Metabolic studies of 1-testosterone in horses

Doping control of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in horses

Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) available on the market as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports due to its potential performance-enhancing effect. With the rare presence of the 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has been considered as a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in entire male horse urine samples led to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses, and its endogenous nature in entire male horses has been recently confirmed and reported by the authors' laboratory. While dienedione is not detected in castrated horses (geldings), it is essential to study its elimination and identify its metabolites for its effective control. To study the elimination and biotransformation of dienedione, administration experiments were performed by giving three castrated horses (geldings) each single oral dose of 1500 mg of dienedione powder for seven consecutive days. The postulated in vivo metabolites included 17-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one (M1a and M1b), hydroxylated dienedione (M2a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M4, M5) and hydroxylated M1 (M6a, M6b, M7a, M7b, M8a and M8b), formed from hydroxylation and reduction of dienedione. To control the misuse of dienedione in geldings, M3a and M3b are the potential targets that gave the longest detection time, which could be detected for up to 2-5 days in urine and 0.4-4 days in plasma.

Endogenous nature of estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione in entire male horses

Estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione (dienedione) is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) sold as a bodybuilding supplement. It is prohibited in both human and equine sports. With no report of 4,9-diene configuration in endogenous steroids, dienedione has long been considered a synthetic AAS. Nevertheless, the reoccurring detection of dienedione in colt (entire male horse) urine samples lead to the investigation of its possible endogenous nature in horses. This paper describes (i) the detection of naturally occurring dienedione in colts, (ii) the conjugation study of dienedione and (iii) the population study of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of dienedione content in colt urine were performed, employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Qualitative analyses showed that dienedione was endogenous in colt urine and mainly in the form of glucuronide conjugates. Glucuronidation of dienedione was believed to happen at 3-enol leading to dienedione-3-glucuronide. Upon the population study of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine samples (n = 175), the mean ± SD was determined to be 2.5 ± 3.5 ng/ml. The population data fitted a normal distribution after a fifth root transformation with the exclusion of one outlier by Grubb's test. A possible in-house threshold was proposed at 30 ng/ml of free and glucuronide-conjugated dienedione in colt urine associated with a risk factor of 1 in 14,269 (with a degree of freedom of 173). This is the first report of endogenous dienedione in entire male horses and the approach for controlling its potential misuse by using a threshold is also presented.

Exploring methandienone metabolites generated via homogenized camel liver: Advancements for anti-doping applications through High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis

RATIONALE

Anabolic steroids, also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), encompass steroidal androgens such as testosterone, as well as synthetic counterparts with similar structures and effects. The misuse of AAS has increased over the years, leading to ethical and welfare concerns in sports. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) have banned AAS in relevant sports. Methandienone is one of the most identified anabolic androgenic steroids in sports drug testing, Therefore, reliable detection methods are crucial for effective doping control and maintaining the integrity of the sports.

METHODS

This study explores the use of homogenized camel liver for detecting methandienone metabolites in camels. The biotransformation pathways of methandienone in homogenized camel liver tissues are analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify and characterize the phase I and phase II metabolites. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Thermo-Hypersil C18 column.

RESULTS

The study has identified 11 methandienone metabolites (M1-M11), this includes 10 phase I and one phase II metabolite. A glucuronic acid conjugate of methandienone was observed in this study, but no sulfonic acid conjugations were found. The metabolites and their possible chemical structures, along with their fragmentation patterns are confirmed using MSMS (MS2) experiments in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings serve as a vital tool for the rapid detection of methandienone, combating its illicit use in camel racing. Comprehensive screenings covering both the parent drug and its metabolites are recommended to improve detection accuracy and ensure regulatory compliance in sports doping. Future research should explore methandienone's metabolite profile in administered camel samples.

Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration

YK-11 is a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a compound class prohibited in both equine racing and human sports because of their potentially performance enhancing properties. YK-11 is easily accessible via internet-based supplement vendors making this compound a possible candidate for doping; however, its phases I and II metabolism has not yet been reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo metabolites of YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration with three daily doses of 50 mg to two Thoroughbred horses. In vitro incubations with equine liver microsomes/S9 were also performed for use as metabolite reference materials; however, this resulted in the formation of 79 metabolites with little overlap with the in vivo metabolism. In plasma, parent YK-11 and seven phase I metabolites were detected, with five of them also observed in vitro. They were present nonconjugated in plasma, with one metabolite also indicating some glucuronide conjugation. In urine, 11 phase I metabolites were observed, with four of them also observed in vitro and six of them also detected in plasma. Nine metabolites were excreted non-conjugated in urine, with two of them also indicating some sulfate conjugation. Two minor metabolites were detected solely as sulfate conjugates. The most abundant analytes in urine were a mono-O-demethylated breakdown product and di-O-demethylated YK-11. The most abundant analytes in plasma were two isomers of the breakdown product with an additional hydroxylation reaction, which also provided the longest detection time in both matrices.

In vitro metabolism studies of desoxy-methyltestosterone (DMT) and its five analogues, and in vivo metabolism of desoxy-vinyltestosterone (DVT) in horses

The positive findings of norbolethone in 2002 and tetrahydrogestrinone in 2003 in human athlete samples confirmed that designer steroids were indeed being abused in human sports. In 2005, an addition to the family of designer steroids called 'Madol' [also known as desoxy-methyltestosterone (DMT)] was seized by government officials at the US-Canadian border. Two years later, a positive finding of DMT was reported in a mixed martial arts athlete's sample. It is not uncommon that doping agents used in human sports would likewise be abused in equine sports. Designer steroids would, therefore, pose a similar threat to the horseracing and equestrian communities. This paper describes the in vitro metabolism studies of DMT and five of its structural analogues with different substituents at the 17α position (RH, ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl and ² H₃ -methyl). In addition, the in vivo metabolism of desoxy-vinyltestosterone (DVT) in horses will be presented. The in vitro studies revealed that the metabolic pathways of DMT and its analogues occurred predominantly in the A-ring by way of a combination of enone formation, hydroxylation and reduction. Additional biotransformation involving hydroxylation of the 17α-alkyl group was also observed for DMT and some of its analogues. The oral administration experiment revealed that DVT was extensively metabolised and the parent drug was not detected in urine. Two in vivo metabolites, derived respectively from (1) hydroxylation of the A-ring and (2) di-hydroxylation together with A-ring double-bond reduction, could be detected in urine up to a maximum of 46 h after administration. Another in vivo metabolite, derived from hydroxylation of the A-ring with additional double-bond reduction and di-hydroxylation of the 17α-vinyl group, could be detected in urine up to a maximum of 70 h post-administration. All in vivo metabolites were excreted mainly as glucuronides and were also detected in the in vitro studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.