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Ghosh C, Kumar N, Kushwah RBS, M. S, Joshi SG, Ramanjini CK, Alalamath T, Srinivasan S, Subramani S, Kumar S, Swain S. Enrichment of phenotype among biological forms of Anopheles stephensi Liston through establishment of isofemale lines. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:79. [PMID: 36855157 PMCID: PMC9976541 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector management programs rely on knowledge of the biology and genetic make-up of mosquitoes. Anopheles stephensi is a major invasive urban malaria vector, distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Middle East, and has recently been expanding its range in Africa. With the existence of three biological forms, distinctly identifiable based on the number of ridges on eggs and varying vectorial competence, An. stephensi is a perfect species for developing isofemale lines, which can be tested for insecticide susceptibility and vectorial competence of various biological forms. METHODS We describe key steps involved in establishment and validation of isofemale lines. Isofemale colonies were further used for the characterization of insecticide susceptibility and differential vector competence. The results were statistically evaluated through descriptive and inferential statistics using Vassar Stat and Prism GraphPad software packages. RESULTS Through a meticulous selection process, we overcame an initial inbreeding depression and found no significant morphometric differences in wings and egg size between the parental and respective isofemale lines in later generations. IndCh and IndInt strains showed variations in resistance to different insecticides belonging to all four major classes. We observed a significant change in vectorial competence between the respective isofemale and parental lines. CONCLUSIONS Isofemale lines can be a valuable resource for characterizing and enhancing several genotypic and phenotypic traits. This is the first detailed report of the establishment of two isofemale lines of type and intermediate biological forms in Anopheles stephensi. The work encompasses characterization of fitness traits among two lines through a transgenerational study. Furthermore, isofemale colonies were established and used to characterize insecticide susceptibility and vector competence. The study provides valuable insights into differential susceptibility status of the parental and isofemale lines to different insecticides belonging to the same class. Corroborating an earlier hypothesis, we demonstrate the high vector competence of the type form relative to the intermediate form using homozygous lines. Using these lines, it is now possible to study host-parasite interactions and identify factors that might be responsible for altered susceptibility and increased vector competence in An. stephensi biological forms that would also pave the way for developing better vector management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Raja Babu Singh Kushwah
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India ,grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Present Address: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7845 USA
| | - Soumya M.
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Soumya Gopal Joshi
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Chethan Kumar Ramanjini
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Tejashwini Alalamath
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, 560100 India
| | - Subhashini Srinivasan
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, 560100 India
| | - Suresh Subramani
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Sampath Kumar
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| | - Sunita Swain
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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Plesnar-Bielak A, Sychta K, Gaczorek TS, Palka JK, Prus MA, Prokop ZM. Does operational sex ratio influence relative strength of purging selection in males versus females? J Evol Biol 2019; 33:80-88. [PMID: 31549754 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
According to theory, sexual selection in males may efficiently purge mutation load of sexual populations, reducing or fully compensating 'the cost of males'. For this to occur, mutations not only need to be deleterious to both sexes, they also must affect males more than females. A frequently overlooked problem is that relative strength of selection on males versus females may vary between environments, with social conditions being particularly likely to affect selection in males and females differently. Here, we induced mutations in red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) and tested their effect in both sexes under three different operational sex ratios (1:2, 1:1 and 2:1). Induced mutations decreased fitness of both males and females, but their effect was not stronger in males. Surprisingly, operational sex ratio did not affect selection against deleterious mutations nor its relative strength in the sexes. Thus, our results show no support for the role of sexual selection in the evolutionary maintenance of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Sychta
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz S Gaczorek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna K Palka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika A Prus
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia M Prokop
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Connallon T, Matthews G. Cross-sex genetic correlations for fitness and fitness components: Connecting theoretical predictions to empirical patterns. Evol Lett 2019; 3:254-262. [PMID: 31171981 PMCID: PMC6546386 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in morphology, physiology, development, and behavior are widespread, yet the sexes inherit nearly identical genomes, causing most traits to exhibit strong and positive cross‐sex genetic correlations. In contrast to most other traits, estimates of cross‐sex genetic correlations for fitness and fitness components (rW fm ) are generally low and occasionally negative, implying that a substantial fraction of standing genetic variation for fitness might be sexually antagonistic (i.e., alleles benefitting one sex harm the other). Nevertheless, while low values of rW fm are often regarded as consequences of sexually antagonistic selection, it remains unclear exactly how selection and variation in quantitative traits interact to determine the sign and magnitude of rW fm , making it difficult to relate empirical estimates of cross‐sex genetic correlations to the evolutionary processes that might shape them. We present simple univariate and multivariate quantitative genetic models that explicitly link patterns of sex‐specific selection and trait genetic variation to the cross‐sex genetic correlation for fitness. We show that rW fm provides an unreliable signal of sexually antagonistic selection for two reasons. First, rW fm is constrained to be less than the cross‐sex genetic correlation for traits affecting fitness, regardless of the nature of selection on the traits. Second, sexually antagonistic selection is an insufficient condition for generating negative cross‐sex genetic correlations for fitness. Instead, negative fitness correlations between the sexes (rW fm <0) can only emerge when selection is sexually antagonistic and the strength of directional selection on each sex is strong relative to the amount of shared additive genetic variation in female and male traits. These results imply that empirical tests of sexual antagonism that are based on estimates of rW fm will be conservative and underestimate its true scope. In light of these theoretical results, we revisit current data on rW fm and sex‐specific selection and find that they are consistent with the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences, and Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Genevieve Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, and Centre for Geometric Biology Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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4
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Duffy E, Archer CR, Sharma MD, Prus M, Joag RA, Radwan J, Wedell N, Hosken DJ. Wolbachia infection can bias estimates of intralocus sexual conflict. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:328-338. [PMID: 30680117 PMCID: PMC6342094 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females share most of their genome and develop many of the same traits. However, each sex frequently has different optimal values for these shared traits, creating intralocus sexual conflict. This conflict has been observed in wild and laboratory populations of insects and affects important evolutionary processes such as sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and possibly even speciation. Given the broad impacts of intralocus conflict, accurately detecting and measuring it is important. A common way to detect intralocus sexual conflict is to calculate the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness, with negative values suggesting conflict. Here, we highlight a potential confounder of this measure-cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by the intracellular parasite Wolbachia. Infection with Wolbachia can generate negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness in insects, suggestive of intralocus sexual conflict. This is because cytoplasmic incompatibility reduces the fitness of uninfected females mated to infected males, while uninfected males will not suffer reductions in fitness if they mate with infected females and may even be fitter than infected males. This can lead to strong negative intersexual genetic correlations for fitness, mimicking intralocus conflict. We illustrate this issue using simulations and then present Drosophila simulans data that show how reproductive incompatibilities caused by Wolbachia infection can generate signals of intralocus sexual conflict. Given that Wolbachia infection in insect populations is pervasive, but populations usually contain both infected and uninfected individuals providing scope for cytoplasmic incompatibility, this is an important consideration for sexual conflict research but one which, to date, has been largely underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Duffy
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - C. Ruth Archer
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Manmohan Dev Sharma
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Monika Prus
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Richa A. Joag
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
- Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Nina Wedell
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - David J. Hosken
- Science and Engineering Research Support Facility (SERSF)University of ExeterPenrynUK
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Wolak ME, Arcese P, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Reid JM. Sex‐specific additive genetic variances and correlations for fitness in a song sparrow (
Melospiza melodia
) population subject to natural immigration and inbreeding. Evolution 2018; 72:2057-2075. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Wolak
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lukas F. Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Zoological MuseumUniversity of Zurich Karl‐Schmid‐Strasse 4 CH‐8006 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
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Prokop ZM, Prus MA, Gaczorek TS, Sychta K, Palka JK, Plesnar-Bielak A, Skarboń M. Do males pay for sex? Sex-specific selection coefficients suggest not. Evolution 2017; 71:650-661. [PMID: 27943275 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zofia M. Prokop
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Monika A. Prus
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Tomasz S. Gaczorek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Sychta
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Joanna K. Palka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Agata Plesnar-Bielak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | - Magdalena Skarboń
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Krakow Poland
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Berger D, Martinossi-Allibert I, Grieshop K, Lind MI, Maklakov AA, Arnqvist G. Intralocus Sexual Conflict and the Tragedy of the Commons in Seed Beetles. Am Nat 2016; 188:E98-E112. [DOI: 10.1086/687963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Power DJ, Holman L. Assessing the alignment of sexual and natural selection using radiomutagenized seed beetles. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1039-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Power
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - L. Holman
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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