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Anthony CJ, Lock C, Bentlage B. Rapid, high-throughput phenotypic profiling of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae) using benchtop flow cytometry. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290649. [PMID: 37708174 PMCID: PMC10501577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Family Symbiodiniaceae) are the primary producer of energy for many cnidarians, including corals. The intricate coral-dinoflagellate symbiotic relationship is becoming increasingly important under climate change, as its breakdown leads to mass coral bleaching and often mortality. Despite methodological progress, assessing the phenotypic traits of Symbiodiniaceae in-hospite remains a complex task. Bio-optics, biochemistry, or "-omics" techniques are expensive, often inaccessible to investigators, or lack the resolution required to understand single-cell phenotypic states within endosymbiotic dinoflagellate assemblages. To help address this issue, we developed a protocol that collects information on cell autofluorescence, shape, and size to simultaneously generate phenotypic profiles for thousands of Symbiodiniaceae cells, thus revealing phenotypic variance of the Symbiodiniaceae assemblage to the resolution of single cells. As flow cytometry is adopted as a robust and efficient method for cell counting, integration of our protocol into existing workflows allows researchers to acquire a new level of resolution for studies examining the acclimation and adaptation strategies of Symbiodiniaceae assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Lock
- Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, United States of America
| | - Bastian Bentlage
- Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, United States of America
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Cubillos VM, Álvarez JA, Ramírez E, Cruces E, Chaparro OR, Montory J, Spano CA. Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Sediment Burial Parameters and Photo-Oxidative Response of the Intertidal Anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091725. [PMID: 36139800 PMCID: PMC9495649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthopleura hermaphroditica is an intertidal anemone that lives semi-buried in soft sediments of estuaries and releases its brooded embryos directly to the benthos, being exposed to potentially detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. In this study, we investigated how experimental radiation (PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; and UVB: ultraviolet B radiation) influences burrowing (time, depth and speed) in adults and juveniles when they were exposed to PAR (P, 400–700 nm), PAR + UVA (PA, 315–700 nm) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB, 280–700 nm) experimental treatments. The role of sediment as a physical shield was also assessed by exposing anemones to these radiation treatments with and without sediment, after which lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and total antioxidant capacity were quantified. Our results indicate that PAB can induce a faster burial response compared to those anemones exposed only to P. PAB increased oxidative damage, especially in juveniles where oxidative damage levels were several times higher than in adults. Sediment offers protection to adults against P, PA and PAB, as significant differences in their total antioxidant capacity were observed compared to those anemones without sediment. Conversely, the presence or absence of sediment did not influence total antioxidant capacity in juveniles, which may reflect that those anemones have sufficient antioxidant defenses to minimize photooxidative damage due to their reduced tolerance to experimental radiation. Burrowing behavior is a key survival skill for juveniles after they have been released after brooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Javier A Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Eduardo Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Edgardo Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó 1530000, Chile
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Jaime Montory
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Carlos A Spano
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Ecotecnos S.A., Limache 3405, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Large-Scale 13C flux profiling reveals conservation of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway as a glycolytic strategy among marine bacteria that use glucose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2408-22. [PMID: 25616803 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03157-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria form one of the largest living surfaces on Earth, and their metabolic activity is of fundamental importance for global nutrient cycling. Here, we explored the largely unknown intracellular pathways in 25 microbes representing different classes of marine bacteria that use glucose: Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia of the Bacteriodetes phylum. We used (13)C isotope experiments to infer metabolic fluxes through their carbon core pathways. Notably, 90% of all strains studied use the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway for glucose catabolism, whereas only 10% rely on the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. This result differed dramatically from the terrestrial model strains studied, which preferentially used the EMP pathway yielding high levels of ATP. Strains using the ED pathway exhibited a more robust resistance against the oxidative stress typically found in this environment. An important feature contributing to the preferential use of the ED pathway in the oceans could therefore be enhanced supply of NADPH through this pathway. The marine bacteria studied did not specifically rely on a distinct anaplerotic route, but the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) or pyruvate for fueling of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was evenly distributed. The marine isolates studied belong to clades that dominate the uptake of glucose, a major carbon source for bacteria in seawater. Therefore, the ED pathway may play a significant role in the cycling of mono- and polysaccharides by bacterial communities in marine ecosystems.
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Wang SK, Stiles AR, Guo C, Liu CZ. Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors: An overview of light characteristics. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Amanda R. Stiles
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA USA
| | - Chen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Chun-Zhao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
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Fransolet D, Roberty S, Herman AC, Tonk L, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Plumier JC. Increased cell proliferation and mucocyte density in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida recovering from bleaching. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65015. [PMID: 23724115 PMCID: PMC3665599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of coral after bleaching episodes is a critical period for the health of the reef ecosystem. While events such as symbiont (genus Symbiodinium) shifting/shuffling or tissue apoptosis have been demonstrated to occur following bleaching, little is known concerning tissue recovery or cell proliferation. Here, we studied the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida exposed to a transient elevation of water temperature combined with high illumination (33°C and 1900 µmolphotons.m−2.s−1 for 30h). Following such treatment bleached anemones showed a significant reduction of their Symbiodinium density. Cell proliferation in the ectodermis and gastrodermis was determined by assessing the densities of cells labeled with a thymidine analogue (EdU). Cell proliferation significantly increased during the first day following stress in both tissue types. This increased cell proliferation returned to pre-stress values after one week. Although cell proliferation was higher in the ectodermis in absence of stress, it was relatively more pronounced in the gastrodermis of stressed anemones. In addition, the ratio of ectodermal mucocytes significantly increased three weeks after induced stress. These results suggest that thermal/photic stress coupled with the loss of the symbionts is able to enhance cell proliferation in both gastrodermis and ectodermis of cnidarians. While new cells formed in the gastrodermis are likely to host new Symbiodinium, the fate of new cells in the ectodermis was only partially revealed. Some new ectodermal cells may, in part, contribute to the increased number of mucocytes which could eventually help strengthen the heterotrophic state until restoration of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Roberty
- Laboratoire d’écologie animale et d’écotoxicologie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Tonk
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Lee CS, Yeo YSW, Sin TM. Bleaching response of Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae): determination by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2012; 81:888-95. [PMID: 22865628 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Coral bleaching is of increasing concern to reef management and stakeholders. Thus far, quantification of coral bleaching tends to be heavily reliant on the enumeration of zooxanthellae, with less emphasis on assessment of photosynthetic or physiological condition, these being often assessed separately by techniques such as liquid chromatography. Traditional methods of enumeration using microscopy are time consuming, subjected to low precision and great observer error. In this study, we presented a method for the distinction of physoiological condition and rapid enumeration of zooxanthellae using flow cytometry (FCM). Microscopy verified that healthy looking/live versus damaged/dead zooxanthellae could be reliably and objectively distinguished and counted by FCM on the basis of red and green fluorescence and light scatter. Excellent correlations were also determined between FCM and microscopy estimates of cell concentrations of fresh zooxanthellae isolates from Pocillopora damicornis. The relative intensities of chlorophyll and β-carotene fluorescences were shown to be important in understanding the results of increased cell counts in freshly isolated zooxanthellae experimentally exposed to high temperatures (34, 36, and 38°C) over 24 h, with ambient temperature (29°C) used as controls. The ability to simultaneously identify and enumerate subpopulations of different physiological states in the same sample provides an enormous advantage in not just determining bleaching responses, but elucidating adaptive response and mechanisms for tolerance. Therefore, this approach might provide a rapid, convenient, and reproducible methodology for climate change studies and reef management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Co Sin Lee
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Singapore.
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Lesser MP, Stochaj WR. Photoadaptation and Protection against Active Forms of Oxygen in the Symbiotic Procaryote Prochloron sp. and Its Ascidian Host. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 56:1530-5. [PMID: 16348202 PMCID: PMC184466 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1530-1535.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activities were studied in the symbiotic photosynthetic procaryote Prochloron sp. and its ascidian host Lissoclinum patella. The protein-specific activities of these antioxidant enzymes in the Prochloron sp. and L. patella collected at different depths from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, were directly proportional to irradiance, whereas the pigment concentrations in the Prochloron sp. were inversely proportional to irradiance. The presence of a cyanide-sensitive superoxide dismutase, presumably a Cu-Zn metalloprotein, in the Prochloron sp. extends the possible phylogenetic distribution of this protein. The concentration of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids is inversely proportional to irradiance in both the host and symbiont, suggesting that these compounds may not provide sufficient protection against UV radiation in high-irradiance environments. The significant differences in the specific activities of these antioxidant enzymes, cellular photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and UV-absorbing compounds from high- and low-irradiance habitats constitute an adaptive response to different photic environments. These photoadaptive responses are essential to prevent inhibition of photosynthesis by high fluxes of visible and UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Lesser
- Department of Zoology and Center for Marine Studies, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
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Banaszak AT, Lesser MP. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on coral reef organisms. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1276-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b902763g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Legendre L, Courties C, Troussellier M. Flow cytometry in oceanography 1989--1999: environmental challenges and research trends. CYTOMETRY 2001; 44:164-72. [PMID: 11429766 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010701)44:3<164::aid-cyto1108>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present review is based on the identification of four major environmental crises that have been approached from a biological oceanographic viewpoint. These crises are the release of contaminants in near shore marine waters, the collapse of marine resources that were renewable until recently, the loss of biodiversity, and global climate change METHODS The review examines the contribution of cytometry-based biological oceanography to the resolution of the four environmental crises. Using a database of 302 papers, flow cytometric (FCM) studies in biological oceanography over the 1989--1999 decade are examined. Future biological oceanographic applications of FCM are discussed. RESULTS Most of the published FCM oceanographic studies focus on phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Analysis of our 1989-1999 database shows the predominance of studies dedicated to phytoplankton (77%), followed by heterotrophic bacteria (21%). The latter progressively increased over the last decade, together with the improved understanding of the biogeochemical and trophic roles of marine bacteria. Most studies on these two microorganisms were conducted in vitro until 1996, after which the trend reversed in favor of in situ research. The most investigated areas were those with major international sampling efforts, related to the changing climate. Concerning environmental topics, 62% of papers on phytoplankton and bacterioplankton focused on the structure of microbial communities and fluxes (e.g., production, grazing); this provides the basis for biological oceanographic studies on resources and climate change. CONCLUSIONS Future progress in the biological oceanographic use of FCM will likely fall into two categories, i.e., applications where FCM will be combined with the development of other methods and those where FCM will be the main analytical tool. It is expected that FCM and other cytometric approaches will improve the ability of biological oceanography to address the major environmental challenges that are confronting human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Legendre
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
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Lesser MP, Shick JM. Effects of visible and ultraviolet radiation on the ultrastructure of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.) in culture and in situ. Cell Tissue Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00313529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Flow cytometry/cell sorting in aquatic sciences has been driven in two directions. The frontier directions are on shipboard and shore-based. On the one hand, the rapid analytical technique has been taken on shipboard to provide a real-time assessment of the particles and phytoplankton in water masses. These data also give information on the amount of vertical mixing and advection, and denote fronts between two or more water masses. There is an optical characterization (based on sizes, numbers, and pigment groups) of the individual primary producers, as well as detritus and suspended sediments. An optical-closure question is being addressed: "Does the total optical signal equal the sum of the parts?" Additionally, associations with chemical and physical oceanographic features are readily accomplished. A "census" of thousands of phytoplankton cells is obtained and can be mapped. Scientists are able to identify "who is where?" Such data are critical to understand the optical-feedback loop or the so-called photon-budget-in-the-sea, which in turn controls the rates at which growth processes occur in nature. On the other hand, an in-depth understanding is sought as to how particle size, shape, refractive index, nutritional status (nutrient and/or light limitation), growth dynamics, and cell cycle combine to control the optics (light scatter and fluorescence at the moment, and ideally absorption as well) or the photon-budget-of-the-cell. For this purpose, a shore-based facility associated with a diverse collection of phytoplankton is ideal. The development at Bigelow Laboratory of the Jane J. MacIsaac Facility is to provide services for the oceanographic community. Association and co-location with the Provasoli-Guillard Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton is key. Visitors are trained and given access to state-of-the-art instrumentation. Visiting investigators have available "the tropical, temperate, and polar seas" in concentrated form, as marine phytoplankton isolated worldwide and maintained as living clonal cultures. In this way, frontline cell biology questions can be addressed. The relentless exploration of standards and controls appropriate for the aquatic community must be continued. An intercalibration effort is a vital step. It is only with the widespread acceptance of particular reference materials and uniform optical filters among research groups utilizing FCM that comparable data sets describing aquatic particle distributions will be possible. For a global science, this strategy is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Yentsch
- J.J. MacIsaac Flow Cytometry/Sorting Facility, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575
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