1
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Tucker SK, Ghosal R, Swartz ME, Zhang S, Eberhart JK. Zebrafish raptor mutation inhibits the activity of mTORC1, inducing craniofacial defects due to autophagy-induced neural crest cell death. Development 2024; 151:dev202216. [PMID: 38512806 PMCID: PMC11006402 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates metabolism and cell growth with environmental inputs. mTOR forms two functional complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. Proper development requires both complexes but mTORC1 has unique roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, survival and autophagy. Here, we investigate the function of mTORC1 in craniofacial development. We created a zebrafish raptor mutant via CRISPR/Cas9, to specifically disrupt mTORC1. The entire craniofacial skeleton and eyes were reduced in size in mutants; however, overall body length and developmental timing were not affected. The craniofacial phenotype associates with decreased chondrocyte size and increased neural crest cell death. We found that autophagy is elevated in raptor mutants. Chemical inhibition of autophagy reduced cell death and improved craniofacial phenotypes in raptor mutants. Genetic inhibition of autophagy, via mutation of the autophagy gene atg7, improved facial phenotypes in atg7;raptor double mutants, relative to raptor single mutants. We conclude that finely regulated levels of autophagy, via mTORC1, are crucial for craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ritika Ghosal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mary E. Swartz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Johann K. Eberhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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2
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Ueharu H, Mishina Y. BMP signaling during craniofacial development: new insights into pathological mechanisms leading to craniofacial anomalies. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1170511. [PMID: 37275223 PMCID: PMC10232782 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1170511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) are the origin of the anterior part of the face and the head. Cranial NCCs are multipotent cells giving rise to bones, cartilage, adipose-tissues in the face, and neural cells, melanocytes, and others. The behavior of cranial NCCs (proliferation, cell death, migration, differentiation, and cell fate specification) are well regulated by several signaling pathways; abnormalities in their behavior are often reported as causative reasons for craniofacial anomalies (CFAs), which occur in 1 in 100 newborns in the United States. Understanding the pathological mechanisms of CFAs would facilitate strategies for identifying, preventing, and treating CFAs. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling plays a pleiotropic role in many cellular processes during embryonic development. We and others have reported that abnormalities in BMP signaling in cranial NCCs develop CFAs in mice. Abnormal levels of BMP signaling cause miscorrelation with other signaling pathways such as Wnt signaling and FGF signaling, which mutations in the signaling pathways are known to develop CFAs in mice and humans. Recent Genome-Wide Association Studies and exome sequencing demonstrated that some patients with CFAs presented single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), missense mutations, and duplication of genes related to BMP signaling activities, suggesting that defects in abnormal BMP signaling in human embryos develop CFAs. There are still a few cases of BMP-related patients with CFAs. One speculation is that human embryos with mutations in coding regions of BMP-related genes undergo embryonic lethality before developing the craniofacial region as well as mice development; however, no reports are available that show embryonic lethality caused by BMP mutations in humans. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the understanding of BMP signaling during craniofacial development in mice and describe how we can translate the knowledge from the transgenic mice to CFAs in humans.
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3
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Katsianou MA, Papavassiliou KA, Gargalionis AN, Agrogiannis G, Korkolopoulou P, Panagopoulos D, Themistocleous MS, Piperi C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Polycystin‐1 regulates cell proliferation and migration through AKT/mTORC2 pathway in a human craniosynostosis cell model. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2428-2437. [PMID: 35285136 PMCID: PMC8995461 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of skull sutures and has a severe pathological impact on childrens’ life. Mechanical forces are capable of triggering biological responses in bone cells and regulate osteoblastogenesis in cranial sutures, leading to premature closure. The mechanosensitive proteins polycystin‐1 (PC1) and polycystin‐2 (PC2) have been documented to play an important role in craniofacial proliferation and development. Herein, we investigated the contribution of PC1 to the pathogenesis of non‐syndromic craniosynostosis and the associated molecular mechanisms. Protein expression of PC1 and PC2 was detected in bone fragments derived from craniosynostosis patients via immunohistochemistry. To explore the modulatory role of PC1 in primary cranial suture cells, we further abrogated the function of PC1 extracellular mechanosensing domain using a specific anti‐PC1 IgPKD1 antibody. Effect of IgPKD1 treatment was evaluated with cell proliferation and migration assays. Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components was further detected via Western blot in primary cranial suture cells following IgPKD1 treatment. PC1 and PC2 are expressed in human tissues of craniosynostosis. PC1 functional inhibition resulted in elevated proliferation and migration of primary cranial suture cells. PC1 inhibition also induced activation of AKT, exhibiting elevated phospho (p)‐AKT (Ser473) levels, but not 4EBP1 or p70S6K activation. Our findings indicate that PC1 may act as a mechanosensing molecule in cranial sutures by modulating osteoblastic cell proliferation and migration through the PC1/AKT/mTORC2 cascade with a potential impact on the development of non‐syndromic craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Katsianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Kostas A. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - George Agrogiannis
- First Department of Pathology Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Efthimia K. Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
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4
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Liao J, Huang Y, Wang Q, Chen S, Zhang C, Wang D, Lv Z, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Gene regulatory network from cranial neural crest cells to osteoblast differentiation and calvarial bone development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:158. [PMID: 35220463 PMCID: PMC11072871 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Calvarial bone is one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, featuring a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the cranial neural crest (CNC). The skull is formed through intramembranous ossification with distinct tissue lineages (e.g. neural crest derived frontal bone and mesoderm derived parietal bone). Due to CNC's vast cell fate potential, in response to a series of inductive secreted cues including BMP/TGF-β, Wnt, FGF, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo and PDGF signaling, CNC enables generations of a diverse spectrum of differentiated cell types in vivo such as osteoblasts and chondrocytes at the craniofacial level. In recent years, since the studies from a genetic mouse model and single-cell sequencing, new discoveries are uncovered upon CNC patterning, differentiation, and the contribution to the development of cranial bones. In this review, we summarized the differences upon the potential gene regulatory network to regulate CNC derived osteogenic potential in mouse and human, and highlighted specific functions of genetic molecules from multiple signaling pathways and the crosstalk, transcription factors and epigenetic factors in orchestrating CNC commitment and differentiation into osteogenic mesenchyme and bone formation. Disorders in gene regulatory network in CNC patterning indicate highly close relevance to clinical birth defects and diseases, providing valuable transgenic mouse models for subsequent discoveries in delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also emphasized the potential regenerative alternative through scientific discoveries from CNC patterning and genetic molecules in interfering with or alleviating clinical disorders or diseases, which will be beneficial for the molecular targets to be integrated for novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Liao
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Mengrui Wu
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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5
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Kague E, Medina-Gomez C, Boyadjiev SA, Rivadeneira F. The genetic overlap between osteoporosis and craniosynostosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1020821. [PMID: 36225206 PMCID: PMC9548872 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1020821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone condition in the ageing population. This systemic disease is characterized by microarchitectural deterioration of bone, leading to increased fracture risk. In the past 15 years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have pinpointed hundreds of loci associated with bone mineral density (BMD), helping elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and genetic architecture of fracture risk. However, the challenge remains in pinpointing causative genes driving GWAS signals as a pivotal step to drawing the translational therapeutic roadmap. Recently, a skull BMD-GWAS uncovered an intriguing intersection with craniosynostosis, a congenital anomaly due to premature suture fusion in the skull. Here, we recapitulate the genetic contribution to both osteoporosis and craniosynostosis, describing the biological underpinnings of this overlap and using zebrafish models to leverage the functional investigation of genes associated with skull development and systemic skeletal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Erika Kague,
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simeon A. Boyadjiev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Swanson WB, Omi M, Zhang Z, Nam HK, Jung Y, Wang G, Ma PX, Hatch NE, Mishina Y. Macropore design of tissue engineering scaffolds regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation fate. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120769. [PMID: 33798961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a debilitating birth defect characterized by the premature fusion of cranial bones resulting from premature loss of stem cells located in suture tissue between growing bones. Mesenchymal stromal cells in long bone and the cranial suture are known to be multipotent cell sources in the appendicular skeleton and cranium, respectively. We are developing biomaterial constructs to maintain stemness of the cranial suture cell population towards an ultimate goal of diminishing craniosynostosis patient morbidity. Recent evidence suggests that physical features of synthetic tissue engineering scaffolds modulate cell and tissue fate. In this study, macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds with well-controlled spherical pores were fabricated by a sugar porogen template method. Cell-scaffold constructs were implanted subcutaneously in mice for up to eight weeks then assayed for mineralization, vascularization, extracellular matrix composition, and gene expression. Pore size differentially regulates cell fate, where sufficiently large pores provide an osteogenic niche adequate for bone formation, while sufficiently small pores (<125 μm in diameter) maintain stemness and prevent differentiation. Cell-scaffold constructs cultured in vitro followed the same pore size-controlled differentiation fate. We therefore attribute the differential cell and tissue fate to scaffold pore geometry. Scaffold pore size regulates mesenchymal cell fate, providing a novel design motif to control tissue regenerative processes and develop mesenchymal stem cell niches in vivo and in vitro through biophysical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Benton Swanson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hwa Kyung Nam
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nan E Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Yang J, Kitami M, Pan H, Nakamura MT, Zhang H, Liu F, Zhu L, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y. Augmented BMP signaling commits cranial neural crest cells to a chondrogenic fate by suppressing autophagic β-catenin degradation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/665/eaaz9368. [PMID: 33436499 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz9368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a population of multipotent stem cells that give rise to craniofacial bone and cartilage during development. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and autophagy have been individually implicated in stem cell homeostasis. Mutations that cause constitutive activation of the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 cause the congenital disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), which is characterized by ectopic cartilage and bone in connective tissues in the trunk and sometimes includes ectopic craniofacial bones. Here, we showed that enhanced BMP signaling through the constitutively activated ACVR1 (ca-ACVR1) in CNCCs in mice induced ectopic cartilage formation in the craniofacial region through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. Enhanced BMP signaling suppressed autophagy by activating mTORC1, thus blocking the autophagic degradation of β-catenin, which, in turn, caused CNCCs to adopt a chondrogenic identity. Transient blockade of mTORC1, reactivation of autophagy, or suppression of Wnt-β-catenin signaling reduced ectopic cartilages in ca-Acvr1 mutants. Our results suggest that BMP signaling and autophagy coordinately regulate β-catenin activity to direct the fate of CNCCs during craniofacial development. These findings may also explain why some patients with FOP develop ectopic bones through endochondral ossification in craniofacial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Megumi Kitami
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Masako Toda Nakamura
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lingxin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Graduate Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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8
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Rapamycin induces megakaryocytic differentiation through increasing autophagy in Dami cells. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2020; 31:310-316. [PMID: 32398462 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
: Autophagy is a conserved cellular process that involves the degradation of cytoplasmic components in eukaryotic cells. However, the correlation between autophagy and megakaryocyte development is unclear. This study aims to explore the role of autophagy in megakaryocyte differentiation. To test our hypothesis, we used the Dami cell line in-vitro experiments. Rapamycin and Bafilomycin A1 were used to stimulate Dami cells. CD41 expression and apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. Autophagy-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-treated Dami cells can simulate endomitosis of megakaryocytes in vitro. Rapamycin-induced autophagic cell death was verified by LC3-II conversion upregulation. Meanwhile, Bafilomycin A1 blocked endomitosis and autophagy of Dami cells. Our results provide evidence that autophagy is involved in megakaryocyte endomitosis and platelet development. Rapamycin inhibited cell viability and induced multiple cellular events, including apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and megakaryocytic differentiation, in human Dami cells. Upregulated autophagy triggered by rapamycin can promote the differentiation of Dami cells, while endomitosis is accompanied by enhanced autophagy.
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9
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A genome-wide association study implicates the BMP7 locus as a risk factor for nonsyndromic metopic craniosynostosis. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1077-1090. [PMID: 32266521 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) for sagittal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (sNCS) provided important insights into the genetics of midline CS. In this study, we performed a GWAS for a second midline NCS, metopic NCS (mNCS), using 215 non-Hispanic white case-parent triads. We identified six variants with genome-wide significance (P ≤ 5 × 10-8): rs781716 (P = 4.71 × 10-9; odds ratio [OR] = 2.44) intronic to SPRY3; rs6127972 (P = 4.41 × 10-8; OR = 2.17) intronic to BMP7; rs62590971 (P = 6.22 × 10-9; OR = 0.34), located ~ 155 kb upstream from TGIF2LX; and rs2522623, rs2573826, and rs2754857, all intronic to PCDH11X (P = 1.76 × 10-8, OR = 0.45; P = 3.31 × 10-8, OR = 0.45; P = 1.09 × 10-8, OR = 0.44, respectively). We performed a replication study of these variants using an independent non-Hispanic white sample of 194 unrelated mNCS cases and 333 unaffected controls; only the association for rs6127972 (P = 0.004, OR = 1.45; meta-analysis P = 1.27 × 10-8, OR = 1.74) was replicated. Our meta-analysis examining single nucleotide polymorphisms common to both our mNCS and sNCS studies showed the strongest association for rs6127972 (P = 1.16 × 10-6). Our imputation analysis identified a linkage disequilibrium block encompassing rs6127972, which contained an enhancer overlapping a CTCF transcription factor binding site (chr20:55,798,821-55,798,917) that was significantly hypomethylated in mesenchymal stem cells derived from fused metopic compared to open sutures from the same probands. This study provides additional insights into genetic factors in midline CS.
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10
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Wu J, Ren B, Shi F, Hua P, Lin H. BMP and mTOR signaling in heterotopic ossification: Does their crosstalk provide therapeutic opportunities? J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12108-12122. [PMID: 30989716 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the pathological formation of ectopic bone in soft tissues, it occurs following severe trauma or in patients with a rare genetic disorder known as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The pathological process of HO formation is a two-step mechanism: inflammation and destruction of connective tissues, followed by bone formation. The latter is further subdivided into three stages: fibroproliferation/angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. Currently, therapeutic options for HO are limited. New potential therapeutics will most likely arise from a more detailed understanding of the signaling pathways implicated in each stage of ectopic bone formation and molecular targets that may be effective at both the early and late stages of HO. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is believed to play a key role in the overall HO process. Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has received attention as a critical pathway for chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and HO. Inhibition of mTOR signaling has been shown to block trauma-induced and genetic HO. Intriguingly, recent studies have revealed crosstalk between mTOR and BMP signaling. Moreover, mTOR has emerged as a factor involved in the early hypoxic and inflammatory stages of HO. We will summarize the current knowledge of the roles of mTOR and BMP signaling in HO, with a particular focus on the crosstalk between mTOR and BMP signaling. We also discuss the activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) by the most widely used drug for type 2 diabetes, metformin, which exerts a dual negative regulatory effect on mTOR and BMP signaling, suggesting that metformin is a promising drug treatment for HO. The discovery of an mTOR-BMP signaling network may be a potential molecular mechanism of HO and may represent a novel therapeutic target for the pharmacological control of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wu
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangx, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bowen Ren
- Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangx, China.,Nanchang Joint Programme, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fuli Shi
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Hua
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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11
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Wu X, Gu Y. Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Genetic Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:298-311. [PMID: 30745822 PMCID: PMC6367540 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, is the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures which is the second most common cranial facial anomalies. The premature cranial sutures leads to deformity of skull shape and restricts the growth of brain, which might elicit severe neurologic damage. Craniosynostosis exhibit close correlations with a varieties of syndromes. During the past two decades, as the appliance of high throughput DNA sequencing techniques, steady progresses has been made in identifying gene mutations in both syndromic and nonsyndromic cases, which allow researchers to better understanding the genetic roles in the development of cranial vault. As the enrichment of known mutations involved in the pathogenic of premature sutures fusion, multiple signaling pathways have been investigated to dissect the underlying mechanisms beneath the disease. In addition to genetic etiology, environment factors, especially mechanics, have also been proposed to have vital roles during the pathophysiological of craniosynostosis. However, the influence of mechanics factors in the cranial development remains largely unknown. In this review, we present a brief overview of the updated genetic mutations and environmental factors identified in both syndromic and nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Furthermore, potential molecular signaling pathways and its relations have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR. China
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