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Pang B, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Liu XJ, Feng XS. Recent Update on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods of Buprenorphine in Different Matrix. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-30. [PMID: 35979823 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is one of the most commonly used pain-killing drugs due to its lengthy duration of action and high potency. However, excessive usage of buprenorphine can be harmful to one's health and prolonged use might result in addiction. Additionally, an increasing number of cases have been documented involving the illegal use of buprenorphine. Therefore, a variety of effective and reliable methods for pretreatment and determination of buprenorphine and its main metabolite norbuprenorphine have been established. This review aims to update the current state of pretreatment and detection techniques for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from January 2010 to March 2022. Pretreatment methods include several traditional extraction methods, solid-phase extraction, QuECHERS, various micro-extraction techniques, etc. while analytical methods include LC-MS, LC coupled with other detectors, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques were compared and summarized, and the prospects were provided. HIGHLIGHTSProgress in pretreatment and detection methods for buprenorphine is demonstrated.Pros and cons of different pretreatment and analysis methods are compared.New materials (such as nanomaterials and magnetic materials) used in buprenorphine pretreatment are summarized.Newly emerged environmental-friendly methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Rygaard K, Linnet K, Johansen SS. A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites 2021; 11:686. [PMID: 34677401 PMCID: PMC8539361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.L.); (S.S.J.)
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3
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Scholz C, Cabalzar J, Kraemer T, Baumgartner MR. A Comprehensive Multi-Analyte Method for Hair Analysis: Substance-Specific Quantification Ranges and Tool for Task-Oriented Data Evaluation. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:701-712. [PMID: 32986078 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify a large number of analytes including opioids, stimulants, benzodiazepines, z-drugs, antidepressants and neuroleptics within a single sample workup followed by a single analytical measurement. Expected drug concentrations in hair are strongly substance dependent. Therefore, three different calibration ranges were implemented: 0.5 to 600 pg/mg (group 1), 10 to 12,000 pg/mg (group 2) and 50 to 60,000 pg/mg (group 3). In order to avoid saturation effects, different strategies were applied for selected transitions including the use of parent mass ions containing one or two 13C-isotopes and detuning of the declustering potential and/or collision energy. Drugs were extracted from pulverized hair by a two-step extraction protocol and measured by liquid chromatrography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC--MS-MS) using Scheduled MRM™ Algorithm Pro. In total, 275 MRM transitions including 43 deuterated standards were measured. The method has been fully validated according to international guidelines. A MultiQuant™ software based tool for task-oriented data evaluation was established, which allows extracting selected information from the measured data sets. The matrix effects and recoveries were within the allowed ranges for the majority of the analytes. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) were for ∼72% of the analytes in the low-pg/mg range (0.5-5 pg/mg) and for ∼24% of the analytes between 10 and 50 pg/mg. These LLOQs considered cut-offs by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT), if recommended. The herein established multi-analyte approach meets the specific requirements of forensic hair testing and can be used for the rapid and robust measurement of a wide range of psychoactive substances. The analyte-specific wide concentration ranges open up a wide field of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scholz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Cabalzar
- AB Sciex Switzerland GmbH, SCIEX, CH-5401 Baden, Switzerland
| | - T Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Determination of steroid profile in hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461179. [PMID: 32540057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of a large number of steroids (a.k.a. steroid profile) is a powerful tool that provides useful information about the status of steroid hormones. Steroid profile evaluated in matrices such as urine, saliva and plasma provide one-off moment information about the hormonal status and is highly affected by different factors such as circadian rhythm or apprehension to needles. In contrast, the determination of the steroid profile in hair would provide information about the chronic status of the steroid hormones. The objective of the current research was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology for the determination of 11 steroids in hair, including 6 hormones and 5 metabolites. We have optimized different parts of the analytical procedure such as (i) hair shredding, (ii) hair amount, (iii) extraction from hair, (iv) extraction time, (v) required extractions and (vi) analytes preconcentration. MS parameters such as the inclusion of ESI- transitions were also evaluated. The optimization of these parameters was found to be critical to achieve the required sensitivity for the determination of steroids in hair. The method was validated with appropriate linearity in the endogenous range, intra- and inter-assay accuracies and matrix effect between 80% and 120% and intra- and inter-assay precisions below 20% for all analytes. Most of the analytes showed to be stable up to 10 months at room temperature. The suitability of the method was evaluated by obtaining the endogenous concentration range of steroids in 30 healthy volunteers. Results agreed with the scarce data previously reported for some steroids. For others, endogenous concentration ranges in hair were reported for the first time. Additionally, the method was used to compare intraindividual levels of steroids in beard and hair. Results revealed that with the exception of testosterone, beard is a suitable alternative to the hair determination of the steroid profile. In summary, the present strategy to evaluate the steroid profile in hair may be a useful tool with a high potential for a wide range of clinical purposes.
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Fabresse N, Larabi IA, Stratton T, Mistrik R, Pfau G, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Etting I, Grassin Delyle S, Alvarez J. Development of a sensitive untargeted liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry screening devoted to hair analysis through a shared MS2 spectra database: A step toward early detection of new psychoactive substances. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:697-708. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fabresse
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse MassSpecLab, INSERM UMR 1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilUniversité Versailles Saint‐Quentin Montigny le Bretonneux France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie – ToxicologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré Garches France
| | - Islam Amine Larabi
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse MassSpecLab, INSERM UMR 1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilUniversité Versailles Saint‐Quentin Montigny le Bretonneux France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie – ToxicologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré Garches France
| | | | | | - Gregory Pfau
- Service d'addictologieHôpital la Pitié Salpêtrière Paris France
| | | | - Isabelle Etting
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie – ToxicologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré Garches France
| | - Stanislas Grassin Delyle
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse MassSpecLab, INSERM UMR 1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilUniversité Versailles Saint‐Quentin Montigny le Bretonneux France
- Departement des maladies respiratoiresHôpital Foch Suresnes France
| | - Jean‐Claude Alvarez
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse MassSpecLab, INSERM UMR 1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilUniversité Versailles Saint‐Quentin Montigny le Bretonneux France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie – ToxicologieCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré Garches France
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6
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Kulaksızoğlu B, Kara H, Bodur B, Kuloğlu M. Intravenous buprenorphine/naloxone and concomitant oral pregabalin misuse: a case report. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3033-3035. [PMID: 30519024 PMCID: PMC6233699 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s179688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid misuse and dependence are major medical and social concerns worldwide. Buprenorphine/naloxone combination (BNC) is a drug that has misuse potential and is used to treat opioid dependence, including buprenorphine and naloxone. Buprenorphine shows its pharmacological effects by binding to opioid receptors. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist and has smaller maximal effects compared to those of full agonists (heroin, methadone). Naloxone is a non-selective opiate antagonist added to buprenorphine for the prevention of intravenous diversion. BNC is used in the treatment of opioid dependence for detoxification and maintenance. The drug should be used as a sublingual film tablet. Pregabalin is used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, epilepsy and anxiety disorders. It is increasingly being reported as possessing a potential for misuse. In this article, we present a case of intravenous BNC and concomitant oral pregabalin misuse that developed in a monitored and treated patient for the reason of opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kulaksızoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey, .,Akdeniz University, Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment and Research Center, Antalya, Turkey,
| | - Hüseyin Kara
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey, .,Akdeniz University, Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment and Research Center, Antalya, Turkey,
| | - Berkan Bodur
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey, .,Akdeniz University, Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment and Research Center, Antalya, Turkey,
| | - Murat Kuloğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey, .,Akdeniz University, Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment and Research Center, Antalya, Turkey,
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7
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Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Kavvalakis MP, Vakonaki E, Stivaktakis PD, Kanaki K, Vardavas AI, Barbounis EG, Tsatsakis AM. Comparative Evaluation of Drug Deposition in Hair Samples Collected from Different Anatomical Body Sites. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:214-223. [PMID: 27979929 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we focused on the validation of a method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of cannabinoids, cocaine and opiates in hair as well as on the distribution of the drugs deposition in hair collected from different anatomical body sites. The proposed analytical procedure was validated for various parameters such as selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect and recovery. Four hundred and eighty-one samples were collected during 2010-2015 from 231 drug abusers. A 6-h ultrasonic-assisted methanolic extraction was applied for the isolation of the drugs. The analysis was performed in an liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the opiates and cocaine and in a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the cannabinoids. Cocaine was the most frequent detected drug (68.8-80.5%) followed by cannabinoids (47.6-63.3%) and opiates (34.7-46.7%) depending on the body site that the samples were collected. The mean concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were 0.63 ± 2.11 for head, 0.54 ± 1.03 for pubic, 0.34 ± 0.51 for axillary and 0.18 ± 0.18 ng/mg for chest hair samples. The values of cocaine were 6.52 ± 15.98, 4.64 ± 10.77, 6.96 ± 38.21 and 3.94 ± 6.35 ng/mg, while the values of 6-monoacetylmorphine (MAM) were 3.33 ± 5.89, 3.06 ± 9.33, 1.37 ± 1.37 and 16.4 ± 1.77 ng/mg for head, pubic, axillary and chest samples, respectively. Differences between the detected concentrations of cocaine and opiates between the hair samples of different anatomical sites, as well as the ratio of drug metabolites to the parent compounds were observed in some cases. Statistically significant differences in the mean detected levels were noticed for morphine and heroin between head and pubic hair and also for cocaine and benzoylecgonine, between head and axillary hair samples. Moreover, the ratio of MAM to morphine and THC to cannabinol seems to correlate statistically with the total opiate or cannabinoid detected concentrations. The above differences could be attributed to several parameters associated with the structure, morphology, growth rate and other characteristics of the collected hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Matthaios P Kavvalakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Kanaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil G Barbounis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.,N.Asteriadis S.A., Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
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8
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Suzuki J, Zinser J, Issa M, Rodriguez C. Quantitative testing of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine to identify urine sample spiking during office-based opioid treatment. Subst Abus 2017; 38:504-507. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2017.1356796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joji Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Zinser
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammed Issa
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudia Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Binz TM, Williner E, Strajhar P, Dolder PC, Liechti ME, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Steuer AE. Chiral analysis of amphetamines in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: compliance-monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients under Elvanse® therapy and identification after controlled low-dose application. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:254-261. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Elena Williner
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Patrick C. Dolder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research; University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus R. Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea E. Steuer
- Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
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10
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Negrei C, Galateanu B, Stan M, Balalau C, Dumitru MLB, Ozcagli E, Fenga C, Kovatsi L, Fragou D, Tsatsakis A. Worldwide legislative challenges related to psychoactive drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 25:14. [PMID: 28578694 PMCID: PMC5455135 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-017-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The discovery of a “new” psychoactive substance is a relatively exceptional event, while the regulatory response usually involved the assessment of risks to public health and inclusion of the novel substance in the national list of controlled substances. However, in recent years we have witnessed the rapid emergence of new chemical substances, which elude international control and pose a challenge to existing processes and a threat to the credibility of control systems. We currently review and present characteristics of these legal and illegal new substances and issues regarding their global monitoring and regulatory measures already taken, or in the process of being taken, for their control. The concept of prohibition applied in active substance-related legislation is rather hazard ridden as balance is required between the ban on substances of potential therapeutic use and the access on the market of high-risk substances. Graphical Abstract Current and future laws regarding psychoactive compounds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Negrei
- Departament of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Galateanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Spl. Independenței, 050095, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Miriana Stan
- Departament of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Balalau
- Department of Surgery, "Sf. Pantelimon" Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Eren Ozcagli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Leda Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Domniki Fragou
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Heraklion, Greece
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11
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Laslo J, Brunner JM, Burns D, Butler E, Cunningham A, Killpack R, Pyeritz C, Rinard K, Childers J, Horzempa J. An overview of available drugs for management of opioid abuse during pregnancy. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2017; 3:4. [PMID: 28203387 PMCID: PMC5303227 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-017-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of opioid abuse in the United States has been steadily increasing over the last several years among many major demographics, including pregnant women. Rise in prenatal opioid abuse has resulted in subsequent escalation of neonatal abstinence syndrome incidence, prompting the US Congress to pass the Protecting Our Infants Act of 2015. This act specifically calls for a critical review of current treatment options for prenatal opioid abuse which may ultimately lead to the development of better therapies and a decreased incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Currently, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends methadone, buprenorphine, or buprenorphine/naloxone in the treatment of prenatal opioid abuse. In this review, each maintenance therapy treatment option is discussed and compared revealing inconsistencies in postpartum retention rates, effects on fetal development, and availability to patients due to restrictions in health care coverage. Although each of these treatment options reduces opioid abuse and potential negative outcomes for the fetus, the shortcomings of these drugs highlight the overarching need for an improved standard of care. Drug developers and lawmakers should consider that affordability, coverage by health insurance, and success in retention rates substantially impacts the decision of the patient and healthcare provider regarding utilization of a particular opioid maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Laslo
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Jon-Michael Brunner
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Daniel Burns
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Emily Butler
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Autumn Cunningham
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Ryan Killpack
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Courtney Pyeritz
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Kimberly Rinard
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Jennifer Childers
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
| | - Joseph Horzempa
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA.,Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA
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12
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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13
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Simultaneous determination of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and naloxone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 120:142-52. [PMID: 26730511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of naloxone, buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine in human plasma. Human plasma samples were extracted using a single step liquid-liquid extraction, and then separated on an Imtakt Unison UK-C18 column (2.1×50mm, 3μm) using alkaline mobile phases with gradient elution. All of the analytes were detected in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The method was validated and the specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation, precision, accuracy, recoveries and stability were determined. The linear range was 20-10000pg/mL for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine; and 1-500pg/mL for naloxone. The correlation coefficient (R(2)) values for all three analytes were ≥0.995. The precision and accuracy for intra-day and inter-day were <11.0%. The recoveries were >63% and matrix effects were tracked by the deuterated internal standards (IS) with the IS-normalized matrix factor ranging from 0.96 to 1.33 for all three analytes. The validated method was successfully applied in a clinical pharmacokinetic study with low dose administration of sublingual buprenorphine and naloxone.
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Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Kovatsi L, Belivanis S, Mantsi M, Alegakis A, Liesivuori J, Tsatsakis AM. Determination of Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine and Naloxone in Fingernail Clippings and Urine of Patients Under Opioid Substitution Therapy. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:313-20. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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