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Kramarenko A, Uslu A, Etit D, D'Angelo FN. 2-step lignin-first catalytic fractionation with bifunctional Pd/ß-zeolite catalyst in a flow-through reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301404. [PMID: 38193653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an additive and hydrogen-free 2-step lignin-first fractionation in flow-through. First, solvolytic delignification renders lignin liquors with its native chemical structure largely intact; and second, ß-zeolite catalytic depolymerization of these liquors leads to similar monomer yields as the corresponding 1-step fractionation process. Higher delignification temperatures lead to slightly lower ß-O-4 content in the solvated lignin, but does not affect significantly the monomer yield, so a higher temperature was overall preferred as it promotes faster delignification. Deposition of Pd on ß-zeolite resulted in a bifunctional hydrogenation/dehydration catalyst, tested during the catalytic depolymerization of solvated lignin with and without hydrogen addition. Pd/ß-zeolite displays synergistic effects (compared to the Pd/γ-Al2 O3 and ß-zeolite tested individually and as a mixed bed), resulting in higher monomer yield. This is likely caused by increased acidity and the proximity between the metallic and acid active sites. Furthermore, different ß-zeolite with varying SAR and textural properties were studied to shed light onto the effect of acidity and porosity in the stabilization of lignin monomers. While some of the catalysts showed stable performance, characterization of the spent catalyst reveals Al leaching (causing acidity loss and changes in textural properties), and some degree of coking and Pd sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kramarenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
| | - A Uslu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
| | - D Etit
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial college, London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Neira D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
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2
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Argyropoulos DDS, Crestini C, Dahlstrand C, Furusjö E, Gioia C, Jedvert K, Henriksson G, Hulteberg C, Lawoko M, Pierrou C, Samec JSM, Subbotina E, Wallmo H, Wimby M. Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300492. [PMID: 37493340 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. Removing lignin from the black liquor or its gasification lowers the recovery boiler load enabling increased pulp production. During the past ten years, lignin separation technologies have emerged and the interest of the research community to valorize this underutilized resource has been invigorated. The aim of this Review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris D S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Erik Furusjö
- Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Universitetsområdet Porsön, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department of physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Division of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Hulteberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pierrou
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Ren Fuel K2B AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arhenius väg 16 C, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin Wimby
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, 41755, Göteborg, Sweden
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3
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Guo H, Zhao Y, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Lignin to value-added products: Research updates and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 384:129294. [PMID: 37311532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the urgent need for renewable and clean energy, the efficient use of lignin is of wide interest. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of lignin depolymerization and the generation of high-value products will contribute to the global control of the formation of efficient lignin utilization. This review explores the lignin value-adding process and discusses the link between lignin functional groups and value-added products. Mechanisms and characteristics of lignin depolymerization methods are presented, and challenges and prospects for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li 32003, Taiwan.
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4
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Kristensen T, Hulteberg C, Blomberg S, Tunå P, Abdelaziz O. Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Vanillin Hydrodeoxygenation Over a Sulfided Ni-Mo/δ-Al2O3 Catalyst Under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA fundamental understanding of the process parameters affecting the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oils is of significance for enabling further progression and improvement of industrial biofuel upgrading methods. Herein, a novel demonstration and evaluation of the effect of temperature, pressure, and weight hourly space velocity in the continuous HDO of vanillin to cresol over a Ni-Mo/δ-Al2O3 catalyst are presented. Response surface methodology was used as a statistical experimental design method, and the application of central composite design enabled the generation of a statistically significant simulation model and a true optimization parametric study. The distribution of Ni and Mo on δ-Al2O3 was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). No gradients with EDX mapping could be identified, and the elemental analysis showed well-dispersion of the metals. The mesoporous character of the catalyst-support system was unraveled using N2 physisorption. Experiments were conducted within the parametric range of 250–350 °C, 3–9 bar, and 15–35 h−1. Both temperature and pressure were found to have statistically significant linear and quadratic effects on the selectivity for cresol. The parametric interaction of temperature with pressure and space velocity also had a significant effect on the resulting response. The optimal temperature range becomes more critical at lower space velocities. Optimal selectivity for cresol was established at 314 °C, 5 bar, and 35 h−1. The fitting quality of the generated regression model was statistically confirmed and experimentally validated to describe the specified HDO process within the 95% two-sided confidence interval.
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5
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Brown EE. Minireview: recent efforts toward upgrading lignin-derived phenols in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kaisin G, Bovy L, Joyard Y, Maindron N, Tadino V, Monbaliu JCM. A perspective on automated advanced continuous flow manufacturing units for the upgrading of biobased chemicals toward pharmaceuticals. J Flow Chem 2022; 13:1-15. [PMID: 36467977 PMCID: PMC9707424 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomass is a renewable, almost infinite reservoir of a large diversity of highly functionalized chemicals. The conversion of biomass toward biobased platform molecules through biorefineries generally still lacks economic viability. Profitability could be enhanced through the development of new market opportunities for these biobased platform chemicals. The fine chemical industry, and more specifically the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals is one of the sectors bearing significant potential for these biobased building blocks to rapidly emerge and make a difference. There are, however, still many challenges to be dealt with before this market can thrive. Continuous flow technology and its integration for the upgrading of biobased platform molecules for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals is foreseen as a game-changer. This perspective reflects on the main challenges relative to chemical, process, regulatory and supply chain-related burdens still to be addressed. The implementation of integrated continuous flow processes and their automation into modular units will help for tackling with these challenges. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Kaisin
- SynLock SRL, Rue de la Vieille Sambre 153, B-5190 Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Belgium
| | - Loïc Bovy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Research Unit MolSys, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - Yoann Joyard
- SynLock SRL, Rue de la Vieille Sambre 153, B-5190 Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Maindron
- SynLock SRL, Rue de la Vieille Sambre 153, B-5190 Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Belgium
| | - Vincent Tadino
- SynLock SRL, Rue de la Vieille Sambre 153, B-5190 Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Research Unit MolSys, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
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7
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Abdelaziz OY, Clemmensen I, Meier S, Costa CAE, Rodrigues AE, Hulteberg CP, Riisager A. On the Oxidative Valorization of Lignin to High-Value Chemicals: A Critical Review of Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201232. [PMID: 36004569 PMCID: PMC9825943 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin is crucial if we are to replace current petroleum-based feedstock and establish more sustainable and competitive lignocellulosic biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills and second-generation biorefineries produce large quantities of low-value technical lignin as a by-product, which is often combusted on-site for energy recovery. This Review focuses on the conversion of technical lignins by oxidative depolymerization employing heterogeneous catalysts. It scrutinizes the current literature describing the use of various heterogeneous catalysts in the oxidative depolymerization of lignin and includes a comparison of the methods, catalyst loadings, reaction media, and types of catalyst applied, as well as the reaction products and yields. Furthermore, current techniques for the determination of product yields and product recovery are discussed. Finally, challenges and suggestions for future approaches are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringLund UniversityNaturvetarvägen 14SE-221 00LundSweden
| | - Ida Clemmensen
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Carina A. E. Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
| | | | - Anders Riisager
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
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8
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Brandi F, Al‐Naji M. Sustainable Sorbitol Dehydration to Isosorbide using Solid Acid Catalysts: Transition from Batch Reactor to Continuous-Flow System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102525. [PMID: 34931452 PMCID: PMC9305242 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isosorbide is one of the most interesting cellulosic-derived molecules with great potential to be implemented in wide range of products that shaping our daily life. This Review describes the recent developments in the production of isosorbide from sorbitol in batch and continuous-flow systems under hydrothermal conditions using solid acid catalysts. Moreover, the current hurdles and challenges regarding the synthesis of isosorbide from cellulosic biomass in continuous-flow process using solid acid catalysts are summarized, as well as the scaling-up of this process into pilot level, which will lead to an established industrial process with high sustainability metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brandi
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Majd Al‐Naji
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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9
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Azad T, Torres HF, Auad ML, Elder T, Adamczyk AJ. Isolating key reaction energetics and thermodynamic properties during hardwood model lignin pyrolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20919-20935. [PMID: 34541592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies on the pyrolysis of lignin using electronic structure methods have been largely limited to dimeric or trimeric models. In the current work we have modeled a lignin oligomer consisting of 10 syringyl units linked through 9 β-O-4' bonds. A lignin model of this size is potentially more representative of the polymer in angiosperms; therefore, we used this representative model to examine the behavior of hardwood lignin during the initial steps of pyrolysis. Using this oligomer, the present work aims to determine if and how the reaction enthalpies of bond cleavage vary with positions within the chain. To accomplish this, we utilized a composite method using molecular mechanics based conformational sampling and quantum mechanically based density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our key results show marked differences in bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) with the position. In addition, we calculated standard thermodynamic properties, including enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, entropy, and Gibbs free energy for a wide range of temperatures from 25 K to 1000 K. The prediction of these thermodynamic properties and the reaction enthalpies will benefit further computational studies and cross-validation with pyrolysis experiments. Overall, the results demonstrate the utility of a better understanding of lignin pyrolysis for its effective valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Hazl F Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Maria L Auad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. .,Center for Polymer and Advanced Composites, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Thomas Elder
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Andrew J Adamczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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10
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Banwell MG, Pollard B, Liu X, Connal LA. Exploiting Nature's Most Abundant Polymers: Developing New Pathways for the Conversion of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin and Chitin into Platform Molecules (and Beyond). Chem Asian J 2021; 16:604-620. [PMID: 33463003 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The four most prominent forms of biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and chitin. In efforts to develop sustainable sources of platform molecules there has been an increasing focus on examining how these biopolymers could be exploited as feedstocks that support the chemical supply chain, including in the production of fine chemicals. Many different approaches are possible and some of the ones being developed in the authors' laboratories are emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou/Zhuhai, 510632/519070, P. R. China.,Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Brett Pollard
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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Ibrahim N, Moussallem C, Allain M, Segut O, Gohier F, Frère P. Exploring the Electronic Properties of Extended Benzofuran-Cyanovinyl Derivatives Obtained from Lignocellulosic and Carbohydrate Platforms Raw Materials. Chempluschem 2021; 86:475-482. [PMID: 33733629 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two series of linear extended benzofuran derivatives associating cyanovinyl unit and phenyl or furan moieties obtained from benzaldehyde-lignocellulosic (Be series) or furaldehyde -saccharide (Fu series) platforms were prepared in order to investigate their emission and electrochemical properties. For the fluorescence in solution and solid states, contrasting results between the two series were demonstrated. For Be series a net aggregation induced emission effect was observed with high fluorescence quantum yield for the solid state. A [2+2] cycloaddition under irradiation at 350 nm was also revealed for one derivative of Be series. In contrast, for Fu series the fluorescence in solution is higher than in the solid state. The X-ray crystallography studies for the compounds reveal the formation of strong π-π stacking for the derivatives without emissive property in the solid state and the presence of essentially lateral contacts for emissive compounds. Taking advantage of the propensity to develop 2D π-stacking mode for the more extended derivative with a central furan cycle, organic field effect transistors presenting hole mobility have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Ibrahim
- Univ Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, MOLTECH-ANJOU,SFRMATRIX, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Chady Moussallem
- Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Chimie, Campus Michael Slayman, Maska, 1352, Lebanon
| | - Magali Allain
- Univ Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, MOLTECH-ANJOU,SFRMATRIX, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Segut
- Univ Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, MOLTECH-ANJOU,SFRMATRIX, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Gohier
- Univ Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, MOLTECH-ANJOU,SFRMATRIX, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Pierre Frère
- Univ Angers, CNRS UMR 6200, MOLTECH-ANJOU,SFRMATRIX, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49000, Angers, France
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