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Kawashima K, Márquez RA, Smith LA, Vaidyula RR, Carrasco-Jaim OA, Wang Z, Son YJ, Cao CL, Mullins CB. A Review of Transition Metal Boride, Carbide, Pnictide, and Chalcogenide Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37967475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal borides, carbides, pnictides, and chalcogenides (X-ides) have emerged as a class of materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Because of their high earth abundance, electrical conductivity, and OER performance, these electrocatalysts have the potential to enable the practical application of green energy conversion and storage. Under OER potentials, X-ide electrocatalysts demonstrate various degrees of oxidation resistance due to their differences in chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology. Depending on their resistance to oxidation, these catalysts will fall into one of three post-OER electrocatalyst categories: fully oxidized oxide/(oxy)hydroxide material, partially oxidized core@shell structure, and unoxidized material. In the past ten years (from 2013 to 2022), over 890 peer-reviewed research papers have focused on X-ide OER electrocatalysts. Previous review papers have provided limited conclusions and have omitted the significance of "catalytically active sites/species/phases" in X-ide OER electrocatalysts. In this review, a comprehensive summary of (i) experimental parameters (e.g., substrates, electrocatalyst loading amounts, geometric overpotentials, Tafel slopes, etc.) and (ii) electrochemical stability tests and post-analyses in X-ide OER electrocatalyst publications from 2013 to 2022 is provided. Both mono and polyanion X-ides are discussed and classified with respect to their material transformation during the OER. Special analytical techniques employed to study X-ide reconstruction are also evaluated. Additionally, future challenges and questions yet to be answered are provided in each section. This review aims to provide researchers with a toolkit to approach X-ide OER electrocatalyst research and to showcase necessary avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Raúl A Márquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lettie A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Rinish Reddy Vaidyula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Omar A Carrasco-Jaim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yoon Jun Son
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chi L Cao
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - C Buddie Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- H2@UT, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Ye W, He C, Mushtaq MA, Lin K, Xing X. High Performance Cobalt‐Vanadium Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Nitrogen. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ye
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Department of Physical Chemistry No.30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District 100083 Beijing CHINA
| | - Chengyou He
- Test Center of China Research Institute None CHINA
| | | | - Kun Lin
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Department of Physical Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xianran Xing
- University of Science and Technology Beijing Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Science & Technology Beijing Xueyuan Road 30, Beijing 100083, P. R. C 100083 Beijing CHINA
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3
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Wang S, Zhao R, Zheng T, Fang Y, Wang W, Xue W. Metal-organic framework-derived self-supporting metal boride for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 618:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Electrochemical Oxidative C H Phosphonylation of thiazole derivatives in ambient conditions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang H, Liu H, Feng T, Wang L, Yuan W, Huang Q, Guo Y. Electronically modulated nickel boron by CeO x doping as a highly efficient electrocatalyst towards overall water splitting. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:675-684. [PMID: 34908068 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting economic, efficient and durable non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is promising, but still faces enormous challenges. Herein, the strategy of doping a metal boride with a rare earth metal oxide has been explored to develop a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst. The novel electrocatalyst CeOx-NiB consists of CeOx-doped NiB supported on nickel foam, and was fabricated by a one-step mild electroless plating reaction. Remarkably, the CeOx-NiB@NF electrode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at overpotentials of only 19 mV and 274 mV for the HER and OER, respectively. Two-electrode electrolyzers with the CeOx-NiB@NF electrode require only 1.424 V to deliver 10 mA cm-2 for overall water splitting in 1.0 M KOH, outperforming the Pt-C/NF∥IrO2/NF electrolyzer. Meanwhile, the electrode also has good stability (can work for 100 hours at 10 mA cm-2) and industrial-grade current density. This work provides a new idea for the development of efficient and durable non-precious metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, P.R. China.
| | - Huixiang Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China.
| | - Tao Feng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, P.R. China.
| | - Lincai Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, P.R. China.
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, P.R. China.
| | - Qing Huang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, P.R. China.
| | - Yanhui Guo
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China.
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6
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Zhang YC, Han C, Gao J, Pan L, Wu J, Zhu XD, Zou JJ. NiCo-Based Electrocatalysts for the Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Review. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Caidi Han
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinting Wu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Attias R, Vijaya Sankar K, Dhaka K, Moschkowitsch W, Elbaz L, Caspary Toroker M, Tsur Y. Optimization of Ni-Co-Fe-Based Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Surface and Relaxation Phenomena Analysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1737-1746. [PMID: 33561301 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trimetallic double hydroxide NiFeCo-OH is prepared by coprecipitation, from which three different catalysts are fabricated by different heat treatments, all at 350 °C maximum temperature. Among the prepared catalysts, the one prepared at a heating and cooling rate of 2 °C min-1 in N2 atmosphere (designated NiFeCo-N2 -2 °C) displays the best catalytic properties after stability testing, exhibiting a high current density (9.06 mA cm-2 at 320 mV), low Tafel slope (72.9 mV dec-1 ), good stability (over 20 h), high turnover frequency (0.304 s-1 ), and high mass activity (46.52 A g-1 at 320 mV). Stability tests reveal that the hydroxide phase is less suitable for long-term use than catalysts with an oxide phase. Two causes are identified for the loss of stability in the hydroxide phase: a) Modeling of the distribution function of relaxation times (DFRT) reveals the increase in resistance contributed by various relaxation processes; b) density functional theory (DFT) surface energy calculations reveal that the higher surface energy of the hydroxide-phase catalyst impairs the stability. These findings represent a new strategy to optimize catalysts for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Attias
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Kalimuthu Vijaya Sankar
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Kapil Dhaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | | | - Lior Elbaz
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Maytal Caspary Toroker
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoed Tsur
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Hu Y, Yu H, Qi L, Dong J, Yan P, Taylor Isimjan T, Yang X. Interface Engineering of Needle-Like P-Doped MoS 2 /CoP Arrays as Highly Active and Durable Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1565-1573. [PMID: 33484489 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing a bifunctional water splitting catalyst with high efficiency and low cost are crucial in the electrolysis water industry. Here, we report a rational design and simple preparation method of MoS2 -based bifunctional electrocatalyst on carbon cloth (CC). The optimized P-doped MoS2 @CoP/CC catalyst presents low overpotentials for the hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) of 64 and 282 mV in alkaline solution as well as 72 mV HER overpotential in H2 SO4 at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 . Furthermore, P-MoS2 @CoP/CC as a bifunctional catalyst delivered relatively low cell voltages of 1.83 and 1.97 V at high current densities of 500 and mA cm-2 in 30 % KOH. The two-electrode system showed a remarkable stability for 30 h, even outperformed the benchmark RuO2 ||Pt/C catalyst. The excellent electrochemical performance can be credited to the unique microstructure, high surface area, and the synergy between metal species. This study presents a possible alternative for noble metal-based catalysts to overcome the challenges of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Luoluo Qi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Puxuan Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Tayirjan Taylor Isimjan
- Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) at King Abdullah, University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
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9
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Iron doped nickel ditelluride hierarchical nanoflakes arrays directly grown on nickel foam as robust electrodes for oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Li W, Feng B, Yi L, Li J, Hu W. Highly Efficient Alkaline Water Splitting with Ru-Doped Co-V Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:730-737. [PMID: 33225588 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are decisive for achieving efficient energy conversion from electricity to hydrogen fuel through water electrolysis. In this study, tremella-like Ru-doped Co-V layered double hydroxide nanosheets on Ni Foam (Ru-CoV-LDH@NF) was fabricated by a one-pot solvothermal reaction. As-prepared Ru-CoV-LDH@NF, with a nominal Ru loading of around 51.6 μg cm-2 exhibits excellent bifunctional catalytic activity towards HER and OER in alkaline media. To accomplish a current density of 10 mA cm-2 , it demands 32 mV and 230 mV overpotentials for HER and OER, respectively. The alkali electrolyzer utilizing Ru-CoV-LDH/NF as bifunctional electrocatalyst affords 10 mA cm-2 electrolytic current density at an extremely low cell voltage of 1.50 V, showing excellent performance compared to a Pt/C-RuO2 -based electrolyzer and many other bifunctional electrocatalyst-based ones. The incorporation of Ru changes the morphology of the resultant nanosheets to offer high electrochemical surface areas for electrocatalysis; at the same time, it significantly boosts the intrinsic HER/OER electrocatalytic activity. For HER, the energy barrier of the Volmer step is efficiently reduced upon Ru doping, whereas the Ru dopants optimize the absorption strength of *O intermediates to facilitate the OER process. This work offers a feasible means to optimize the Co-based hydroxide materials for improved electrocatalysis in overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Bomin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lingya Yi
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Junying Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, 2 Tiansheng, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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Kang Y, Jiang B, Yang J, Wan Z, Na J, Li Q, Li H, Henzie J, Sakka Y, Yamauchi Y, Asahi T. Amorphous Alloy Architectures in Pore Walls: Mesoporous Amorphous NiCoB Alloy Spheres with Controlled Compositions via a Chemical Reduction. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17224-17232. [PMID: 33315390 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous bimetallic borides are an emerging class of catalytic nanomaterial that has demonstrated excellent catalytic performance due to its glass-like structure, abundant unsaturated active sites, and synergistic electronic effects. However, the creation of mesoporous Earth-abundant bimetallic metal borides with tunable metal proportion remains a challenge. Herein, we develop a sophisticated and controllable dual-reducing agent strategy to synthesize the mesoporous nickel-cobalt boron (NiCoB) amorphous alloy spheres (AASs) with adjustable compositions by using a soft template-directed assembly approach. The selective use of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (Bu4PBr) is beneficial to generate well-defined mesopores because it both moderates the reduction rate by decreasing the reducibility of M2+ species and prevents the generation of soap bubbles. Our meso-Ni10.0Co74.5B15.5 AASs generate the highest catalytic performance for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB). Its high performance is attributed to the combination of optimal synergistic effects between Ni, Co, and B as well as the high surface area and the good mass transport efficiency due to the open mesopores. This work describes a systematic approach for the design and synthesis of mesoporous bimetallic borides as efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Kang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Bo Jiang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zhe Wan
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jongbeom Na
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Qian Li
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hexing Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Joel Henzie
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sakka
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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