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Slíž K, Mikuš P. Advances in SARMs anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38706416 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) that stimulate anabolism, increase muscle mass and strength and promote recovery from exercise. The use of SARMs in sports is considered doping and is strictly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). To monitor the abuse of SARMs in sports, it is essential to develop advanced, selective and sensitive analytical methods that provide reliable results. This review evaluates the advances in this area, with a focus on the identification of target analytes related to SARMs, such as SARMs, their metabolites or markers. The aim is to identify targets that could extend the detection windows of SARMs, provide scientific support for results management and/or offer an indirect biomarker-based approach to doping control. This review also aims to evaluate the current liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods developed for the monitoring of SARMs in different biological matrices, including traditional matrices such as urine and serum/plasma samples, as well as alternative matrices such as dried blood spots, hair and nail samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Gray B, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Kwok WH, Yamada S, Yamada M, Moeller B. Association of Official Racing Chemists guidelines for drug testing in animal hair for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38636555 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) guidelines for drug testing in animal hair provide animal sport doping control laboratories with a framework for the implementation of a robust and legally defensible program for the analysis, both screening and confirmatory, of animal hair samples. The guidelines were compiled by the AORC Hair Analysis Committee, which is comprised of experts from animal sport doping control laboratories around the world, before being ratified by the AORC membership. They provide guidance on all stages of animal hair analysis, from sample collection, through sample pre-treatment and extraction and onto instrumental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Gray
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Fordham, UK
| | | | - Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sean Yamada
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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3
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Viljanto M, Kaabia Z, Taylor P, Hincks P, Muir T, Habershon-Butcher J, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Scarth J. Detection of boldenone in the urine of female horses-ex vivo formation versus administration. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:112-126. [PMID: 37264746 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Boldenone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) that is prohibited in equine sports. However, in certain situations, it is endogenous, potentially formed by the microbes in urine. An approach to the differentiation based on the detection of the biomarkers Δ1-progesterone, 20(S)-hydroxy-Δ1-progesterone and 20(S)-hydroxyprogesterone was assessed, and their concentrations were monitored in the urine of untreated female horses (n = 291) alongside boldenone, boldienone, testosterone and androstenedione. Using an ultra-sensitive analytical method, boldenone (256 ± 236 pg/mL, n = 290) and the biomarkers (Δ1-progesterone up to 57.6 pg/mL, n = 8; 20(S)-hydroxy-Δ1-progesterone 85.3 ± 181 pg/mL, n = 130; 20(S)-hydroxyprogesterone 43.5 ± 92.1 pg/mL, n = 158) were detected at low concentrations. The ex vivo production of Δ1-steroids was artificially induced following the storage of urine samples at room temperature for 7 days in order to assess the concentrations and ratios of the monitored steroids. The administration of inappropriately stored feed source also resulted in an increase in 20(S)-hydroxy-Δ1-progesterone concentrations and the biomarker ratios. Using the results from different datasets, an approach to differentiation was developed. In situations where the presence of boldenone exceeds a proposed action limit of 5 ng/mL, the presence of the biomarkers would be investigated. If Δ1-progesterone is above 50 pg/mL or if 20(S)-hydroxy-Δ1-progesterone is above 100 pg/mL with the ratio of 20(S)-hydroxy-Δ1-progesterone:20(S)-hydroxyprogesterone greater than 5:1, then this would indicate ex vivo transformation or consumption of altered feed rather than steroid administration. There remains a (small) possibility of a false negative result, but the model increases confidence that adverse analytical findings reported in female horses are caused by AAS administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zied Kaabia
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | | | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK
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Viljanto M, Love C, White D, Habershon-Butcher J, Hincks P, Gray B, Scarth J. Detection of methandienone and its metabolites in equine urine, plasma and hair following a multidose oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38234065 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Methandienone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports due to its potential performance enhancing properties. Metabolism and detection of methandienone in equine urine have been investigated comprehensively in literature; however, there is a limited knowledge about its metabolites in equine plasma and no information about its detection in equine hair. Following a multi-dose oral administration of methandienone to two Thoroughbred horses, 17-epimethandienone, methyltestosterone, two mono-hydroxylated, two di-hydroxylated and three 17α-methylandrostanetriol metabolites were detected in plasma. The majority of these were present as free analytes, whilst the mono-hydroxylated metabolites and one isomer of 17α-methylandrostanetriol were partially conjugated. Estimated peak concentrations of methandienone were 6,000 and 11,100 pg/ml; meanwhile, they were 25.4 and 40.5 pg/ml for methyltestosterone. The most abundant analyte in the post-administration plasma samples of both horses was the mono-hydroxylated metabolite; however, the parent compound provided the longest detection (up to 96 h). Screening analysis of hair enabled the detection of methandienone in mane hair samples only, for up to 3 months. Its mono- and di-hydroxylated metabolites were detected with greater peak responses for up to 6 months post-administration in both mane and tail samples, showing that these metabolites could be better analytical targets for hair analysis when administered orally. A follow-up methodology with an extensive wash procedure confirmed the presence of methandienone and its metabolites in a number of post-administration hair samples. Final wash samples were also analysed to assess the degree of internal incorporation (via bloodstream) against possible external deposition (via sweat/sebum).
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Hincks P, Habershon-Butcher J, Gray B, Scarth J. Detection of FG-4592 and metabolites in equine plasma, urine and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38217093 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
FG-4592 is a hypoxia-inducible factor inhibitor that has been approved for therapeutic use in some countries. This class of compounds can increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and thus have the potential to be used as performance enhancing agents in sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate the detection of FG-4592 and metabolites in equine plasma and mane hair following a multiple dose oral administration to two Thoroughbred racehorses, to identify the best analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine samples were also analysed, and the results compared to previously published urine data. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was used for metabolite identification in urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for full sample analysis of urine, plasma and hair samples and generation of urine and plasma profiles. FG-4592 and a mono-hydroxylated metabolite were detected in plasma. FG-4592 was detected with the greatest abundance and gave the longest duration of detection, up to 312 h post-administration, and would be the recommended target in routine doping samples. FG-4592 was detected in all mane hair samples collected post-administration, up to 166 days following the final dose, showing extended detection can be achieved with this matrix. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of FG-4592 and metabolites in equine plasma and hair samples. Urine results were consistent with the previously published data, with FG-4592 offering the best target for detection and longest detection periods.
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Yamada M, Leung GNW. Segmental analysis and long-term monitoring of vadadustat in equine hair for the purpose of doping control. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:623-631. [PMID: 37632695 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vadadustat is a newly launched hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer with anti-anemia and erythropoietic effects; however, its use in horses is expressly forbidden in both racing and equestrian competitions. Following our previous report on the pharmacokinetic study of vadadustat in horse plasma and urine, a long-term longitudinal analysis of vadadustat in horse hair after nasoesophageal administration (3 g/day for 3 days) to three thoroughbred mares is described in this study. Our main objective is to further extend the detection period of vadadustat for the purpose of doping control. Three bunches of mane hair from each horse were collected at 0 (pre), 1, 2, 3 and 6 month(s) post-administration. These hair samples were each cut into 2-cm segments and pulverized after decontamination of hair samples. The analyte in the powdered hair samples was extracted with liquid-liquid extraction followed by further purification by solid-phase extraction with strong anion exchange columns. The amount of vadadustat incorporated into the hair was quantified with a newly developed and validated method using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our results show that vadadustat was confirmed in all post-administration hair samples, but its metabolites were not present. Thus, the detection window for vadadustat could be successfully extended up to 6 months post-administration. Interestingly, the 2-cm segmental analysis revealed that the tip of the drug band in the hair shifted along with the hair shafts in correspondence with the average hair growth rate (∼2.5 cm/month) but gradually diffused more widely from 2 cm at 1 month post-administration to up to 14 cm at 6 months post-administration. However, the loss in the total amount of vadadustat in hair over time was observed to most likely be due to the degradation of vadadustat. These findings will be useful for the control of abuse and/or misuse of vadadustat and the interpretation of positive doping cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yu Sone
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kamiya
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba 270-1431, Japan
| | - Ai Wakuno
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba 270-1431, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba 270-1431, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyata
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, JRA Equestrian Park Utsunomiya Office, 321-4 Tokamicho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Viljanto M, Cutler C, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Gray B. Detection of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-0677 in equine hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:361-367. [PMID: 36354265 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
MK-0677 (ibutamoren) is an orally active non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that binds to the ghrelin receptor stimulating the secretion of endogenous growth hormone. It is one of the most prevalent performance-enhancing compounds currently available online and is potentially subject to abuse both in human and equine sports. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether it could be detected in equine hair following oral administration of MK-0677 mesylate to a Thoroughbred racehorse. MK-0677 and its O-dealkylated metabolite were extracted using an existing method for prohibited substances in equine hair and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This enabled the detection of MK-0677 in all hair samples collected, up to 209 days in mane and 358 days in tail. A follow-up methodology with an extensive wash procedure was carried out for selected hair samples, which unambiguously verified the presence of MK-0677. Wash criteria to differentiate between internal incorporation (via bloodstream) and external deposition (via sweat and sebum) was also assessed and indicated internal incorporation for the samples collected at later time points (≥52 days) and a combination of internal incorporation and external deposition for hair samples collected at the earlier time point (2 days).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bob Gray
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, So YM, Wong JKY, Ho ENM, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Yamada M, Leung GNW. Long-term monitoring of IOX4 in horse hair and its longitudinal distribution with segmental analysis using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry for the purpose of doping control. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1244-1254. [PMID: 35195358 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IOX4, a hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer, is classified as a banned substance for horses in both horse racing and equestrian sports. We recently reported the pharmacokinetic profiles of IOX4 in horse plasma and urine and also identified potential monitoring targets for the doping control purpose. In this study, a long-term longitudinal analysis of IOX4 in horse hair after a nasoesophageal administration of IOX4 (500 mg/day for three days) to three thoroughbred mares is presented for the first time for controlling the abuse/misuse of IOX4. Six bunches of mane hair were collected at 0 (pre), 1, 2, 3, and 6 month(s) post-administration. Our results showed that the presence of IOX4 was identified in all post-administration horse hair samples but no metabolite could be detected. The detection window for IOX4 could achieve up to 6-month post-administration (last sampling point) by monitoring IOX4 in hair. In order to evaluate the longitudinal distribution of IOX4 over six months, a validated quantification method of IOX4 in hair was developed for the analysis of the post-administration samples. Segmental analysis of 2-cm cut hair across the entire length of post-administration hair showed that IOX4 could be quantified up to the level of 1.84 pg/mg. In addition, it was found that the movement of the incorporated IOX4 band in the hair shaft over six months varied among the three horses due to individual variation and a significant diffusion of IOX4 band up to 10 cm width was also observed in the 6-month post-administration hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yat-Ming So
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Sone
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kamiya
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ai Wakuno
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyata
- JRA Equestrian Park Utsunomiya Office, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Tochigi, Japan
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Ameline A, Raul JS. Human hair testing for selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): Current knowledge and limitations. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. Development and validation of SARMs and metabolic modulators screening in hair using UHPLC-MS/MS: Application to a doping case and first identification of S23 in authentic human hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1187:123048. [PMID: 34814052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptors Modulators (SARMs) are a new class of doping drugs that emerged in sport since 2008. Easy access on the Internet also leads to their misuse by amateurs. It seems important for a laboratory of toxicology to develop a targeted screening of SARMs, given their health risks. A method has been developed and validated for the analysis in hair of 9 SARMs (AC262536, ACP-105, andarine, LGD-4033, MK-0773, MK 677, ostarine, RAD 410 and S23) and 2 other metabolic modulators (GW501516, SR9009), using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. After addition of bicalutamide-D4 used as internal standard and incubation in phosphate buffer pH = 9.5, 20 mg of hair samples were extracted with liquid/liquid extraction. Linearity was verified for all compounds between 0.5 and 50 and 2000 pg/mg. LOD and LOQ were determined between 0.1-20 and 0.5-50 pg/mg respectively, according to the various analytes. Intra- and inter-day precision (CV < 20%), matrix effects and recovery were evaluated for all compounds with CVs < 20%. The application and the interest of SARMs screening was demonstrated in a doping case. Three SARMs were detected namely andarine (120-1644 pg/mg), ostarine (1-9 pg/mg) and S23 (0.6-16 pg/mg) in 6x1 cm segments of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France
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Delcourt V, Garcia P, Pottier I, Mansoibou N, Bache N, Glavieux Y, Chabot B, Perot I, André F, Loup B, Barnabé A, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Development of a Standardized Microflow LC Gradient to Enable Sensitive and Long-Term Detection of Synthetic Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids for High-Throughput Doping Controls. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15590-15596. [PMID: 34791882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are banned compounds and considered as major threats by both racing and sports international authorities. Hence, doping control laboratories are continually looking into analytical improvements to increase their detection capabilities, notably by means of emerging technologies. To enhance analytical performances for the detection of synthetic AAS such as stanozolol, specific chromatographic procedures have been developed using recent quaternary liquid chromatography technology originally designed for high-throughput standardized proteomics connected to mass spectrometry. Applying the newly designed elution procedures described in this paper to the analyses of stanozolol and its metabolites in complex matrixes revealed improved sensitivity compared to previously described high-throughput methods. Indeed, we report the consistent and reliable detection of 16β-hydroxy-stanozolol down to 10 pg/mL in equine urine and being detectable up-to 3 months after a microdosing administration. Furthermore, a five months long elimination of stanozolol and its metabolites could be monitored on horse mane sections after a single dose administration. Our work highlights novel solutions to detect AAS with improved sensitivity. The application of such developments constitutes new landmarks for doping control laboratories and could be extended to other targeted compounds in residue analysis, toxicology, and metabolomics. Based on this work, the developed chromatographic method is now freely available within the Evosep Plus program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Isabelle Pottier
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Nasrine Mansoibou
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Nicolai Bache
- Evosep Biosystems, Buchwaldsgade 35, Third Floor, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Yohan Glavieux
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Isabelle Perot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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12
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Moeller BC, Clifford A, Emery RT, Alarcio G, Favro G, Arthur RM. Detection and Confirmation of Zilpaterol in Equine Hair Using Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:31-38. [PMID: 34355536 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zilpaterol is a β2 -adrenergic agonist and a repartitioning agent that has a high potential for abuse in equine performance athletes. Analysis of zilpaterol in hair is an alternative sampling matrix that extends detection time periods beyond those found in urine or blood samples. Our laboratory has been screening for zilpaterol in hair for many years and recently detected and confirmed its presence in official samples. Accordingly, a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to detect and confirm zilpaterol in equine hair. Briefly, equine hair was decontaminated, cut, and pulverized prior to disruption and liquid-liquid extraction in basic conditions. Following extraction, the sample was introduced to an Agilent 1260 HPLC and zilpaterol was separated using a reverse phase gradient with a total run time of 12.5 minutes. Following chromatographic separation, zilpaterol and its corresponding stable isotope labeled internal standard were introduced via positive mode electrospray ionization to a Thermo Q-Exactive Plus mass spectrometer and spectra collected using parallel reaction monitoring. The methodology was validated using in-house criteria including characterization of accuracy, precision, recovery, linear range, matrix effects, limit of detection and limit of quantitation and the method was found to be fit-for-purpose to confirm the presence of zilpaterol in equine hair. This methodology has been used to detect and confirm the presence of zilpaterol from out-of-competition hair samples submitted by regional racing authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Moeller
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Amel Clifford
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Richard T Emery
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gwen Alarcio
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Gianna Favro
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Ghauri MA, Hassan F, Hassan Y, Atif N, Adnan A. Detection of 6-monoacetylemorphine in hair sample of heroin addicts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and significance of rehabilitation program. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The analysis of hair samples for the detection of drugs has become one of the convincing strategies in the field of forensic toxicology. A large number of cases concerning heroin abuse or its byproducts have been documented under the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997, over the past decade. The present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the primary metabolite of heroin, i.e., 6-monoacetylemorphine (6-MAM), in hair samples of addicts and subjects undergoing rehabilitation, thereafter accessing the success rate of the rehabilitation program at the de-addiction center.
Results
Hair samples were randomly collected from 20 regular heroin addicts and 20 heroin addicts from their past, from the rehabilitation center, of different age groups. Samples were cleaned, digested, and extracted using an alkaline digestion mediator methyl tertiary butyl ether, followed by quantification of 6-MAM via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The mean concentration of 6-MAM in regular heroin addicts detected was 7.80 ng/mg and 2.34 ng/mg in samples of subjects undergoing rehabilitation at the de-addiction center, respectively.
Conclusion
Traces of 6-MAM in the hair sample of heroin addicts can be efficiently detected days after the last intake of heroin. In addition to that, our findings also give an idea for future evaluating the approximate timeframe for detection of 6-MAM and/or other metabolites of heroin in the hair sample. However, in the future, by carefully analyzing the hair samples that can be taken from rehabilitation centers from target subjects at different time intervals, the exact duration of traceable quantity of 6-MAM can be determined in the hair sample. Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant success rate of the rehabilitation program at de-addiction centers in connection with dragging the 6-MAM level from the body.
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Leung GNW, Nozawa S, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Kushiro A, Kasashima Y, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kijima-Suda I. Detection and longitudinal distribution of GW1516 and its metabolites in equine hair for doping control using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9050. [PMID: 33470485 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE GW1516 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPAR-δ) agonist that is banned in horseracing and equestrian sports. Long-term detection and longitudinal distribution of GW1516 in the mane of a horse are reported for the first time and this hair analysis could prolong the detection window of GW1516 for doping control. METHODS Mane hairs were divided into three segments (0-7, 7-15, and >15 cm from the cut end) and completely pulverized and homogenized for analysis. The pulverized hair samples were extracted with methanol followed by further purification and the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) using a Q-Exactive instrument. This method was successfully validated and applied to post-administration samples to confirm the presence of GW1516 and its metabolites and estimate the uptake amounts of GW1516. RESULTS After administration of 150 mg of GW1516 to a thoroughbred mare, GW1516 was detected in one of two segments of all mane hairs, and four metabolites, namely GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), and 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (MTTC), were also identified. The longitudinal distribution analysis results showed that the maximum uptake of GW1516 into hair (approximately 0.05 pg/mg) was observed at around 13 weeks post-administration and GW1516 could be detected and confirmed up to 6 months post-administration. CONCLUSIONS The parent drug GW1516 was identified as the most appropriate monitoring target in equine hair for controlling its misuse in horses. The use of hair analysis could extend the detection time of GW1516 to at least 6 months after the administration of 150 mg of GW1516 to a thoroughbred mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nozawa
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, Equine Research Institute, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kasashima
- Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, Equine Research Institute, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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Quantification of 17 Endogenous and Exogenous Steroidal Hormones in Equine and Bovine Blood for Doping Control with UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050393. [PMID: 33919404 PMCID: PMC8143330 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and fast analytical method able to simultaneously identify and quantify 17 endogenous and exogenous steroidal hormones was developed in bovine and equine blood using UHPLC-MS/MS. A total amount of 500 µL of sample was deproteinized with 500 µL of a mixture of methanol and zinc sulfate and evaporated. The mixture was reconstituted with 50 µL of a solution of 25% methanol and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were in the range of 0.9932–0.9999, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.023–1.833 and 0.069–5.5 ppb, respectively. The developed method showed a high sensitivity and qualitative aspects allowing the detection and quantification of all steroids in equine and bovine blood. Moreover, the detection limit of testosterone (50 ppt) is half of the threshold admitted in plasma (100 ppt). Once validated, the method was used to quantify 17 steroid hormones in both bovine and equine blood samples. The primary endogenous compounds detected were corticosterone (range 0.28–0.60 ppb) and cortisol (range 0.44–10.00 ppb), followed by androstenedione, testosterone and 11-deoxycortisol.
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16
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Kushiro A, Kasashima Y, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kijima-Suda I. Metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9028. [PMID: 33319421 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of GW1516, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPAR δ) agonist, is strictly prohibited in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. However, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine. METHODS Urine samples obtained from a thoroughbred after nasoesophageal administration with GW1516 were protein-precipitated and the supernatants were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) with a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored from the full-scan mass spectral data of pre- and post-administration samples. A quantification method was developed and validated to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in equine urine. RESULTS GW1516 and its nine metabolites [including GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), methyl 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (MMTC), 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid (MTTC), and M1 to M4] were detected in post-administration urine samples. GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone showed the longest detection times in post-administration urine samples and were therefore recommended as potential screening targets for doping control purposes. Quantitative analysis was also conducted to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone in urine. CONCLUSIONS For the purposes of doping control of GW1516, the GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone metabolites are recommended as the target analytes to be monitored in equine urine due to their high specificities, long detection times (1 and 4 weeks, respectively), and the ready availability of their reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kasashima
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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17
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Trevisiol S, Moulard Y, Delcourt V, Jaubert M, Boyer S, Tendon S, Haryouli H, Taleb W, Caroff M, Chabot B, Drif L, André F, Garcia P, Loup B, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. Comprehensive characterization of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-δ agonist GW501516 for horse doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1191-1202. [PMID: 33547737 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
According to international sport institutions, the use of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-δ agonists is forbidden at any time in athlete career due to their capabilities to increase physical and endurance performances. The (PPAR)-δ agonist GW501516 is prohibited for sale but is easily available on internet and can be used by cheaters. In the context of doping control, urine is the preferred matrix because of the non-invasive nature of sampling and providing broader exposure detection times to forbidden molecules but often not detected under its native form due to the organism's metabolism. Even if urinary metabolism of G501516 has been extensively studied in human subjects, knowledge on GW501516 metabolism in horses remains limited. To fight against doping practices in horses' races, GW501516 metabolism has to be studied in horse urine to identify and characterize the most relevant target metabolites to ensure an efficient doping control. In this article, in vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted using horse S9 liver microsome fractions and horse oral administration route, respectively. These investigations determined that the detection of GW501516 must be performed in urine on its metabolites because the parent molecule was extremely metabolized. To maximize analytical method sensitivity, the extraction conditions have been optimized. In accordance with these results, a qualitative analytical method was validated to detect the abuse of GW501516 based on its most relevant metabolites in urine. This work enabled the Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH) to highlight two cases of illicit administration of this forbidden molecule in post-race samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Trevisiol
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Yves Moulard
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Murielle Jaubert
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Sophie Boyer
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Sophie Tendon
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Hayate Haryouli
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Wafek Taleb
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Mylène Caroff
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Laura Drif
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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18
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Cheung HW, Wong KS, To NS, Bond AJ, Farrington AF, Prabhu A, Curl P, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Label-free proteomics for discovering biomarker candidates of RAD140 administration to castrated horses. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1034-1047. [PMID: 33277807 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor (AR) modulators (SARMs) are potent anabolic agents with a high potential of misuse in horseracing and equestrian sports. In this study, we applied label-free proteomics to discover plasma protein biomarkers in geldings (castrated horses) after administration with a popular SARM named RAD140. Tryptic peptides were prepared from plasma samples and analyzed by nano-flow ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nano-UHPLC-HRMS/MS) using data-independent acquisition (DIA) method. Orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) has led to the development of a predictive model that could discriminate RAD140-administered samples from control samples and could also correctly classify 18 out of 19 in-training horses as control samples. The model comprises 75 proteins with variable importance in projection (VIP) score above 1. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and literature review have identified upregulation of AR-regulated clusterin, and proteins associated with inflammation (haptoglobin, cluster of differentiation 14 [CD14], and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 [ITIH4]) and erythropoiesis (glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D1 [GPLD1]) after RAD140 administration. Their changes were confirmed by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) experiments. Similar effects have been reported by the use of androgens and other SARMs. This is the first reported study that describes the use of a proteomic biomarker approach to detect horses that have been administered with RAD140 by applying label-free proteomic profiling of plasma samples. These results support the concept of a biomarker-driven approach to enhance the doping control of RAD140 and potentially other SARMs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Wing Cheung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Sing Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Sum To
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amanda J Bond
- Equestrian Affairs, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrian F Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anil Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary Regulation, Welfare and Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Curl
- Department of Veterinary Regulation, Welfare and Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Ishii H, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Kushiro A, Kasashima Y, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kijima-Suda I. Doping control analysis of GW1516 in equine plasma using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8920. [PMID: 32776613 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE GW1516 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist in the class of hormones and metabolic modulators. The use of GW1516 is banned in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metabolic study of GW1516 in horses. METHODS After protein precipitation of pre- and post-administration plasma GW1516 samples, the supernatants were analyzed using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q-Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect GW1516 and its metabolites. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored from the full-scan mass spectral data of pre- and post-administration samples. Quantification methods were developed and validated to establish the elimination profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in equine plasma. RESULTS GW1516 and its four metabolites GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), and M1 were detected in post-administration plasma samples. GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, and HMTT were identified by comparison with their respective reference standards whereas M1 was tentatively identified as 4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid by mass spectral interpretation. GW1516 had the longest detection time in post-administration plasma. The elimination profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in plasma were established. CONCLUSIONS For the purpose of doping control, GW1516 is recommended as the target analyte to be monitored in equine plasma due to its long detection time (around 1 week) and the ready availability of its reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kasashima
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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20
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator AC-262536 in vitro and in urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:369-385. [PMID: 32959959 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AC-262536 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of a range of clinical conditions including androgen replacement therapy. Though not available therapeutically, selective androgen receptor modulators are widely available to purchase online as (illegal) supplement products. The growth- and bone-promoting effects, along with fewer associated negative side effects compared with anabolic-androgenic steroids, make these compounds a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of AC-262536 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred horses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for in vitro metabolite identification and in urine and plasma samples. Nine phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; four of these were subsequently detected in urine and three in plasma, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma samples, the longest detection window was observed for an epimer of the parent compound, which is suggested as the best target for detection of AC-262536 administration. AC-262536 and metabolites were found to be primarily glucuronide conjugates in both urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of post-administration hair samples indicated incorporation of parent AC-262536 into the hair following oral administration. No metabolites were detected in the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,Racing Victoria Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Biddle
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Laboratory of Doping Control, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Rocha DG, Lana MAG, de Assis DCS, Cançado SV, Augusti R, Faria AF. Determination of steroids in bovine hair: Validation of a microwave-assisted chemical derivatization method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and in vivo studies. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1078-1086. [PMID: 32384229 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis has attracted great attention in the regulatory analysis of food-producing animals, particularly due to the wider detection window of veterinary drugs in this matrix and also the possibility of confirming parent drugs with minimum metabolization. This work involved the development and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine 25 steroids and steroid esters in bovine hair. Sensitivity was improved using a fast and effective microwave-assisted chemical derivatization with methoxyamine hydrochloride. The validation was conducted in accordance with the Decision 657/2002/EC guidelines. An animal experimentation procedure was performed on 12 bovine animals in which two commercial formulations containing boldenone undecylenate and testosterone propionate were administrated via intramuscular injections on the neck. The samples were collected for 78 days in which the detection of the administrated analytes was only observed near the application sites. For some of the monitored days, no analyte was detected on the neck area. Since the migration of the analytes was not observed in areas other than the application site, false-negative results should be carefully considered when monitoring animal hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvana V Cançado
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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22
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Kintz P, Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul J. Testing for GW501516 (cardarine) in human hair using LC/MS–MS and confirmation by LC/HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:980-986. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X‐Pertise Consulting Mittelhausbergen France
- Institut de medecine légale Strasbourg France
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23
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Ashraf SS, El‐Gahany W, Alraeesi A, Al‐Hajj L, Al‐Maidalli A, Shah I. Analysis of illicit glucocorticoid levels in camel hair using competitive ELISA – Comparison with LC–MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:458-464. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and SciencesKhalifa University Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Wesam El‐Gahany
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | - Ayisha Alraeesi
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | - Latifa Al‐Hajj
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
| | | | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUAE University Al Ain UAE
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24
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Hincks P, Habershon‐Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S. Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:247-260. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Kintz P, Ameline A, Gheddar L, Raul JS. LGD-4033, S-4 and MK-2866 – Testing for SARMs in hair: About 2 doping cases. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Favretto D, Snenghi R, Pertile R, El Mazloum R, Tucci M, Visentin S, Vogliardi S. Hair analysis to discriminate voluntary doping vs inadvertent ingestion of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:762-771. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- University Hospital of Padova Padova Italy
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | | | - Rafi El Mazloum
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Marianna Tucci
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Sindi Visentin
- University Hospital of Padova Padova Italy
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Susanna Vogliardi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
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27
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Wong J, Choi T, Kwok K, Lei E, Wan T. Doping control analysis of 121 prohibited substances in equine hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:189-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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28
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Detection of seventy-two anabolic and androgenic steroids and/or their esters in horse hair using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in multiplexed targeted MS2 mode and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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