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Mars Brisbin M, Schofield A, McIlvin MR, Krinos AI, Alexander H, Saito MA. Vitamin B 12 conveys a protective advantage to phycosphere-associated bacteria at high temperatures. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:88. [PMID: 37626172 PMCID: PMC10457287 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Many marine microbes require vitamin B12 (cobalamin) but are unable to synthesize it, necessitating reliance on other B12-producing microbes. Thus, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community dynamics can partially depend on the production and release of a limiting resource by members of the same community. We tested the impact of temperature and B12 availability on the growth of two bacterial taxa commonly associated with phytoplankton: Ruegeria pomeroyi, which produces B12 and fulfills the B12 requirements of some phytoplankton, and Alteromonas macleodii, which does not produce B12 but also does not strictly require it for growth. For B12-producing R. pomeroyi, we further tested how temperature influences B12 production and release. Access to B12 significantly increased growth rates of both species at the highest temperatures tested (38 °C for R. pomeroyi, 40 °C for A. macleodii) and A. macleodii biomass was significantly reduced when grown at high temperatures without B12, indicating that B12 is protective at high temperatures. Moreover, R. pomeroyi produced more B12 at warmer temperatures but did not release detectable amounts of B12 at any temperature tested. Results imply that increasing temperatures and more frequent marine heatwaves with climate change will influence microbial B12 dynamics and could interrupt symbiotic resource sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mars Brisbin
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Alese Schofield
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Massasoit Community College, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R McIlvin
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Arianna I Krinos
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Harriet Alexander
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Mak A Saito
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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Biochemistry and Physiology of Vitamins in Euglena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:65-90. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ebenezer TE, Carrington M, Lebert M, Kelly S, Field MC. Euglena gracilis Genome and Transcriptome: Organelles, Nuclear Genome Assembly Strategies and Initial Features. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:125-140. [PMID: 28429320 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a major component of the aquatic ecosystem and together with closely related species, is ubiquitous worldwide. Euglenoids are an important group of protists, possessing a secondarily acquired plastid and are relatives to the Kinetoplastidae, which themselves have global impact as disease agents. To understand the biology of E. gracilis, as well as to provide further insight into the evolution and origins of the Kinetoplastidae, we embarked on sequencing the nuclear genome; the plastid and mitochondrial genomes are already in the public domain. Earlier studies suggested an extensive nuclear DNA content, with likely a high degree of repetitive sequence, together with significant extrachromosomal elements. To produce a list of coding sequences we have combined transcriptome data from both published and new sources, as well as embarked on de novo sequencing using a combination of 454, Illumina paired end libraries and long PacBio reads. Preliminary analysis suggests a surprisingly large genome approaching 2 Gbp, with a highly fragmented architecture and extensive repeat composition. Over 80% of the RNAseq reads from E. gracilis maps to the assembled genome sequence, which is comparable with the well assembled genomes of T. brucei and T. cruzi. In order to achieve this level of assembly we employed multiple informatics pipelines, which are discussed here. Finally, as a preliminary view of the genome architecture, we discuss the tubulin and calmodulin genes, which highlight potential novel splicing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThankGod Echezona Ebenezer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Michael Lebert
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraβe 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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Yamada K, Suzuki H, Takeuchi T, Kazama Y, Mitra S, Abe T, Goda K, Suzuki K, Iwata O. Efficient selective breeding of live oil-rich Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26327. [PMID: 27212384 PMCID: PMC4876468 DOI: 10.1038/srep26327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis, a microalgal species of unicellular flagellate protists, has attracted much attention in both the industrial and academic sectors due to recent advances in the mass cultivation of E. gracilis that have enabled the cost-effective production of nutritional food and cosmetic commodities. In addition, it is known to produce paramylon (β-1,3-glucan in a crystalline form) as reserve polysaccharide and convert it to wax ester in hypoxic and anaerobic conditions-a promising feedstock for biodiesel and aviation biofuel. However, there remain a number of technical challenges to be solved before it can be deployed in the competitive fuel market. Here we present a method for efficient selective breeding of live oil-rich E. gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Specifically, the selective breeding method is a repetitive procedure for one-week heterotrophic cultivation, staining intracellular lipids with BODIPY(505/515), and FACS-based isolation of top 0.5% lipid-rich E. gracilis cells with high viability, after inducing mutation with Fe-ion irradiation to the wild type (WT). Consequently, we acquire a live, stable, lipid-rich E. gracilis mutant strain, named B1ZFeL, with 40% more lipid content on average than the WT. Our method paves the way for rapid, cost-effective, energy-efficient production of biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yusuke Kazama
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Abe
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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Hagiwara SY, Takahashi M, Yamagishi A, Zhang Y, Goto K. Novel Findings Regarding Photoinduced Commitments of G1-, S- and G2-phase Cells to Cell-cycle Transitions in Darkness and Dark-induced G1-, S- and G2-phase Arrests in Euglena¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740726nfrpco2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hagiwara S, Takahashi M, Yamagishi A, Zhang Y, Goto K. Novel findings regarding photoinduced commitments of G1-, S- and G2-phase cells to cell-cycle transitions in darkness and dark-induced G1-, S- and G2-phase arrests in Euglena. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:726-33. [PMID: 11723802 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0726:nfrpco>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of light and darkness on cell-cycle progression were studied in the log-linear photoautotrophic growth mode of Euglena gracilis. We found that there are light-dependent restriction points in the post-G1 phases, quite in contrast to Chlamydomonas, where a light-dependent restriction is known to exist only in the G1 phase. Thus, in E. gracilis, there are photoinduced commitments of G1-, S- and G2-phase cells that allow them to progress to the G1, S and G2 phases in darkness, and there are dark-induced G1-, S- and G2-phase arrests. In darkness, only committed cells were able to progress to the committed phases (G1, S or G2), whereas uncommitted cells were unable to undergo a cell-cycle transition. Whether or not cells were induced to commit by irradiation, they were eventually arrested somewhere in the G1, S or G2 (but not M) phase within 14 h of being transferred to darkness. We also describe the dependence of photoinduced commitment on light intensity and discuss the results as they relate to cell-cycle progression in continuous light.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hagiwara
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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