1
|
Barroso-Chinea P, Salas-Hernández J, Cruz-Muros I, López-Fernández J, Freire R, Afonso-Oramas D. Expression of RAD9B in the mesostriatal system of rats and humans: Overexpression in a 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Ann Anat 2023; 250:152135. [PMID: 37460044 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2023.152135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects primarily the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the mesostriatal system, among other nuclei of the brain. Although it is considered an idiopathic disease, oxidative stress is believed to be involved in DAergic neuron death and therefore plays an important role in the onset and development of the disease. RAD9B is a paralog of the RAD9 checkpoint, sharing some similar functions related to DNA damage resistance and apoptosis, as well as the ability to form 9-1-1 heterotrimers with RAD1 and HUS1. METHODS In addition to immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western-blot analysis, we implemented Quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques. RESULTS We demonstrated RAD9B expression in rat and human mesencephalic DAergic cells using specific markers. Additionally, we observed significant overexpression of RAD9B mRNA (p<0.01) and protein (p<0.01) in the midbrain 48 h after inducing damage with 150 µg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected in a rat model of PD. Regarding protein expression, the increased levels were observed in neurons of the mesostriatal system and returned to normal 5 days post-injury. CONCLUSIONS This response to a neurotoxin, known to produce oxidative stress specifically on DAergic neurons indicates the potential importance of RAD9B in this highly vulnerable population to cell death. In this model, RAD9B function appears to provide neuroprotection, as the induced lesion resulted in only mild degeneration. This observation highlights the potential of RAD9B checkpoint protein as a valuable target for future therapeutic interventions aimed at promoting neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barroso-Chinea
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE). Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Josmar Salas-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cruz-Muros
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonathan López-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Domingo Afonso-Oramas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE). Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kakebeen AD, Niswander L. Micronutrient imbalance and common phenotypes in neural tube defects. Genesis 2021; 59:e23455. [PMID: 34665506 PMCID: PMC8599664 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common birth defects, with a prevalence of close to 19 per 10,000 births worldwide. The etiology of NTDs is complex involving the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Since nutrient deficiency is a risk factor and dietary changes are the major preventative measure to reduce the risk of NTDs, a more detailed understanding of how common micronutrient imbalances contribute to NTDs is crucial. While folic acid has been the most discussed environmental factor due to the success that population-wide fortification has had on prevention of NTDs, folic acid supplementation does not prevent all NTDs. The imbalance of several other micronutrients has been implicated as risks for NTDs by epidemiological studies and in vivo studies in animal models. In this review, we highlight recent literature deciphering the multifactorial mechanisms underlying NTDs with an emphasis on mouse and human data. Specifically, we focus on advances in our understanding of how too much or too little retinoic acid, zinc, and iron alter gene expression and cellular processes contributing to the pathobiology of NTDs. Synthesis of the discussed literature reveals common cellular phenotypes found in embryos with NTDs resulting from several micronutrient imbalances. The goal is to combine knowledge of these common cellular phenotypes with mechanisms underlying micronutrient imbalances to provide insights into possible new targets for preventative measures against NTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Dixie Kakebeen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lee Niswander
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao X, Tian T, Steele JW, Cabrera RM, Aguiar-Pulido V, Wadhwa S, Bhavani N, Bi P, Gargurevich NH, Hoffman EN, Cai CQ, Marini NJ, Yang W, Shaw GM, Ross ME, Finnell RH, Lei Y. Loss of RAD9B impairs early neural development and contributes to the risk for human spina bifida. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:786-799. [PMID: 31898828 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) genes orchestrating the network of DNA repair, cell cycle control, are essential for the rapid proliferation of neural progenitor cells. To date, the potential association between specific DDR genes and the risk of human neural tube defects (NTDs) has not been investigated. Using whole-genome sequencing and targeted sequencing, we identified significant enrichment of rare deleterious RAD9B variants in spina bifida cases compared to controls (8/409 vs. 0/298; p = .0241). Among the eight identified variants, the two frameshift mutants and p.Gln146Glu affected RAD9B nuclear localization. The two frameshift mutants also decreased the protein level of RAD9B. p.Ser354Gly, as well as the two frameshifts, affected the cell proliferation rate. Finally, p.Ser354Gly, p.Ser10Gly, p.Ile112Met, p.Gln146Glu, and the two frameshift variants showed a decreased ability for activating JNK phosphorylation. RAD9B knockdowns in human embryonic stem cells profoundly affected early differentiation through impairing PAX6 and OCT4 expression. RAD9B deficiency impeded in vitro formation of neural organoids, a 3D cell culture model for human neural development. Furthermore, the RNA-seq data revealed that loss of RAD9B dysregulates cell adhesion genes during organoid formation. These results represent the first demonstration of a DDR gene as an NTD risk factor in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanye Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - John W Steele
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Robert M Cabrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vanessa Aguiar-Pulido
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Shruti Wadhwa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nikitha Bhavani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nick H Gargurevich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ethan N Hoffman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chun-Quan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nicholas J Marini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Margaret E Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yunping Lei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wakida T, Ikura M, Kuriya K, Ito S, Shiroiwa Y, Habu T, Kawamoto T, Okumura K, Ikura T, Furuya K. The CDK-PLK1 axis targets the DNA damage checkpoint sensor protein RAD9 to promote cell proliferation and tolerance to genotoxic stress. eLife 2017; 6:e29953. [PMID: 29254517 PMCID: PMC5736350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic stress causes proliferating cells to activate the DNA damage checkpoint, to assist DNA damage recovery by slowing cell cycle progression. Thus, to drive proliferation, cells must tolerate DNA damage and suppress the checkpoint response. However, the mechanism underlying this negative regulation of checkpoint activation is still elusive. We show that human Cyclin-Dependent-Kinases (CDKs) target the RAD9 subunit of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp on Thr292, to modulate DNA damage checkpoint activation. Thr292 phosphorylation on RAD9 creates a binding site for Polo-Like-Kinase1 (PLK1), which phosphorylates RAD9 on Thr313. These CDK-PLK1-dependent phosphorylations of RAD9 suppress checkpoint activation, therefore maintaining high DNA synthesis rates during DNA replication stress. Our results suggest that CDK locally initiates a PLK1-dependent signaling response that antagonizes the ability of the DNA damage checkpoint to detect DNA damage. These findings provide a mechanism for the suppression of DNA damage checkpoint signaling, to promote cell proliferation under genotoxic stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Wakida
- Department of Radiation SystemsRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of MutagenesisRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masae Ikura
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of MutagenesisRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kenji Kuriya
- Laboratory of Nutritional Chemistry, Department of Life SciencesGraduate School of Bioresources, Mie UniversityTsuJapan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Medical Research Support CenterGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversitySakyo-kuJapan
| | - Yoshiharu Shiroiwa
- Department of Radiation SystemsRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Habu
- Department of Radiation SystemsRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Food Science and NutritionMukogawa Women’s UniversityNishinomiyaJapan
| | | | - Katsuzumi Okumura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life SciencesMie UniversityTsuJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikura
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of MutagenesisRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory NetworkGraduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kanji Furuya
- Department of Radiation SystemsRadiation Biology Center, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Laboratory of Genome MaintenanceGraduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lyndaker AM, Vasileva A, Wolgemuth DJ, Weiss RS, Lieberman HB. Clamping down on mammalian meiosis. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3135-45. [PMID: 24013428 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD9A-RAD1-HUS1 (9-1-1) complex is a PCNA-like heterotrimeric clamp that binds damaged DNA to promote cell cycle checkpoint signaling and DNA repair. While various 9-1-1 functions in mammalian somatic cells have been established, mounting evidence from lower eukaryotes predicts critical roles in meiotic germ cells as well. This was investigated in 2 recent studies in which the 9-1-1 complex was disrupted specifically in the mouse male germline through conditional deletion of Rad9a or Hus1. Loss of these clamp subunits led to severely impaired fertility and meiotic defects, including faulty DNA double-strand break repair. While 9-1-1 is critical for ATR kinase activation in somatic cells, these studies did not reveal major defects in ATR checkpoint pathway signaling in meiotic cells. Intriguingly, this new work identified separable roles for 9-1-1 subunits, namely RAD9A- and HUS1-independent roles for RAD1. Based on these studies and the high-level expression of the paralogous proteins RAD9B and HUS1B in testis, we propose a model in which multiple alternative 9-1-1 clamps function during mammalian meiosis to ensure genome maintenance in the germline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Lyndaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Ana Vasileva
- Center for Radiological Research; College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Debra J Wolgemuth
- Genetics & Development and Obstetrics & Gynecology; The Institute of Human Nutrition; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center; Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Howard B Lieberman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Mailman School of Public Health; Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pérez-Castro AJ, Freire R. Rad9B responds to nucleolar stress through ATR and JNK signalling, and delays the G1-S transition. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1152-64. [PMID: 22399810 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.091124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex formed by Rad9, Rad1 and Hus1 (9-1-1) protects against genomic instability by activating DNA damage checkpoint and DNA damage repair pathways, mainly in response to replication fork collapse and UV lesions. Here we compare the role of Rad9A (also known as Rad9) with the human paralogue Rad9B. Unlike Rad9A, overexpression of Rad9B delays cells in G1 phase. Moreover, Rad9B migrates to nucleoli after nucleolar stress in an ATR- and JNK-dependent manner, in a newly described nucleolar domain structure containing p21. Analysis of chimeras of Rad9A and Rad9B demonstrate that localisation to nucleoli and the block in G1 phase upon overexpression crucially depend on the Rad9B C-terminal tail. Taken together, data presented here show a relationship between Rad9B and pathways for checkpoints, stress response and nucleolar function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Pérez-Castro
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|