1
|
Nie Z, Zhang L, Du Z, Hu J, Huang X, Zhou C, Wågberg T, Hu G. Vacancy and doping engineering of Ni-based charge-buffer electrode for highly-efficient membrane-free and decoupled hydrogen/oxygen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 642:714-723. [PMID: 37037077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The realization of the membrane-free two-step water electrolysis is particularly important yet challenging for the low-cost and large-scale supply of hydrogen energy. In this effort, Co-doped Ni(OH)2 nanosheets were successfully anchored onto the nickel foam (NF) substrate through the in-situ growth of metal-organic frame material and the subsequent alkali-etching technique. Using the well-regulated Co-doping Ni(OH)2@NF electrodes as a charge mediator, electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were decoupled on time scales, thus affording a membrane-free two-step route for H2 and O2 productions. In this architecture, the first HER process on the cathode could be maintained for 1300 s at a current of 100 mA, while the corresponding Ni(OH)2 charge mediator was simultaneously oxidized to NiOOH, with a decent cell voltage of 1.542 V. The subsequent OER process involved a reduction/regeneration of Ni(OH)2 (from NiOOH to Ni(OH)2) and an anodic O2-production, with an operating voltage of 0.291 V. Moreover, the Ni-Zn battery assembled through the combination of NiOOH and Zn sheet could replace the second step of OER to achieve the coupling of continuous H2-production and battery discharge, thus also providing a new way for hydrogen production without an external power supply. Experiment and theoretical calculations have shown that the cobalt-doping not only improved the conductivity of the charge-buffer electrode, but also shifted its redox potential cathodically and boosted the adsorption affinity of the buffer medium to OH- ions, both contributing to promoted HER and OER activity. Therefore, this decoupled water electrolysis device affords a promising pathway to support the efficient conversion of renewables to hydrogen.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin Z. High-Spatiotemporal-Resolution Electrochemical Measurements of Electrocatalytic Reactivity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6477-6489. [PMID: 37023363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The real-time measurement of the individual or local electrocatalytic reactivity of catalyst particles instead of ensemble behavior is considerably challenging but very critical to uncover fundamental insights into catalytic mechanisms. Recent remarkable efforts have been made to the development of high-spatiotemporal-resolution electrochemical techniques, which allow the imaging of the topography and reactivity of fast electron-transfer processes at the nanoscale. This Perspective summarizes emerging powerful electrochemical measurement techniques for studying various electrocatalytic reactions on different types of catalysts. Principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, single-entity measurement, and molecular probing technique have been discussed for the purpose of measuring important parameters in electrocatalysis. We further demonstrate recent advances in these techniques that reveal quantitative information about the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of catalysts for various electrocatalytic reactions associated with our perspectives. Future research on the next-generation electrochemical techniques is anticipated to be focused on the development of instrumentation, correlative multimodal techniques, and new applications, thus enabling new opportunities for elucidating structure-reactivity relationships and dynamic information at the single active-site level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Wang Y. Decoupled Artificial Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219076. [PMID: 36847210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis (NP) generates oxygen and carbohydrates from water and CO2 utilizing solar energy to nourish lives and balance CO2 levels. Following nature, artificial photosynthesis (AP), typically, overall water or CO2 splitting, produces fuels and chemicals from renewable energy. However, hydrogen evolution or CO2 reduction is inherently coupled with kinetically sluggish water oxidation, lowering efficiencies and raising safety concerns. Decoupled systems have thus emerged. In this review, we elaborate how decoupled artificial photosynthesis (DAP) evolves from NP and AP and unveil their distinct photoelectrochemical mechanisms in energy capture, transduction and conversion. Advances of AP and DAP are summarized in terms of photochemical (PC), photoelectrochemical (PEC), and photovoltaic-electrochemical (PV-EC) catalysis based on material and device design. The energy transduction process of DAP is emphasized. Challenges and perspectives on future researches are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaobing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng X, Lv F, Liu X, Zheng Z, Chen Y. Decoupled alkaline water electrolysis by a K 0.5MnO 2-Ti mediator via K-ion insertion/extraction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2138-2141. [PMID: 36727267 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Conventional one-step water electrolyzers generate H2 accompanied by O2 evolution, and may cause gas mixing and high cell voltage inputs. Herein, using the potassium ion battery material of K0.5MnO2-Ti as a mediator, we effectively decoupled the H2 and O2 evolution of alkaline water electrolysis temporally, thereby achieving a membrane-free pathway for H2 production. As a mediator electrode for charge storage, the K0.5MnO2-Ti exhibited a stable capacity of 100 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 owing to the reversible K-ion insertion/extraction mechanism. The decoupled water electrolysis device exhibited the step voltages for hydrogen and oxygen production of 1.02 and 0.57 V at 5 mA, respectively. A nearly unity Faradaic efficiency and sustained production of pure H2 has been demonstrated at a constant current density. We anticipate that this mediator demonstrated here may provide a route for the practical application of the decoupling strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Zheng
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Fei Lv
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Zhihao Zheng
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Yubin Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Liu M, Gu X, Shi Y, Deng Z, Cai N. Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 36749705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since severe global warming and related climate issues have been caused by the extensive utilization of fossil fuels, the vigorous development of renewable resources is needed, and transformation into stable chemical energy is required to overcome the detriment of their fluctuations as energy sources. As an environmentally friendly and efficient energy carrier, hydrogen can be employed in various industries and produced directly by renewable energy (called green hydrogen). Nevertheless, large-scale green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is prohibited by its uncompetitive cost caused by a high specific energy demand and electricity expenses, which can be overcome by enhancing the corresponding thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated working temperatures. In the present review, the effects of temperature variation are primarily introduced from the perspective of electrolysis cells. Following an increasing order of working temperature, multidimensional evaluations considering materials and structures, performance, degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies as well as electrolysis in stacks and systems are presented based on elevated temperature alkaline electrolysis cells and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (ET-AECs and ET-PEMECs), elevated temperature ionic conductors (ET-ICs), protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Zhanfeng Deng
- Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Ningsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan D, Mebrahtu C, Wang S, Palkovits R. Innovative Electrochemical Strategies for Hydrogen Production: From Electricity Input to Electricity Output. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 62:e202214333. [PMID: 36437229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renewable H2 production by water electrolysis has attracted much attention due to its numerous advantages. However, the energy consumption of conventional water electrolysis is high and mainly driven by the kinetically inert anodic oxygen evolution reaction. An alternative approach is the coupling of different half-cell reactions and the use of redox mediators. In this review, we, therefore, summarize the latest findings on innovative electrochemical strategies for H2 production. First, we address redox mediators utilized in water splitting, including soluble and insoluble species, and the corresponding cell concepts. Second, we discuss alternative anodic reactions involving organic and inorganic chemical transformations. Then, electrochemical H2 production at both the cathode and anode, or even H2 production together with electricity generation, is presented. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects for the future development of this research field are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Yan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China.,Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chalachew Mebrahtu
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Graphene Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Road, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Regina Palkovits
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Research, Stiftstr. 34, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Aqueous batteries have been considered as the most promising alternatives to the dominant lithium-based battery technologies because of their low cost, abundant resources and high safety. The output voltage of aqueous batteries is limited by the narrow stable voltage window of 1.23 V for water, which theoretically impedes further improvement of their energy density. However, the pH-decoupling electrolyte with an acidic catholyte and an alkaline anolyte has been verified to broaden the operating voltage window of the aqueous electrolyte to over 3 V, which goes beyond the voltage limitations of the aqueous batteries, making high-energy aqueous batteries possible. In this Review, we summarize the latest decoupled aqueous batteries based on pH-decoupling electrolytes from the perspective of ion-selective membranes, competitive redox couples and potential battery prototypes. The inherent defects and problems of these decoupled aqueous batteries are systematically analysed, and the critical scientific issues of this battery technology for future applications are discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo Y, Li P, Jin Z. Lithiated interface of Pt/TiO 2 enables an efficient wire-shaped Zn-Air solar micro-battery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5988-5991. [PMID: 35481964 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01875f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a wire-shaped bifunctional oxygen photoelectrode by integrating Li-doped TiO2 nanotubes and Pt nanoclusters. Conductive nanoshells have been identified at the lithiated interface of Pt/TiO2, which facilitates the performance of oxygen catalysis. Thus, the assembled Zn-air micro-battery with solar-assisted charging greatly improves the voltage efficiency compared with the conventional state-of-the-art catalyst as the air electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoyu Jin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jin Z, Li P, Fang Z, Yu G. Emerging Electrochemical Techniques for Probing Site Behavior in Single-Atom Electrocatalysts. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:759-769. [PMID: 35148075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have aroused tremendous interest over the past decade, particularly in the community of energy and environment-related electrocatalysis. A rapidly growing number of recent publications have recognized it as a promising candidate with maximum atomic utilization, distinct activity, and selectivity in comparison to bulk catalysts and nanocatalysts. However, the complexity of localized coordination environments and the dispersion of isolated sites lead to significant difficulties when it comes to gaining insight into the intrinsic behavior of electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, the low metal loadings of most SACs make conventional ensemble measurements less likely to be accurate on the subnanoscale. Thus, it remains challenging to probe the activity and properties of individual atomic sites by available commercial instruments and analytical methods. In spite of this, continuing efforts have lately focused on the development of advanced measurement methodologies, which are very useful to the fundamental understanding of SACs. There have recently been a number of in situ/operando techniques applied to SACs, such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and other analysis methods, which support relevant functions to identify the active sites and reaction intermediates and to investigate the dynamic behavior of localized structures of the catalytic sites.This Account aims to present recent electrochemical probing techniques which can be used to identify single-atomic catalytic sites within solid supports. First, we describe the basic principles of molecular probe methods for the study and analysis of electrocatalytic site behavior. In particular, the in situ probing technique enabled by surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SI-SECM) can measure the active site density and kinetic rate with high resolution. An alternative electrochemical probing technique is further demonstrated on the basis of single-entity electrochemistry, which allows the unique electrochemical imaging of the size and catalytic rate of single atoms, molecules, and clusters. The merits and limitations of different electrochemical techniques are then discussed, along with perspectives for future prospects. Apart from this, we further showcase the powerful capability of emerging electrochemical probing techniques for determining significant effects and properties of SACs for various electrocatalytic reactions, including oxygen reduction and evolution, hydrogen evolution, and nitrate reduction. Overall, electrochemical techniques with atomic resolution have greatly increased opportunities for observing, measuring, and understanding the surface and interface chemistry during energy conversion. In the future, it is anticipated that the development of electrochemical probing techniques will be advanced with innovative perspectives on the behavior and features of SACs. We hope that this Account can contribute in several ways to promoting the fundamental knowledge and technical progress of emerging electrochemical measurements for studying SACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Panpan Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weninger BH, Thijs MA, Nijman JAC, van Eijck L, Mulder FM. Neutron Diffraction Study of a Sintered Iron Electrode In Operando. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:16391-16402. [PMID: 34386149 PMCID: PMC8350908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a promising, earth-abundant material for future energy applications. In this study, we use a neutron diffractometer to investigate the properties of an iron electrode in an alkaline environment. As neutrons penetrate deeply into materials, neutron scattering gives us a unique insight into what is happening inside the electrode. We made our measurements while the electrode was charging or discharging. Our key questions are: Which phases occur for the first and second discharge plateaus? And why are iron electrodes less responsive at higher discharge rates? We conclude that metallic iron and iron hydroxide form the redox pair for the first discharge plateau. For the second discharge plateau, we found a phase similar to feroxyhyte but with symmetrical and equally spaced arrangement of hydrogen atoms. The data suggest that no other iron oxide or iron (oxy)hydroxide formed. Remarkable findings include the following: (1) substantial amounts of iron hydroxide are always present inside the electrode. (2) Passivation is mostly caused by iron hydroxide that is unable to recharge. (3) Iron fractions change as expected, while iron hydroxide fractions are delayed, resulting in substantial amounts of amorphous, undetectable iron phases. About 40% of the participating iron of the first plateau and about 55% of the participating iron for the second plateau are undetectable. (4) Massive and unexpected precipitation of iron hydroxide occurs in the transition from discharging to charging. (2), (3), and (4) together cause accumulation of iron hydroxide inside the electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard
M. H. Weninger
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Michel A. Thijs
- Neutron
and Positron Methods in Materials (NPM2), Delft University of Technology, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Lambert van Eijck
- Neutron
and Positron Methods in Materials (NPM2), Delft University of Technology, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Fokko M. Mulder
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Decoupled electrolysis using a silicotungstic acid electron-coupled-proton buffer in a proton exchange membrane cell. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Weninger BH, Mulder FM. Renewable Hydrogen and Electricity Dispatch with Multiple Ni-Fe Electrode Storage. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2019; 4:567-571. [PMID: 30775447 PMCID: PMC6373986 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b02488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|
13
|
Microwave-assisted synthesis of the cobalt-iron phosphates nanosheets as an efficient electrocatalyst for water oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Huang T, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Xiao B, Jin Y. Metal Oxide Nanostructures Generated from In Situ Sacrifice of Zinc in Bimetallic Textures as Flexible Ni/Fe Fast Battery Electrodes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1920-1926. [PMID: 28466575 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An "in situ sacrifice" process was devised in this work as a room-temperature, all-solution processed electrochemical method to synthesize nanostructured NiOx and FeOx directly on current collectors. After electrodepositing NiZn/FeZn bimetallic textures on a copper net, the zinc component is etched and the remnant nickel/iron are evolved into NiOx and FeOx by the "in situ sacrifice" activation we propose. As-prepared electrodes exhibit high areal capacities of 0.47 mA h cm-2 and 0.32 mA h cm-2 , respectively. By integrating NiOx as the cathode, FeOx as the anode, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-KOH gel as the separator/solid-state electrolyte, the assembled quasi-solid-state flexible battery delivers a volumetric capacity of 6.91 mA h cm-3 at 5 mA cm-2 , along with a maximum energy density of 7.40 mWh cm-3 under a power density of 0.27 W cm-3 and a maximum tested power density of 3.13 W cm-3 with a 2.17 mW h cm-3 energy density retention. Our room-temperature synthesis, which only consumes minute electricity, makes it a promising approach for large-scale production. We also emphasize the in situ sacrifice zinc etching process used in this work as a general strategy for metal-based nanostructure growth for high-performance battery materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Bangqing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|