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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Valko M, Alwasel S, Alomar S, Kuca K. Comprehensive analysis of prohibited substances and methods in sports: Unveiling trends, pharmacokinetics, and WADA evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104447. [PMID: 38636744 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This review systematically compiles sports-related drugs, substances, and methodologies based on the most frequently detected findings from prohibited lists published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) between 2003 and 2021. Aligned with structure of the 2023 prohibited list, it covers all proscribed items and details the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of five representatives from each section. Notably, it explores significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with these substances. Adverse analytical findings are summarized in tables for clarity, and the prevalence is visually represented through charts. The review includes a concise historical overview of doping and WADA's role, examining modifications in the prohibited list for an understanding of evolving anti-doping measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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Yano M, Sato T, Nakano S, Shimozato S, Ishii T, Hasegawa T. Potential usefulness of assessing serum betamethasone levels during betamethasone therapy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:697-699. [PMID: 37265447 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yano
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satsuki Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Shimozato
- Department of Pediatrics, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are included in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sport published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In its 2022 update, the WADA list prohibits all injectable routes of administration of GCs for use during in-competition periods. Previously, GCs were prohibited in-competition when administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal routes, but local injections (in addition to topical applications) were allowed. This study first investigated the prevalence of GC use by athletes in Poland, declared in 2130 doping control forms, and the related 2130 urine samples analysed at the Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory. Second, the validity of the analytical methodology to detect GCs was evaluated with the updated WADA requirement for substance-specific minimum reporting levels and considering the proposed washout periods. Despite the new regulation in place, the use of 30 different GC preparations were declared in a total of 162 occurrences (8% of the tests) with therapeutic purposes. Laboratory analyses resulted in the presence of GCs in 16 occurrences with only two samples with a concentration triggering an adverse analytical finding. Our study allowed us to confirm that the applied methodology for the determination of GCs in urine samples (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) remains fully valid after the latter regulation change while the challenge to assess the timing and administration route for GCs persists.
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Iannella L, Comunità F, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, de la Torre X, Mazzarino M. Urinary excretion profile of prednisolone and prednisone after rectal administration: significance in antidoping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:2007-2016. [PMID: 35921255 PMCID: PMC10087643 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rectal administration of glucocorticoids, as well as any injectable, and oral ones, is currently prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency when occurs "in competition". A reporting level of 100 ng/mL for prednisolone and 300 ng/mL for prednisone was established to discriminate the allowed and the prohibited administration. Here, the urinary excretion profiles of prednisone and prednisolone were evaluated in five volunteers in therapy with glucocorticoid-based rectal formulations containing prednisone or prednisolone caproate. The urinary levels of the excreted target compounds were determined by LC-MS/MS following the procedure validated and currently in use in our laboratory to detect and quantitate glucocorticoids in urine. Predictably, the excretion trend of the analytes of interest were generally comparable to those obtained after oral administration, even if the excretion profile showed a broad inter-individual variability, with the absorption rate and the systemic bioavailability after rectal administration being strongly influenced by the type of formulations (suppository or rectal cream, in our case) as well as the physiological conditions of the absorption area. Results showed that the target compounds were detectable for at least 30 hours after drug administration. After suppository administration, prednisolone levels reached the maximum after 3 hours from drug administration, and then dropped below the reporting level after 15-21 hours; prednisone reached the maximum after 3 hours from drug administration, and then dropped below the reporting level after 12-15 hours. After cream administration both prednisone and prednisolone levels remained in a concentration below the reporting level throughout the entire monitored period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,REDs - Research and Expertise in anti-Doping sciences, ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2020/2021. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:7-30. [PMID: 34788500 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most core areas of anti-doping research exploit and rely on analytical chemistry, applied to studies aiming at further improving the test methods' analytical sensitivity, the assays' comprehensiveness, the interpretation of metabolic profiles and patterns, but also at facilitating the differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds and comprehending the athlete's exposome. Further, a continuously growing number of advantages of complementary matrices such as dried blood spots have been identified and transferred from research to sports drug testing routine applications, with an overall gain of valuable additions to the anti-doping field. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2020 and September 2021 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified in the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2021 Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Thevis M, Piper T, Thomas A. Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114312. [PMID: 34391136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing for evidence of the administration of prohibited therapeutics, drugs and/or drug candidates as well as the use of methods of doping in doping control samples is a central assignment of anti-doping laboratories. In order to accomplish the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness, a considerable portion of anti-doping research has been invested into studying metabolic biotransformation and elimination profiles of doping agents. As these doping agents include lower molecular mass drugs such as e.g. stimulants and anabolic androgenic steroids, some of which further necessitate the differentiation of their natural/endogenous or xenobiotic origin, but also higher molecular mass substances such as e.g. insulins, growth hormone, or siRNA/anti-sense oligonucleotides, a variety of different strategies towards the identification of employable and informative metabolites have been developed. In this review, approaches supporting the identification, characterization, and implementation of metabolites exemplified by means of selected doping agents into routine doping controls are presented, and challenges as well as solutions reported and published between 2010 and 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Ventura R, Daley-Yates P, Mazzoni I, Collomp K, Saugy M, Buttgereit F, Rabin O, Stuart M. A novel approach to improve detection of glucocorticoid doping in sport with new guidance for physicians prescribing for athletes. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:bjsports-2020-103512. [PMID: 33879477 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The systemic effect of glucocorticoids (GCs) following injectable routes of administration presents a potential risk to both improving performance and causing harm to health in athletes. This review evaluates the current GC antidoping regulations defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency and presents a novel approach for defining permitted and prohibited use of glucocorticoids in sport based on the pharmacological potential for performance enhancement (PE) and risk of adverse effects on health. Known performance-enhancing doses of glucocorticoids are expressed in terms of cortisol-equivalent doses and thereby the dose associated with a high potential for PE for any GC and route of administration can be derived. Consequently, revised and substance-specific laboratory reporting values are presented to better distinguish between prohibited and permitted use in sport. In addition, washout periods are presented to enable clinicians to prescribe glucocorticoids safely and to avoid the risk of athletes testing positive for a doping test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Institute for Medical Research, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Peter Daley-Yates
- Clinical Pharmacology & Experimental Medicine, GSK, Brentford, London, UK
| | - Irene Mazzoni
- Science & Medicine Department, World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katia Collomp
- CIAMS, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
- Université Paris-Saclay CIAMS, Orsay, France
- Département des Analyses, AFLD, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Martial Saugy
- REDs, Research and Expertise in antiDoping sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olivier Rabin
- Science & Medicine Department, World Anti-Doping Agency, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stuart
- International Testing Agency, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, University College London, London, UK
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