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Klöppner L, Harps LC, Parr MK. Sample Preparation Techniques for Growth-Promoting Agents in Various Mammalian Specimen Preceding MS-Analytics. Molecules 2024; 29:330. [PMID: 38257243 PMCID: PMC10818438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological samples via liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC)-MS, sufficient sample preparation is required to reliably identify or determine the residues of drugs. In practice, broad screening methods are often used to save time and analyze as many compounds as possible. This review was conceptualized to analyze the literature from 2018 until October 2023 for sample preparation procedures applied to animal specimens before LC- or GC-MS analysis. The animals were either used in farming or sports. In the present review, solid phase extraction (SPE) was observed as the dominant sample clean-up technique for beta-2 agonists and steroids, followed by protein precipitation. For the extraction of beta-2 agonists, mixed-mode cation exchanger-based SPE phases were preferably applied, while for the steroids, various types of SPE materials were reported. Furthermore, dispersive SPE-based QuEChERs were utilized. Combinatory use of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was observed to cover further drug classes in addition to beta-2 agonists in broader screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (L.C.H.)
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2
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Pranata A, Yamada S, Weththasinghe S, Caldwell K, Zahra PW, Karamatic SL, Gardiner MG, McLeod MD. The in vivo metabolism of Jungle Warfare in greyhounds. Steroids 2023; 190:109150. [PMID: 36511323 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Δ6-Methyltestosterone was reported as the main active ingredient of the purported "dietary supplement" Jungle Warfare. This compound is structurally similar to 17α-methyltestosterone, containing an additional Δ6 double bond, and is reported to possess notable androgenic activity, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of Jungle Warfare in sport. The in vivo metabolism of Δ6-methyltestosterone in greyhounds was investigated. Urinary phase I (unconjugated) and phase II (glucuronide) metabolites were detected following oral administration using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. No phase II sulfate metabolites were detected. The major phase I metabolite was confirmed as 16α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one by comparison with a synthetically-derived reference material. Minor amounts of the parent drug were also confirmed. Glucuronide conjugated metabolites were also observed, but were found to be resistant to hydrolysis using the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase enzyme. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection, and extraction recoveries were determined for the parent drug and the major phase I metabolite. These results provide a method for the detection of Jungle Warfare abuse in greyhounds suitable for incorporation into routine screening methods conducted by anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sean Yamada
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | - Sumudu Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, QLD 4010, Australia
| | - Paul W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | | | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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3
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Applicability of new configuration of open tubular solid phase microextraction for determination of free (unconjugated) testosterone esters by gas chromatography with barrier ionization discharge detector. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Holmes TQ, Brown AF. Champing at the Bit for Improvements: A Review of Equine Welfare in Equestrian Sports in the United Kingdom. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1186. [PMID: 35565612 PMCID: PMC9100173 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sports, including racing (e.g., flat, steeple-chasing, harness or donkey derby); show-jumping; cross-country; dressage; polo; polocrosse; endurance; carriage driving; vaulting and hunting; are hugely popular in the UK, and they involve a significant number of people, both as participants and spectators, and tens of thousands of equids. In this paper, we discuss animal welfare as a complex and disputed issue, clarifying what the term means and how it can be measured. We review many aspects of welfare risk to equids used for sport, addressing issues encountered throughout their lives, including housing, feeding, veterinary intervention, shoeing, handling, training, breeding and equipment. This is followed by a unique exploration of the institutions and social processes influencing equine welfare. The institutional components comprise the rules of competition, the equids, attributes of the stakeholders and the space where participants strive to achieve a common purpose. We endeavour to untangle the most significant elements that create barriers or provide opportunities for equine welfare improvement. We expose the challenges faced by a broad range of stakeholders with differing ethics, attitudes and values. Evidently, there are many welfare risks to which equids used in sports continue to be exposed. It is also evident that significant improvements have occurred in recent times, but there remains a barrier to reducing the risks to an acceptable level. We conclude with recommendations regarding a process for change, involvement of stakeholders and management of knowledge to improve equine welfare that involves identifying and prioritising the risk factors and ultimately leading to interventions, further research and/or education.
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6
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Cloteau C, Dervilly G, Kaabia Z, Bagilet F, Delcourt V, Loup B, Guitton Y, Royer AL, Monteau F, Garcia P, Ma P, Le Bizec B, Bailly-Chouriberry L. FROM A NON-TARGETED METABOLOMICS APPROACH TO A TARGETED BIOMARKERS STRATEGY TO HIGHLIGHT TESTOSTERONE ABUSE IN EQUINE. ILLUSTRATION OF A METHODOLOGICAL TRANSFER BETWEEN PLATFORMS AND LABORATORIES. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:864-878. [PMID: 35001538 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the challenge associated with the screening of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) abuses in animal competitions, a non-targeted LC-HRMS based metabolomics approach was implemented on equine urine samples to highlight potential biomarkers associated with the administration of such compounds, using testosterone esters as model steroids. A statistical model relying on 4 potential biomarkers intensity could be defined to predict the status of the samples. With a routine application perspective, the monitoring of the highlighted potential biomarkers was first transferred into high-throughput LC-SRM. The model's performances and robustness of the approach were preserved and providing a first demonstration of metabolomics-based biomarkers integration within a targeted workflow using common benchtop MS instrumentation. In addition, with a view to the widespread implementation of such biomarker-based tools, we have transferred the method to a second laboratory with similar instrumentation. This proof of concept allows the development and application of biomarker-based strategies to meet current doping control needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cloteau
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
| | | | - Z Kaabia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - F Bagilet
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - V Delcourt
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - B Loup
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Y Guitton
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, France
| | - A L Royer
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, France
| | - F Monteau
- ONIRIS, INRAE, LABERCA, Nantes, France
| | - P Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
| | - Popot Ma
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE-LCH), Verrières le Buisson, France
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7
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Pranata A, Curtis B, Waller CC, Caldwell K, Zahra PW, Karamatic SL, McLeod MD. The in vivo metabolism of Furazadrol in greyhounds. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1749-1757. [PMID: 34254454 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Samples of the 'dietary supplement' Furazadrol sourced through the internet have been reported to contain the designer anabolic androgenic steroids [1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol (furazadrol F) and [1',2']isoxazolo[4',3':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol (isofurazadrol IF). These steroids contain an isoxazole fused to the A-ring and were designed to offer anabolic activity while evading detection, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of this preparation in sports. The metabolism of Furazadrol (F:IF, 10:1) was studied by in vivo methods in greyhounds. Urinary phase II Furazadrol metabolites were detected as glucuronides after a controlled administration. These phase II metabolites were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase to afford the corresponding phase I metabolites. Using a library of synthetically derived reference materials, the identities of seven urinary Furazadrol metabolites were confirmed. Major confirmed metabolites were isofurazadrol IF, 4α-hydroxyfurazadrol 4α-HF and 16α-hydroxy oxidised furazadrol 16α-HOF, whereas the minor confirmed metabolites were furazadrol F, 4β-hydroxyfurazadrol 4β-HF, 16β-hydroxyfurazadrol 16β-HF and 16β-hydroxy oxidised furazadrol 16β-HOF. One major hydroxyfurazadrol and two dihydroxyfurazadrol metabolites remained unidentified. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection and extraction recoveries were established for furazadrol F and major confirmed metabolites. These investigations identify the key urinary metabolites of Furazadrol following oral administration, which can be incorporated into routine screening by anti-doping laboratories to aid the regulation of greyhound racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Blake Curtis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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8
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Rocha DG, Lana MAG, Dracz S, da Silva RR, de Assis DCS, da Silva MC, Augusti R, Faria AF. Can Serum be a Match for Urine in the Regulatory Analysis of Boldenone in Cattle? A Systematic Comparison Between Detection Window, Stability, and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5528-5535. [PMID: 33970002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work involved a systematic comparison between serum and urine for the monitoring of anabolic androgenic steroids in livestock. Incurred samples were collected over 120 days from crossbred steers treated with intramuscular injections containing boldenone undecylenate. Independent high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods were used for the assessment of the respective detection windows, which were larger for serum samples. Both matrices presented adequate performance in terms of long-term stability, assessed using an isochronous approach during 196 days at -20 °C and for five freeze-thaw cycles. The effectiveness of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction using Helix pomatia juice was also compared. The calculated concentrations in serum samples were not statistically influenced by the deconjugation reaction. On the other hand, urine hydrolysis conditions were studied using a 33 Box-Behnken Design, in which a central point condition led to a satisfactory deconjugation performance. It could be observed that serum exhibited equivalent or better performance than urine for most of the evaluated criteria; thus, its inclusion in the regulatory analysis of boldenone in cattle is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Rocha
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Dracz
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Rosemary R da Silva
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana C da Silva
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
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9
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Ventura E, Gadaj A, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Development of a multi‐residue high‐throughput UHPLC–MS/MS method for routine monitoring of SARM compounds in equine and bovine blood. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1373-1379. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast UK
| | - Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast UK
| | - Tom Buckley
- Irish Diagnostic Laboratory Services Ltd Johnstown Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Mark H. Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast UK
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10
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Waller CC, Weththasinghe SA, McClure L, Cawley AT, Suann C, Suann E, Sutherland E, Cooper E, Heather A, McLeod MD. In vivo
metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid hemapolin in the thoroughbred horse. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:752-762. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren McClure
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Craig Suann
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Emily Suann
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW Sydney Australia
| | - Emma Sutherland
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Elliot Cooper
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Alison Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
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11
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Lommen A, Elaradi A, Vonaparti A, Blokland M, Nielen MW, Saad KA, Abushreeda WM, Horvatovich P, Al-Muraikhi AE, Al-Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Ultra-fast retroactive processing of liquid chromatography high-resolution full-scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry data in anti-doping screening of human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1578-1588. [PMID: 31240795 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Retroactive analysis of previously tested urine samples has become an important sports anti-doping tool. Retroactive reprocessing of old data files acquired from a generic screening procedure can reveal detection of initially unknown substances, like illegal drugs and newly identified metabolites. METHODS To be able to efficiently search through hundreds to thousands of liquid chromatography high-resolution full-scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry data files of anti-doping samples, a combination of MetAlign and HR_MS_Search software has been developed. MetAlign reduced the data size ca 100-fold making possible local storage of a massive volume of data. RESULTS The newly developed HR_MS_Search module can search through the reduced data files for new compounds (mass or isotope pattern) defined by mass windows and retention time windows. A search for 33 analytes in 940 reduced data files lasted 10 s. The output of the automatic search was compared to the standard manual routine evaluation. The results of searching were evaluated in terms of false negatives and false positives. The newly banned b2-agonist higenamine and its metabolite coclaurine were successfully searched in reduced data files originating from a testing period for which these substances were not banned, as an example of retroactive analysis. CONCLUSIONS The freeware MetAlign software and its automatic searching module HR_MS_Search facilitated the retroactive reprocessing of reduced full-scan high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry screening data files and created a new tool in anti-doping laboratories' network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W Nielen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, PO Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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DuBois C, Hambly Odame H, Haley DB, Merkies K. An exploration of industry expert perception of Canadian equine welfare using a modified Delphi technique. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201363. [PMID: 30059509 PMCID: PMC6066239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of sectors that comprise the equine industry makes reaching a consensus regarding welfare issues a challenge. To allow for productive discussion, equine professionals (n = 34) chosen to represent the diverse specializations from across Canada were surveyed using the Delphi technique—a survey technique employing multiple, iterative “rounds” to consolidate viewpoints—to gather and consolidate information regarding areas of welfare concern in the Canadian equine industry. Only participants who completed the prior round could participate in subsequent rounds. In the first round, respondents were asked to identify examples of welfare issues. Qualitative analysis was used to sort and group answers based on their similarities. Participants identified 12 welfare issues best addressed at the individual horse level, and an additional 12 welfare issues best addressed at the industry level. In the second (n = 24) and third (n = 14) rounds, welfare issues, solutions, and potential motives were consolidated based on order ranking. Themes of “ignorance” and “lack of knowledge” identified throughout all three rounds were cited as both potential risks to welfare as well as motives leading to poor welfare situations. Responses in this study suggest that in order to improve the welfare of equids in the Canadian industry, equine professionals propose that a greater effort is required to help educate industry members and stakeholders such that, through daily routine care and management, higher standards of welfare can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelie DuBois
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Hambly Odame
- School of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek B. Haley
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrina Merkies
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cawley A. Advances in equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Australia
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14
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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