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Minias P, Peng WXVH, Matson KD. Evolutionary trade-off between innate and acquired immune defences in birds. Front Zool 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 37684615 PMCID: PMC10486109 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development, maintenance, and use of immune defences are costly. Therefore, animals face trade-offs in terms of resource allocation within their immune system and between their immune system and other physiological processes. To maximize fitness, evolution may favour investment in one immunological defence or subsystem over another in a way that matches a species broader life history strategy. Here, we used phylogenetically-informed comparative analyses to test for relationships between two immunological components. Natural antibodies and complement were used as proxies for the innate branch; structural complexity of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region was used for the acquired branch. RESULTS We found a negative association between the levels of natural antibodies (i.e., haemagglutination titre) and the total MHC gene copy number across the avian phylogeny, both at the species and family level. The family-level analysis indicated that this association was apparent for both MHC-I and MHC-II, when copy numbers within these two MHC regions were analysed separately. The association remained significant after controlling for basic life history components and for ecological traits commonly linked to pathogen exposure. CONCLUSION Our results provide the first phylogenetically robust evidence for an evolutionary trade-off within the avian immune system, with a more developed acquired immune system (i.e., more complex MHC architecture) in more derived bird lineages (e.g., passerines) being accompanied by an apparent downregulation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Wei-Xuan V-H Peng
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kevin D Matson
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Jia Y, Fu Q, Li B, Xu Y, Tariq A. Polymorphism analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) DQB gene in the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus). MAMMAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-023-00685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Tomás A, da Fonseca IP, Valkenburg T, Rebelo MT. Parasite island syndromes in the context of nidicolous ectoparasites: Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) in wild passerine birds from Azores archipelago. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Valdebenito JO, Martínez-de la Puente J, Castro M, Pérez-Hurtado A, Tejera G, Székely T, Halimubieke N, Schroeder J, Figuerola J. Association of insularity and body condition to cloacal bacteria prevalence in a small shorebird. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237369. [PMID: 32804958 PMCID: PMC7430747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Do islands harbour less diverse disease communities than mainland? The island biogeography theory predicts more diverse communities on mainland than on islands due to more niches, more diverse habitats and availability of greater range of hosts. We compared bacteria prevalences of Campylobacter, Chlamydia and Salmonella in cloacal samples of a small shorebird, the Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) between two island populations of Macaronesia and two mainland locations in the Iberian Peninsula. Bacteria were found in all populations but, contrary to the expectations, prevalences did not differ between islands and mainland. Females had higher prevalences than males for Salmonella and when three bacteria genera were pooled together. Bacteria infection was unrelated to bird’s body condition but females from mainland were heavier than males and birds from mainland were heavier than those from islands. Abiotic variables consistent throughout breeding sites, like high salinity that is known to inhibit bacteria growth, could explain the lack of differences in the bacteria prevalence between areas. We argue about the possible drivers and implications of sex differences in bacteria prevalence in Kentish plovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O. Valdebenito
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
| | - Macarena Castro
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Hurtado
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Gustavo Tejera
- Canary Islands’ Ornithology and Natural History Group (GOHNIC), Buenavista del Norte, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Departmen of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Julia Schroeder
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
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Sparkman AM, Clark AD, Brummett LJ, Chism KR, Combrink LL, Kabey NM, Schwartz TS. Convergence in reduced body size, head size, and blood glucose in three island reptiles. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6169-6182. [PMID: 29988440 PMCID: PMC6024148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oceanic islands harbor diverse species that differ markedly from their mainland relatives with respect to morphology, behavior, and physiology. A particularly common morphological change exhibited by a wide range of species on islands worldwide involves either a reduction in body size, termed island dwarfism, or an increase in body size, termed island gigantism. While numerous instances of dwarfism and gigantism have been well documented, documentation of other morphological changes on islands remains limited. Furthermore, we lack a basic understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underlie these changes, and whether they are convergent. A major hypothesis for the repeated evolution of dwarfism posits selection for smaller, more efficient body sizes in the context of low resource availability. Under this hypothesis, we would expect the physiological mechanisms known to be downregulated in model organisms exhibiting small body sizes due to dietary restriction or artificial selection would also be downregulated in wild species exhibiting dwarfism on islands. We measured body size, relative head size, and circulating blood glucose in three species of reptiles-two snakes and one lizard-in the California Channel Islands relative to mainland populations. Collating data from 6 years of study, we found that relative to mainland population the island populations had smaller body size (i.e., island dwarfism), smaller head sizes relative to body size, and lower levels of blood glucose, although with some variation by sex and year. These findings suggest that the island populations of these three species have independently evolved convergent physiological changes (lower glucose set point) corresponding to convergent changes in morphology that are consistent with a scenario of reduced resource availability and/or changes in prey size on the islands. This provides a powerful system to further investigate ecological, physiological, and genetic variables to elucidate the mechanisms underlying convergent changes in life history on islands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda D. Clark
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | | | | | | | - Nicole M. Kabey
- Department of BiologyWestmont CollegeSanta BarbaraCalifornia
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Loiseau C, Melo M, Lobato E, Beadell JS, Fleischer RC, Reis S, Doutrelant C, Covas R. Insularity effects on the assemblage of the blood parasite community of the birds from the Gulf of Guinea. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2017; 44:2607-2617. [PMID: 29104347 PMCID: PMC5663302 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Lower species diversity, increased population densities and ecological niche enlargement are common characteristics of island faunas. However it remains to be determined if they extend to the parasite community. We tested if Haemosporidia parasite pressure varies between islands and the mainland with two different levels of analysis: i) at the host community level, and ii) with paired-species comparisons between islands and the mainland. LOCATION Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. METHODS We used molecular-based methods to identify avian Haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) to describe their diversity, prevalence, host specificity and their phylogenetic relationships in five islands of the Gulf of Guinea and in nearby mainland areas. RESULTS We found reduced Haemosporidia diversity on islands for Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon, but not for Plasmodium. In addition, lower parasite prevalence on islands was found using a paired-species approach. Although the mean host specificity of the parasite community on islands did not differ from the mainland, we found a very distinct parasite species assemblage on the islands, which was composed of both the most generalist and the most specialist lineages. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that parasite pressure is reduced on islands. Colonization is made by generalists with high host switching capacities, with some subsequently evolving into highly specialised parasites. This suggests that 'taxon cycle' dynamics may explain the assemblage of insular parasite communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Loiseau
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio, Laboratório Associado, University of Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CEFE-CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Martim Melo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio, Laboratório Associado, University of Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa Lobato
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio, Laboratório Associado, University of Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- CEFE-CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jon S Beadell
- Center for Conservation Genomics, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 USA
| | - Sandra Reis
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio, Laboratório Associado, University of Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Rita Covas
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBio, Laboratório Associado, University of Porto. Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Lobato E, Doutrelant C, Melo M, Reis S, Covas R. Insularity effects on bird immune parameters: A comparison between island and mainland populations in West Africa. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3645-3656. [PMID: 28616162 PMCID: PMC5468148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceanic islands share several environmental characteristics that have been shown to drive convergent evolutionary changes in island organisms. One change that is often assumed but has seldom been examined is the evolution of weaker immune systems in island species. The reduction in species richness on islands is expected to lead to a reduced parasite pressure and, given that immune function is costly, island animals should show a reduced immune response. However, alternative hypotheses exist; for example, the slower pace of life on islands could favor the reorganization of the immune system components (innate vs. acquired immunity) on islands. Thus far, few island species have been studied and no general patterns have emerged. Here, we compared two immune parameters of birds from São Tomé and Príncipe islands to those of their close relatives at similar latitudes on the mainland (Gabon, West Africa). On islands, the acquired humoral component (total immunoglobulins) was lower for most species, whereas no clear pattern was detected for the innate component (haptoglobin levels). These different responses did not seem to arise from a reorganization of the two immune components, as both total immunoglobulins and haptoglobin levels were positively associated. This work adds to the few empirical studies conducted so far which suggest that changes in immune parameters in response to insularity are not as straightforward as initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lobato
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal.,CEFE Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS UMR 5175 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Claire Doutrelant
- CEFE Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS UMR 5175 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Martim Melo
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST-NRF Center of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Sandra Reis
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Rita Covas
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology DST-NRF Center of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa.,Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
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