Gold-nanoparticle-based catalysts for the oxidative esterification of 1,4-butanediol into dimethyl succinate

Core-shell assembly of ZrO2 nanoparticles with ionic liquid: a novel and highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for Biginelli and esterification reactions

Imidazolium sulfonic acid chloride grafted ZrO₂ nanoparticles (ZrO₂-IL) were synthesized through facile post-treatment of the nanoparticles with the imidazolium-sulfonic acid chloride ionic liquid. The immobilization of the ionic liquid over the ZrO₂ nanoparticles was evident from the XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman, BET, and XPS analysis. The results obtained from the XRD analysis clearly show that the catalyst has an orthorhombic structure and from the BET analysis it is evident that the surface is mesoporous with uniform pore sizes and pore distribution. Further evidence of immobilization of ionic liquid over the ZrO₂ NPs was obtained from the SEM, TEM, XPS, and Raman analysis. Under mild conditions, the synthesized heterostructure was used in the acid-catalyzed esterification of different acids. The ZrO₂-IL catalyst converts 99% of the acid to ester with a 98.9% yield in 1h. The material was also shown to be highly efficient as catalyst for the Biginelli reaction under solvent-free conditions, with the catalyst for dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (DHPMs) in 1h with 99.2% conversion and 99% yield. The synergy between the ionic liquid catalyst and the substrates increased the catalytic efficiency and resulted in high-yield product conversion. The mechanism of both transformation reactions was investigated, as well as the synergy between ionic liquid and ZrO₂ nanoparticles for better catalytic efficiency was established.