Heterogeneous Organocatalysts for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Silanes

Innovative synthesis of nano-magnetic bio-organocatalysts from red mud waste for green polyhydroquinoline derivatives synthesis

The imperative of transforming waste materials into valuable nanomaterials via ecological recycling has emerged as a pivotal avenue for environmental stewardship. This research contributes to the "greening" of global chemical processes by introducing a magnetic biocatalyst derived from red mud waste. Emphasizing the use of glutamic acid as the second most effective step in obtaining a green catalyst is a key focus of this work. Leveraging cost-effective materials such as FeSO4, amino acid, and Fe2O3 isolated from red mud enhances the economic viability of the synthesized catalyst. Characterization of the newly developed nano-magnetic bio-organocatalysts was conducted using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating-sample magnetometers (VSM). The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3@Gl was examined in the one-pot synthesis of polyhydroquinolines, showcasing short reaction times, high efficiency, ease of catalyst separation, and the potential for catalyst recycling as salient features of this work. This study pioneers the utilization of red mud waste for eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis and underscores the economic and environmental significance of incorporating glutamic acid as a crucial element in the catalyst synthesis process.

Skeletal Formation of Carbocycles with CO2: Selective Synthesis of Indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles or Cyclophanes from Indoles, CO2, and Phenylsilane

The catalytic reactions of indoles with CO2 and phenylsilane afforded indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles, where the fused benzene ring was constructed by forming two C-H bonds and four C-C bonds with two CO2 molecules via deoxygenative conversions. Nine-membered cyclophanes made up of three indoles and three CO2 molecules were also obtained, where the cyclophane framework was constructed by forming six C-H bonds and six C-C bonds. These multicomponent cascade reactions giving completely different carbocycles were switched simply by choosing the solvent, acetonitrile or ethyl acetate.

Synthesis of Enamines, Aldehydes, and Nitriles from CO2: Scope of the One-Pot Strategy via Formamides

Tetrabutylammonium acetate (TBAA) and Cu(OAc)2 worked as a binary catalytic system for the solvent-free N-formylation of amines with CO2 and PhSiH3. This catalysis making C-H and C-N bonds with CO2 was coupled with the C-C bond-forming reactions to achieve the one-pot synthesis of enamines, aldehydes, and nitriles. The X-ray crystal structure of a Cu(OAc)2-TBAA complex was also revealed.

A supported pyridylimine-cobalt catalyst for N-formylation of amines using CO2

N-Formylation of amines with CO2 as a cheap and non-toxic C1-feedstock and hydrosilane reducing agent is a practical and environment friendly method to synthesize formamides. This study describes an efficient and chemoselective mono-N-formylation of amines using CO2 and phenylsilane under mild conditions using a porous metal-organic framework (MOF)-supported single-site cobalt catalyst (pyrim-UiO-Co). The pyrim-UiO-Co MOF has a UiO-topology, and its organic linkers bear a pyridylimine ligated Co catalytic moiety. A wide range of aliphatic and aromatic amines are transformed into desired N-formamides in moderate to excellent yields under 1-5 bar CO2. Pyrim-UiO-Co is tolerant to various functional groups and could be recycled and reused at least 10 times. Mechanistic investigation using kinetic, spectroscopic and density functional theory studies suggests that the formylation of benzylamine proceeds sequentially via oxidative addition of PhSiH3 and CO2 insertion, followed by a turn-over limiting reaction with an amine. Our work highlights the importance of MOF-based Earth-abundant metal catalysts for the practical and eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals using cheap feedstocks.

Enhancing CO2 reduction through the catalytic effect of a novel silicon haeckelite-inspired 2D material

We propose a novel 2D material based on silicon haeckelite (Hck), whose structure contains a silicon atom arranged in a periodic pattern of pentagons and heptagons. Stacking the two layers gives rise to a planar geometry of the layers that compose it. This new structure presents a semiconductor character with a band gap of 0.17 eV. Furthermore, we studied CO2 reduction using molecular hydrogen to form formic acid, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, and methane. All these have been studied theoretically at the Grimme D3BJ corrected TPSS/def2-SVP level. A massive biflake containing 132 Si atoms was used to model the Hck surface. According to the results, CO2 capture with Hck is a spontaneous step; in contrast, the same process for silicene mono- and bi-flakes studied previously was endergonic. After the capture of CO2, the addition of H2 to the substrate passes through an intermediate containing a Si-H bond. The formation of Si-H intermediates is the origin of the catalytic effect, facilitating H2 dissociation and acting as the hydrogen atom donor for the substrate. These intermediates are transformed by adding hydrogen atoms and losing water molecules, producing formic acid and formaldehyde as the most probable products, with rate-controlling steps of 29.2 and 27 kcal mol-1, whose values were less than those exhibited by the silicene biflake. This means that the silicon haeckelite biflake presents better catalytic activity than the silicene biflake. The results show that the novel 2D silicon hackelite material has remarkable potential for CO2 capture and reduction. The theoretical analysis of this innovative 2D structure provides valuable insights into the potential applications of silicene-based materials.

A porous metal-organic cage liquid for sustainable CO2 conversion reactions

Porous liquids are fluids with the permanent porosity, which can overcome the poor gas solubility limitations of conventional porous solid materials for three phase gas-liquid-solid reactions. However, preparation of porous liquids still requires the complicated and tedious use of porous hosts and bulky liquids. Herein, we develop a facile method to produce a porous metal-organic cage (MOC) liquid (Im-PL-Cage) by self-assembly of long polyethylene glycol (PEG)-imidazolium chain functional linkers, calixarene molecules and Zn ions. The Im-PL-Cage in neat liquid has permanent porosity and fluidity, endowing it with a high capacity of CO₂ adsorption. Thus, the CO₂ stored in an Im-PL-Cage can be efficiently converted to the value-added formylation product in the atmosphere, which far exceeds the porous MOC solid and nonporous PEG-imidazolium counterparts. This work offers a new method to prepare neat porous liquids for catalytic transformation of adsorbed gas molecules.

CO2 conversion to formamide using a fluoride catalyst and metallic silicon as a reducing agent

Metallic silicon could be an inexpensive, alternative reducing agent for CO₂ functionalization compared to conventionally used hydrogen or hydrosilanes. Here, metallic silicon recovered from solar panel production is used as a reducing agent for formamide synthesis. Various amines are converted to their corresponding amides with CO₂ and H₂O via an Si-H intermediate species in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The reaction system exhibits a wide substrate scope for formamide synthesis. Spectroscopic analysis, including in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption/desorption analyses, and isotopic experiments reveal that the fluoride catalyst effectively oxidizes Si atoms on both surface and interior of the powdered silicon particles. The solid recovered after catalysis contained mesopores with a high surface area. This unique behavior of the fluoride catalyst in the presence of metallic silicon may be extendable to other reductive reactions, including those with complex substrates. Therefore, this study presents a potential strategy for the efficient utilization of abundant resources.

Carbon fixation of CO2 via cyclic reactions with borane in gaseous atmosphere leading to formic acid (and metaboric acid); A potential energy surface (PES) study

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a stable gaseous species, occupies the troposphere layer of the atmosphere. Following it, the environment gets warmer, and the ecosystem changes as a consequence of disrupting the natural order of our life. Due to this, in the present reasearch, the possibility of carbon fixation of CO₂ by using borane was investigated. To conduct this, each of the probable reaction channels between borane and CO₂ was investigated to find the fate of this species. The results indicate that among all the channels, the least energetic path for the reaction is reactant complex (RC) to TS (A-1) to Int (A-1) to TS (A-D) to formic acid (and further meta boric acid production from the transformation of boric acid). It shows that use of gaseous borane might lead to controlling these dangerous greenhouse gases which are threatening the present form of life on Earth, our beautiful, fragile home.

Reduction of N2O with hydrosilanes catalysed by RuSNS nanoparticles

A series of RuSNS nanoparticles, prepared by decomposition of Ru(COD)(COT) with H₂ in the presence of an SNS ligand, have been found to catalyse the reduction of the greenhouse gas N₂O to N₂ employing different hydrosilanes.

Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by a zinc hydride compound, [Tptm]ZnH, and conversion to the methanol level

The zinc hydride compound, [Tptm]ZnH, may achieve the reduction of CO₂ by (RO)₃SiH (R = Me, Et) to the methanol oxidation level, (MeO)_xSi(OR)_4-x, via the formate species, HCO₂Si(OR)₃. However, because insertion of CO₂ into the Zn-H bond is more facile than insertion of HCO₂Si(OR)₃, conversion of HCO₂Si(OR)₃ to the methanol level only occurs to a significant extent in the absence of CO₂.

N-Formylation of amines utilizing CO2 by a heterogeneous metal–organic framework supported single-site cobalt catalyst

Single-site cobalt-hydride supported on oxo-nodes of a porous aluminium metal–organic framework is a chemoselective and reusable catalyst for N-formylation of amines using CO2.

Immobilized Zn(OAc)2 on bipyridine-based periodic mesoporous organosilica for N-formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilanes

Zn(OAc)₂ immobilized on bipyridine-based periodic mesoporous organosilica is a good catalyst for N-formylation of amines with CO₂ and PhSiH₃.