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Griesi A, Faraji M, Kusch G, Khabbazabkenar S, Borreani M, Lauciello S, Schleusener A, Oliver RA, Krahne R, Divitini G. Mapping emission heterogeneity in layered halide perovskites using cathodoluminescence. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:105204. [PMID: 38055988 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad12ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the fabrication of layered halide perovskites and their subsequent modification for optoelectronic applications have ushered in a need for innovative characterisation techniques. In particular, heterostructures containing multiple phases and consequently featuring spatially defined optoelectronic properties are very challenging to study. Here, we adopt an approach centered on cathodoluminescence, complemented by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis. Cathodoluminescence enables assessment of local emission variations by injecting charges with a nanometer-scale electron probe, which we use to investigate emission changes in three different systems: PEA2PbBr4, PEA2PbI4and lateral heterostructures of the two, fabricated via halide substitution. We identify and map different emission bands that can be correlated with local chemical composition and geometry. One emission band is characteristic of bromine-based halide perovskite, while the other originates from iodine-based perovskite. The coexistence of these emissions bands in the halide-substituted sample confirms the formation of lateral heterostructures. To improve the signal quality of the acquired data, we employed multivariate analysis, specifically the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm, on both cathodoluminescence and compositional datasets. The resulting understanding of the halide replacement process and identification of potential synergies in the optical properties will lead to optimised architectures for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Griesi
- Electron Spectroscopy and Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mehrdad Faraji
- Optoelectronics Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Gunnar Kusch
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Sirous Khabbazabkenar
- Electron Spectroscopy and Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Borreani
- Optoelectronics Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Simone Lauciello
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alexander Schleusener
- Optoelectronics Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rachel A Oliver
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Krahne
- Optoelectronics Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Electron Spectroscopy and Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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2
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Cacovich S, Messou D, Bercegol A, Béchu S, Yaiche A, Shafique H, Rousset J, Schulz P, Bouttemy M, Lombez L. Light-Induced Passivation in Triple Cation Mixed Halide Perovskites: Interplay between Transport Properties and Surface Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34784-34794. [PMID: 32635710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixed halide perovskites have attracted a strong interest in the photovoltaic community as a result of their high power conversion efficiency and the solid opportunity to realize low-cost and industry-scalable technology. Light soaking represents one of the most promising approaches to reduce non-radiative recombination processes and thus to optimize device performances. Here, we investigate the effects of 1 sun illumination on state-of-the-art triple cation halide perovskite thin films Cs0.05(MA0.14, FA0.86)0.95 Pb (I0.84, Br0.16)3 by a combined optical and chemical characterization. Competitive passivation and degradation effects on perovskite transport properties have been analyzed by spectrally and time-resolved quantitative imaging luminescence analysis and by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). We notice a clear improvement of the optoelectronic properties of the material, with a increase of the quasi fermi level splitting and a corresponding decrease of methylammonium MA+ for short (up to 1 h) light soaking time. However, after 5 h of light soaking, phase segregation and in-depth oxygen penetration lead to a decrease of the charge mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cacovich
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- École Polytechnique, IPVF, UMR 9006, CNRS, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Davina Messou
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Adrien Bercegol
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- EDF R&D, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Solène Béchu
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Armelle Yaiche
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- EDF R&D, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Hamza Shafique
- École Polytechnique, IPVF, UMR 9006, CNRS, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean Rousset
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- EDF R&D, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Philip Schulz
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- École Polytechnique, IPVF, UMR 9006, CNRS, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Muriel Bouttemy
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Laurent Lombez
- IPVF, Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- École Polytechnique, IPVF, UMR 9006, CNRS, 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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H Perez JP, Freeman HM, Brown AP, van Genuchten CM, Dideriksen K, S'ari M, Tobler DJ, Benning LG. Direct Visualization of Arsenic Binding on Green Rust Sulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3297-3305. [PMID: 32078305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
"Green rust" (GR), a redox-active Fe(II)-Fe(III) layered double hydroxide, is a potential environmentally relevant mineral substrate for arsenic (As) sequestration in reduced, subsurface environments. GR phases have high As uptake capacities at circum-neutral pH conditions, but the exact interaction mechanism between the GR phases and As species is still poorly understood. Here, we documented the bonding and interaction mechanisms between GR sulfate and As species [As(III) and As(V)] under anoxic and circum-neutral pH conditions through scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and combined it with synchrotron-based X-ray total scattering, pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, and As K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Our highly spatially resolved STEM-EDX data revealed that the preferred adsorption sites of both As(III) and As(V) are at GR crystal edges. Combining this data with differential PDF and XAS allowed us to conclude that As adsorption occurs primarily as bidentate binuclear (2C) inner-sphere surface complexes. In the As(III)-reacted GR sulfate, no secondary Fe-As phases were observed. However, authigenic parasymplesite (ferrous arsenate nanophase), exhibiting a threadlike morphology, formed in the As(V)-reacted GR sulfate and acts as an additional immobilization pathway for As(V) (∼87% of immobilized As). We demonstrate that only by combining high-resolution STEM imaging and EDX mapping with the bulk (differential) PDF and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data can one truly determine the de facto As binding nature on GR surfaces. More importantly, these new insights into As-GR interaction mechanisms highlight the impact of GR phases on As sequestration in anoxic subsurface environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Paulo H Perez
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen M Freeman
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andy P Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Case M van Genuchten
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Knud Dideriksen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark S'ari
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique J Tobler
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liane G Benning
- GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Szostak R, Silva JC, Turren-Cruz SH, Soares MM, Freitas RO, Hagfeldt A, Tolentino HCN, Nogueira AF. Nanoscale mapping of chemical composition in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw6619. [PMID: 31692661 PMCID: PMC6814396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) solar cells can attain efficiencies over 20%. However, the impact of ion mobility and/or organic depletion, structural changes, and segregation under operating conditions urge for decisive and more accurate investigations. Hence, the development of analytical tools for accessing the grain-to-grain OIHP chemistry is of great relevance. Here, we used synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy (nano-FTIR) to map individual nanograins in OIHP films. Our results reveal a spatial heterogeneity of the vibrational activity associated to the nanoscale chemical diversity of isolated grains. It was possible to map the chemistry of individual grains in CsFAMA [Cs0.05FA0.79MA0.16Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3] and FAMA [FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3] films, with information on their local composition. Nanograins with stronger nano-FTIR activity in CsFAMA and FAMA films can be assigned to PbI2 and hexagonal polytype phases, respectively. The analysis herein can be extended to any OIHP films where organic cation depletion/accumulation can be used as a chemical label to study composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Szostak
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - J. C. Silva
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - S.-H. Turren-Cruz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M. M. Soares
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R. O. Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - A. Hagfeldt
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H. C. N. Tolentino
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Corresponding author. (A.F.N.); (H.C.N.T.)
| | - A. F. Nogueira
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratório de Nanotecnologia e Energia Solar, Chemistry Institute, Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
- Corresponding author. (A.F.N.); (H.C.N.T.)
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5
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Grill I, Aygüler MF, Bein T, Docampo P, Hartmann NF, Handloser M, Hartschuh A. Charge Transport Limitations in Perovskite Solar Cells: The Effect of Charge Extraction Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37655-37661. [PMID: 29019644 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the charge transport characteristics and their limiting factors in organolead halide perovskites is of great importance for the development of competitive and economically advantageous photovoltaic systems derived from these materials. In the present work, we examine the charge carrier mobilities in CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) thin films obtained from a one-step synthesis procedure and in planar n-i-p devices based on these films. By performing time-of-flight measurements, we find mobilities around 6 cm2/V s for electrons and holes in MAPI thin films, whereas in working solar cells, the respective effective mobility values are reduced by 3 orders of magnitude. From complementary experiments on devices with varying thicknesses of electron and hole transport layers, we identify the charge extraction layers and the associated interfaces rather than the perovskite material itself as the major limiting factors of the charge carrier transport time in working devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Grill
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Meltem F Aygüler
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai F Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Handloser
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), LMU Munich , Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), LMU Munich , Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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Cacovich S, Ciná L, Matteocci F, Divitini G, Midgley PA, Di Carlo A, Ducati C. Gold and iodine diffusion in large area perovskite solar cells under illumination. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:4700-4706. [PMID: 28345699 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Operational stability is the main issue hindering the commercialisation of perovskite solar cells. Here, a long term light soaking test was performed on large area hybrid halide perovskite solar cells to investigate the morphological and chemical changes associated with the degradation of photovoltaic performance occurring within the devices. Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) in conjunction with EDX analysis on device cross sections, we observe the formation of gold clusters in the perovskite active layer as well as in the TiO2 mesoporous layer, and a severe degradation of the perovskite due to iodine migration into the hole transporter. All these phenomena are associated with a drastic drop of all the photovoltaic parameters. The use of advanced electron microscopy techniques and data processing provides new insights on the degradation pathways, directly correlating the nanoscale structure and chemistry to the macroscopic properties of hybrid perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cacovich
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK.
| | - L Ciná
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, Rome 00133, Italy and Cicci Research srl, via Giordania 227, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - F Matteocci
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - G Divitini
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK.
| | - P A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK.
| | - A Di Carlo
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - C Ducati
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage road, CB3 0FS, Cambridge, UK.
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