quinoxaline-fused push-pull porphyrins for dye-sensitized solar cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:508-517. [PMID: 23401121 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared a push-pull porphyrin with an electron-donating triarylamino group at the β,β'-edge through a fused imidazole group and an electron-withdrawing carboxyquinoxalino anchoring group at the opposite β,β'-edge (ZnPQI) and evaluated the effects of the push-pull structure of ZnPQI on optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties. ZnPQI showed red-shifted Soret and Q bands relative to a reference porphyrin with only an electron-withdrawing group (ZnPQ), thus demonstrating the improved light-harvesting property of ZnPQI. The optical HOMO-LUMO gap was consistent with that estimated by DFT calculations. The ZnPQI-sensitized solar cell exhibited a relatively high power conversion efficiency (η) of 6.8 %, which is larger than that of the ZnPQ-sensitized solar cell (η=6.3 %) under optimized conditions. The short-circuit current and fill factor of the ZnPQI-sensitized solar cell are larger than those of the ZnPQ-sensitized solar cell, whereas the open circuit potential of the ZnPQI-sensitized cell is smaller than that of the ZnPQ-sensitized cell, leading to an overall improved cell performance of ZnPQI. Such fundamental information provides a new tool for the rational molecular design of highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells based on push-pull porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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21
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Deshpande R, Wang B, Dai L, Jiang L, Hartley CS, Zou S, Wang H, Kerr L. Opp
‐Dibenzoporphyrins as a Light‐Harvester for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Deshpande
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - Shouzhong Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐5715
| | - Lei Kerr
- Department of Paper and Chemical Engineering, Miami University, 701 East High Street, Oxford, OH 45056 (USA), Fax: (+1) 513‐529‐0768
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22
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Warnan J, Favereau L, Meslin F, Severac M, Blart E, Pellegrin Y, Jacquemin D, Odobel F. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-porphyrin conjugates as broadly absorbing sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:1568-1577. [PMID: 22791585 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of four new push-pull zinc porphyrin-based dyes was synthesised for hybrid photovoltaic solar cells with a view to enhancing the light-harvesting efficiency at approximately 550 nm with a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit. The strength of the donor side of the push-pull porphyrin was tuned by affixing the electron-rich 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamine group at the meso position of the macrocycle, and the influence of the distance between the semiconductor surface and the porphyrin chromophore was assessed by introducing different π-conjugated spacers. Charge-transfer transitions over great distances were characterised by electronic absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The absorption and photoactivity spectra of the new bichromophoric dyes spans the whole visible spectrum to the red, implying a better light-harvesting efficiency than regular porphyrin as the absorption spectra of DPP and porphyrin complement one another. Photovoltaic conversion efficiencies accordingly increase from 2.40 to 5.19 %. Interestingly, the best overall efficiency was reached with dye 3, which lacks the powerful donating group in the meso position of the porphyrin core. Optical and electrochemical measurements coupled to time dependent (TD)-DFT calculations give insight into the deleterious effect of the 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamine unit on the photovoltaic performances, paving the way towards the design of efficient push-pull porphyrin-based sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS no 6230, 2, rue de la Houssinière - BP 92208-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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23
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Ooyama Y, Harima Y. Photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:4032-80. [PMID: 22807392 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes, such as TiO(2), ZnO, or NiO, which have emerged as a new generation of sustainable photovoltaic devices, have attracted much attention from chemists, physicists, and engineers because of enormous scientific interest in not only their construction and operational principles, but also in their high incident-solar-light-to-electricity conversion efficiency and low cost of production. To develop high-performance DSSCs, it is important to create efficient organic dye sensitizers, which should be optimized for the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes themselves, with molecular structures that provide good light-harvesting features, good electron communication between the dye and semiconductor electrode and between the dye and electrolyte, and to control the molecular orientation and arrangement of the dyes on a semiconductor surface. The aim of this Review is not to make a list of a number of organic dye sensitizers developed so far, but to provide a new direction in the epoch-making molecular design of organic dyes for high photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of DSSCs, based on the accumulated knowledge of their photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of the organic dye sensitizers developed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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24
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Liu Y, Lin H, Li J, Dy JT, Tamaki K, Nakazaki J, Nakayama D, Nishiyama C, Uchida S, Kubo T, Segawa H. Ethynyl-linked push–pull porphyrin hetero-dimers for near-IR dye-sensitized solar cells: photovoltaic performances versus excited-state dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16703-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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