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Zwueste DM, Vernau KM, Vernau W, Pypendop BH, Knych HK, Rodrigues CA, Kol A, Questa M, Dickinson PJ. Oral cytarabine ocfosfate pharmacokinetics and assessment of leukocyte biomarkers in normal dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2429-2442. [PMID: 37670479 PMCID: PMC10658504 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is a nucleoside analog prodrug utilized for immunomodulatory effects mediated by its active metabolite Ara-CTP. Optimal dosing protocols for immunomodulation in dogs have not been defined. Cytarabine ocfosfate (CO) is a lipophilic prodrug of Ara-C that can be administered PO and provides prolonged serum concentrations of Ara-C. OBJECTIVES Provide pharmacokinetic data for orally administered CO and determine accumulation and functional consequences of Ara-CTP within peripheral blood leukocytes. ANIMALS Three healthy female hound dogs and 1 healthy male Beagle. METHODS Prospective study. Dogs received 200 mg/m2 of CO PO q24h for 7 doses. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CO and Ara-C concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Complete blood counts, flow cytometry, and leukocyte activation assays were done up to 21 days. Incorporation of Ara-CTP within leukocyte DNA was determined by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Maximum serum concentration (Cmax ) for Ara-C was 456.1-724.0 ng/mL (1.88-2.98 μM) and terminal half-life was 23.3 to 29.4 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid: serum Ara-C ratios ranged from 0.54 to 1.2. Peripheral blood lymphocyte concentrations remained within the reference range, but proliferation rates poststimulation were decreased at 6 days. Incorporation of Ara-CTP was not saturated and remained >25% of peak concentration at 13 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral CO may produce prolonged serum Ara-C half-lives at concentrations sufficient to induce functional changes in peripheral leukocytes and is associated with prolonged retention of DNA-incorporated Ara-CTP. Application of functional and active metabolite assessment is feasible and may provide more relevant data to determine optimal dosing regimens for Ara-C-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Zwueste
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Karen M. Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bruno H. Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytic Chemistry LaboratoryUC DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carlos A. Rodrigues
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria Questa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter J. Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Kleine S, Hampton CE, Smith C, Bussieres G, Mulon PY, Seddighi R, Cox S, Smith J. Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of grapiprant in juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:269-275. [PMID: 37493273 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Both pet and research pigs can suffer from some degree of pain from surgery, injuries, or osteoarthritis (OA). Despite this, there is a paucity of data on safe and effective analgesia agents in pigs. Grapiprant is an EP4 antagonist that blocks the action of the pro-inflammatory prostanoid, PGE2 . It has shown efficacy in attenuating pain associated with ovariohysterectomy and OA in dogs. However, there are no data regarding grapiprant in pigs. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered grapiprant to juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) was evaluated in this study. Seven juvenile pigs received 12 mg/kg grapiprant orally. Blood was collected from an indwelling jugular catheter using the push-pull method at set timepoints up to 48 hours. Sample analysis was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean grapiprant plasma concentration was 164.3 ± 104.7 ng/mL which occurred at 0.8 ± 0.3 h. This study demonstrated that grapiprant concentrations consistent with analgesia in dogs were reached at this dosage in pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of grapiprant in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kleine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chiara E Hampton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Genevieve Bussieres
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joe Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Mercer MA, Davis JL, McKenzie HC. The Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Evaluation of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Adult Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101597. [PMID: 37238029 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review firstly examines the underlying pathophysiology of pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic disease and endotoxemia. Then, it reviews the clinical pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) of both conventional and non-conventional NSAIDs in the adult horse, and finally provides an overview of different modalities to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of NSAIDs in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Harold C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Hoffmann SL, Seminoff K, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics of grapiprant and effects on TNF-alpha concentrations following oral administration to horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:467-472. [PMID: 35652132 PMCID: PMC10919302 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Grapiprant is a prostaglandin E2 receptor antagonist that has been found to be an effective anti-inflammatory in dogs and that is devoid of some of the adverse effects associated with traditional NSAIDs that elicit their effects through inhibition of PGE2 production. Previously published reports have described the pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses when administered at 2 mg/kg; however, pharmacodynamic effects in this species have yet to be described. The objective of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of grapiprant at a higher dose. Eight horses received a single oral administration of 15 mg/kg. Plasma concentrations were determined for 96 h using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Non-compartmental analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacodynamic effects were assessed ex vivo by stimulating blood samples with PGE2 and determining TNF-ɑ concentrations. Maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration and area under the curve were 327.5 (188.4-663.0) ng/ml, 1 (0.75-2.0) hour and 831.8 (512.6-1421.6) h*ng/ml, respectively. The terminal half-life was 11.1 (8.27-21.2) hr. Significant stimulation of TNF alpha was noted for 2-4 h post-drug administration. Results of this study suggest a short duration of EP4 receptor engagement when administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke L. Hoffmann
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kelsey Seminoff
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel S. McKemie
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather K. Knych
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Jacobs CC, Schnabel LV, McIlwraith CW, Blikslager AT. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:636-648. [PMID: 35076950 PMCID: PMC9304133 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orthopaedic disorders are commonly encountered in equine veterinary medicine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many equine orthopaedic disorders. There are multiple NSAIDs available for use in horses, including both non-selective and selective NSAIDS, and the body of literature evaluating the efficacy of these medications, their effects on normal and inflamed musculoskeletal tissues, and their side effects is broad. This review aims to summarise the current literature on the use of NSAIDs for equine orthopaedic disorders and examines new and future avenues for the management of inflammation in equine orthopaedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C. Jacobs
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute (TMI)Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Pharmacokinetics of grapiprant in goat kids at two different dosing regimens. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rodriguez P, Paul-Murphy JR, Knych HK, Drazenovich TL, Hawkins MG. Pharmacokinetics of grapiprant administered to red-tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis) after food was withheld for 24 hours. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:912-919. [PMID: 34669491 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.11.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an oral dose of grapiprant for red-tailed hawks (RTHAs; Buteo jamaicensis) that would achieve a plasma concentration > 164 ng/mL, which is considered therapeutic for dogs with osteoarthritis. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult RTHAs. PROCEDURES A preliminary study, in which grapiprant (4 mg/kg [n = 2], 11 mg/kg [2], or 45 mg/kg [2]) was delivered into the crop of RTHAs from which food had been withheld for 24 hours, was performed to obtained pharmacokinetic data for use with modeling software to simulate results for grapiprant doses of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 mg/kg. Simulation results directed our selection of the grapiprant dose administered to the RTHAs in a single-dose study. Plasma grapiprant concentration, body weight, and gastrointestinal signs of RTHAs were monitored. RESULTS On the basis of results from the preliminary study and simulations, a grapiprant dose of 30 mg/kg was used in the single-dose study. The geometric mean maximum observed plasma concentration of grapiprant was 3,184 ng/mL, time to maximum plasma grapiprant concentration was 2.0 hours, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 17.1 hours. No substantial adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the single dose of grapiprant (30 mg/kg) delivered into the crop achieved plasma concentrations > 164 ng/mL in the RTHAs, it was unknown whether this concentration would be therapeutic for birds. Further research that incorporates multidose assessments, safety monitoring, and pharmacodynamic data collection is warranted on the use of grapiprant in RTHAs from which food was withheld versus not withheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodriguez
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Heather K Knych
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tracy L Drazenovich
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- From the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, and K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharma-cology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medi-cine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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Sartini I, Giorgi M. Grapiprant: A snapshot of the current knowledge. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:679-688. [PMID: 34057218 PMCID: PMC8518515 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Grapiprant is the pioneer member of the novel piprant class, a potent and specific antagonist of the prostaglandin E2 receptor 4. It has been approved in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs at the dose regimen of 2 mg/kg once a day by the FDA and EMA (for pain only) in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The aim of this narrative review was to report the analytical methods, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of grapiprant in several animal species using the best available published scientific evidence. In conclusion, most of the analytical methods proposed for grapiprant detection are simple, reliable, sensitive and validated. The pharmacokinetics show discrepancies between animal species. The therapeutic efficacy seems more suited to chronic rather than acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,PhD School, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Cox S, Sommardahl C, Fortner C, Davis R, Bergman J, Doherty T. Determination of grapiprant plasma and urine concentrations in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:705-709. [PMID: 32439238 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) in tissues and used as therapeutic agents in different species. Grapiprant, a member of the piprant class of compounds, antagonizes prostaglandin receptors. It is a highly selective EP4 prostaglandin E2 receptor inhibitor, thereby limiting the potential for adverse effects caused by wider COX inhibition. The objectives of this study were to determine if the approved canine dose would result in measurable concentrations in horses, and to validate a chromatographic method of analysis for grapiprant in urine and plasma. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS A total of six healthy, adult mixed-breed mares weighing 502 ± 66 (397-600) kg and aged 14.8 ± 5.3 (6-21) years. METHODS Mares were administered one dose of 2 mg kg-1 grapiprant via nasogastric tube. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and up to 48 hours after drug administration. Drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Grapiprant plasma concentrations ranged from 71 to 149 ng mL-1 with the mean peak concentration (106 ng mL-1) occurring at 30 minutes. Concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification (50 ng mL-1) in four of six horses at 1 hour and in all six horses by 2 hours after drug administration. Grapiprant urine concentrations ranged from 40 to 4077 ng mL-1 and were still detectable at 48 hours after administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Currently, there are no published studies looking at the pharmacodynamics of grapiprant in horses. The effective concentration needed to control pain in dogs ranges 114-164 ng mL-1. Oral administration of grapiprant (2 mg kg-1) in horses did not achieve those concentrations. The dose was well tolerated; therefore, studies with larger doses could be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Carla Sommardahl
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Chelsey Fortner
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca Davis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joan Bergman
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tom Doherty
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane) belong to the oxylipin family of biologically active lipids generated from arachidonic acid (AA). Protanoids control numerous physiological and pathological processes. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of AA into prostanoids. There are two COX isozymes: the constitutive COX-1 and the inducible COX-2. COX-1 and COX-2 have similar structures, catalytic activities, and subcellular localizations but differ in patterns of expression and biological functions. Non-selective COX-1/2 or traditional, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs) target both COX isoforms and are widely used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. However, the use of NSAIDs is associated with various side effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. NSAIDs selective for COX-2 inhibition (coxibs) were purposefully designed to spare gastrointestinal toxicity, but predisposed patients to increased cardiovascular risks. These health complications from NSAIDs prompted interest in the downstream effectors of the COX enzymes as novel drug targets. This chapter describes various safety issues with tNSAIDs and coxibs, and discusses the current development of novel classes of drugs targeting the prostanoid pathway, including nitrogen oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs, inhibitors of prostanoid synthases, dual inhibitors, and prostanoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
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Mama KR, Hector RC. Therapeutic developments in equine pain management. Vet J 2019; 247:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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