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Fabbri F, Bischof S, Mayr S, Gritsch S, Jimenez Bartolome M, Schwaiger N, Guebitz GM, Weiss R. The Biomodified Lignin Platform: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071694. [PMID: 37050308 PMCID: PMC10096731 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliance on fossil fuel has led to the increased emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The excessive consumption of raw materials today makes the search for sustainable resources more pressing than ever. Technical lignins are mainly used in low-value applications such as heat and electricity generation. Green enzyme-based modifications of technical lignin have generated a number of functional lignin-based polymers, fillers, coatings, and many other applications and materials. These bio-modified technical lignins often display similar properties in terms of their durability and elasticity as fossil-based materials while also being biodegradable. Therefore, it is possible to replace a wide range of environmentally damaging materials with lignin-based ones. By researching publications from the last 20 years focusing on the latest findings utilizing databases, a comprehensive collection on this topic was crafted. This review summarizes the recent progress made in enzymatically modifying technical lignins utilizing laccases, peroxidases, and lipases. The underlying enzymatic reaction mechanisms and processes are being elucidated and the application possibilities discussed. In addition, the environmental assessment of novel technical lignin-based products as well as the developments, opportunities, and challenges are highlighted.
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Kumar A, Chandra R. Ligninolytic enzymes and its mechanisms for degradation of lignocellulosic waste in environment. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03170. [PMID: 32095645 PMCID: PMC7033530 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligninolytic enzymes play a key role in degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste in environment. The major ligninolytic enzymes are laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes are enhanced by various mediators as well as some other enzymes (feruloyl esterase, aryl-alcohol oxidase, quinone reductases, lipases, catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase) to facilitate the process for degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste in environment. The structurally laccase is isoenzymes with monomeric or dimeric and glycosylation levels (10–45%). This contains four copper ions of three different types. The enzyme catalyzes the overall reaction: 4 benzenediol + O2 to 4 benzosemiquinone + 2H2O. While, lignin peroxidase is a glycoprotein molecular mass of 38–46 kDa containing one mole of iron protoporphyrin IX per one mol of protein, catalyzes the H2O2 dependent oxidative depolymerization of lignin. The manganese peroxidase is a glycosylated heme protein with molecular mass of 40–50kDa. It depolymerizes the lignin molecule in the presence of manganese ion. The versatile peroxidase has broad range substrate sharing typical features of the manganese and lignin peroxidase families. Although ligninolytic enzymes have broad range of industrial application specially the degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste discharged from various industrial activities, its large scale application is still limited due to lack of limited production. Further, the extremophilic properties of ligninolytic enzymes indicated their broad prospects in varied environmental conditions. Therefore it needs more extensive research for understanding its structure and mechanisms for broad range commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
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Huang Q, He C, Zhang J, Li W, Fu Y. Unlocking the hidden talent of DNA: Unexpected catalytic activity for colorimetric assay of alkaline phosphatase. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1055:98-105. [PMID: 30782376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids have been efficiently used to activate H2O2 to form even more potent oxidant-peroxy acids through enzyme-catalyzed processes. By employing acetic acid as the activator, herein we report for the first time that cofactor-free DNA displays unexpected activity in H2O2-mediated oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) under mild conditions. A series of 10-nt oligonucleotides were rationally designed with various combinations of double nucleotides including TG, AG, CG, TA and AC respectively, which demonstrates that the catalytic performance of DNA is highly dependent upon the sequence composition, strand length and continuous nucleotides. Inspired by phosphate-induced inhibition effects on the formation of peracetic acid, an ultrasensitive assay was well-established for monitoring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) on the basis of double terminal-phosphorylated G-rich oligonucleotides. Phosphorylated DNA not only serves as the substrate for ALP-catalyzed hydrolysis, but also acts as the enzyme-like catalyst for signal amplification. Quantitative determination of ALP is realized in a linear range from 0.05 to 15 mU/mL, resulting in the limit of detection of 0.01 mU/mL. The rapid and reliable test also has great potential in analyzing serum samples for practical disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Chuan He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yan Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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Tonin F, Rosini E, Piubelli L, Sanchez-Amat A, Pollegioni L. Different recombinant forms of polyphenol oxidase A, a laccase from Marinomonas mediterranea. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 123:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pollegioni L, Tonin F, Rosini E. Lignin-degrading enzymes. FEBS J 2015; 282:1190-213. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Italy
| | - Fabio Tonin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Italy
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Wiermans L, Schumacher H, Klaaßen CM, Domínguez de María P. Unprecedented catalyst-free lignin dearomatization with hydrogen peroxide and dimethyl carbonate. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By dissolving lignin in dimethyl carbonate and adding hydrogen peroxide, a catalyst-free lignin dearomatization is observed. Full dearomatized gels or solid fibers partly dearomatized can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Wiermans
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- Worringerweg 1
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Hannah Schumacher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- Worringerweg 1
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Christian-Marvin Klaaßen
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- Worringerweg 1
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Pablo Domínguez de María
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)
- RWTH Aachen University
- Worringerweg 1
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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Picart P, Müller C, Mottweiler J, Wiermans L, Bolm C, Domínguez de María P, Schallmey A. From gene towards selective biomass valorization: bacterial β-etherases with catalytic activity on lignin-like polymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3164-71. [PMID: 25186983 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial β-etherases, which selectively cleave the β-O-4 aryl ether linkage present in lignin, hold great promise for future applications in lignin valorization. However, very few members have been reported so far and little is known about these enzymes. By using a database mining approach, four novel bacterial β-etherases were identified, recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli, and investigated together with known β-etherases in the conversion of various lignin and non-lignin-type model compounds. The resulting activities revealed the significant influence of the substituents at the phenyl ring adjacent to the ether bond. Finally, β-etherase activity on polymeric substrates, measured by using a fluorescently labeled synthetic lignin, was also proven; this underlined the applicability of the enzymes for the conversion of lignin into renewable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Picart
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
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Méndez-Sánchez D, Ríos-Lombardía N, Gotor V, Gotor-Fernández V. Chemoenzymatic epoxidation of alkenes based on peracid formation by a Rhizomucor miehei lipase-catalyzed perhydrolysis reaction. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Straathof AJJ. Transformation of Biomass into Commodity Chemicals Using Enzymes or Cells. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1871-908. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrie J. J. Straathof
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
67, 2628
BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Krystof M, Pérez-Sánchez M, Domínguez de María P. Lipase-mediated selective oxidation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:826-30. [PMID: 23576295 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are important biomass-derived platform chemicals that can be obtained from the dehydration of lignocellulosic sugars. A possible route for the derivatization of furanics is their oxidation to afford a broad range of chemicals with promising applications (e.g., diacids, hydroxyl acids, aldehyde acids, monomers for novel polymers). Herein we explore the organic peracid-assisted oxidation of furanics under mild reaction conditions. Using lipases as biocatalysts, alkyl esters as acyl donors, and aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide (30 % v/v) added stepwise, peracids are formed in situ, which subsequently oxidize the aldehyde groups to afford carboxylic acids with high yields and excellent selectivities. Furthermore, the use of an immobilized silica-based 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) affords the selective oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of HMF to afford 2,5-diformylfuran. That product can be subsequently oxidized using again lipases for the in situ peracid formation to yield 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, which is considered to be a key building block for biorefineries. These lipase-mediated reactions proceeded efficiently even with high substrate loadings under still non-optimized conditions. Overall, a proof-of-concept for the oxidation of furanics (based on in situ formed organic peracids as oxidants) is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krystof
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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