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Du Q, Xing N, Guo S, Li R, Meng X, Wang S. Cycads: A comprehensive review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114001. [PMID: 38286200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Cycads, which primarily consist of the families Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae, possess intrinsic therapeutic attributes that are prominently expressed across their morphological spectrum, including roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds. In Chinese traditional medicine, the leaves of cycads are particularly revered for their profound healing capabilities. This meticulous review engages with existing literature on cycads and presents insightful avenues for future research. Over 210 phytoconstituents have been isolated and identified from various cycad tissues, including flavonoids, azoxy metabolites, sterols, lignans, non-proteogenic amino acids, terpenoids, and other organic constituents. The contemporary pharmacological discourse highlights the antineoplastic, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities inherent in these ancient plants, which are of particular importance to the field of oncology. Despite the prevalent focus on crude extracts and total flavonoid content, our understanding of the nuanced pharmacodynamics of cycads lags considerably behind. The notoriety of cycads derived toxicity, notably within the context of Guam's neurological disease cluster, has precipitated an established emphasis on toxicological research within this field. As such, this critical review emphasizes nascent domains deserving of academic and clinical pursuit, whilst nested within the broader matrix of current scientific understanding. The systematic taxonomy, traditional applications, phytochemical composition, therapeutic potential, and safety profile of cycads are holistically interrogated, assimilating an indispensable repository for future scholarly inquiries. In conclusion, cycads stand as a veritable treasure trove of pharmacological virtue, displaying remarkable therapeutic prowess and holding vast promise for ongoing scientific discovery and clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyun Du
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Nan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sa Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rui Li
- Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China; School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Tobgay S, Wangdi T, Wangchuck K, Dolkar J, Nidup T. Assessment of population, habitat, and threats to Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. (Cycadaceae), a vulnerable cycad in Bhutan. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2023. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7809.15.3.22866-22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. is an ancient gymnosperm that is now confined to pockets of habitats in the Indian subcontinent but was once widely distributed. Its decline is attributable to habitat loss, and has reached the point where C. pectinata is listed as ‘Vulnerable’ in the IUCN Red List. C. pectinata is the only species of Cycas found in Bhutan, and in this biodiversity-rich area it is present as a relic of great scientific and conservation value because of its rarity and long evolutionary history. Although it is well known in India, it has not been studied in detail in Bhutan. This study assessed populations and threats to C. pectinata in two places in Bhutan. Field visits were made to document the distribution, habitats, and associated threats to the populations. Plants were observed growing in steep rugged terrain in the open Chir Pine forest. Populations are significantly threatened due to human activities such as habitat destruction and over collection as ornamental plant. Possible expansion of populations is naturally threatened by low seed production and by predators.
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Wu L, Xu H, Jian S, Gong X, Feng X. Geographic factors and climatic fluctuation drive the genetic structure and demographic history of
Cycas taiwaniana
(Cycadaceae), an endemic endangered species to Hainan Island in China. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9508. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
- Plant Science Institute, School of Life Sciences Yunnan University Kunming China
| | - Hai‐Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Shu‐Guang Jian
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones, South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Xiu‐Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
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Meng YY, Xiang W, Wen Y, Huang DL, Cao KF, Zhu SD. Correlations between leaf economics, mechanical resistance and drought tolerance across 41 cycad species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:345-354. [PMID: 34871356 PMCID: PMC9486883 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the functional traits of leaves (leaflets) of cycads. The aim of this study was to clarify the functional divergence between the earlier origin Cycadaceae and the later differentiated Zamiaceae, and the differences in trait associations between cycads and angiosperms. METHODS We selected 20 Cycadaceae species and 21 Zamiaceae species from the same cycad garden in South China, and measured their leaf structure, economic traits, mechanical resistance (Fp) and leaf water potential at the turgor loss point (πtlp). In addition, we compiled a dataset of geographical distribution along with climatic variables for these cycad species, and some leaf traits of tropical-sub-tropical angiosperm woody species from the literature for comparison. KEY RESULTS The results showed significantly contrasting leaf trait syndromes between the two families, with Zamiaceae species exhibiting thicker leaves, higher carbon investments and greater Fp than Cycadaceae species. Leaf thickness (LT) and πtlp were correlated with mean climatic variables in their native distribution ranges, indicating their evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions. Compared with the leaves of angiosperms, the cycad leaves were thicker and tougher, and more tolerant to desiccation. Greater Fp was associated with a higher structural investment in both angiosperms and cycads; however, cycads showed lower Fp at a given leaf mass per area or LT than angiosperms. Enhancement of Fp led to more negative πtlp in angiosperms, but the opposite trend was observed in cycads. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that variations in leaf traits of cycads are mainly influenced by taxonomy and the environment of their native range. We also demonstrate similar leaf functional associations in terms of economics, but different relationships with regard to mechanics and drought tolerance between cycads and angiosperms. This study expands our understanding of the ecological strategies and likely responses of cycads to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong-Liu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Chang JT, Chao CT, Nakamura K, Liu HL, Luo MX, Liao PC. Divergence With Gene Flow and Contrasting Population Size Blur the Species Boundary in Cycas Sect. Asiorientales, as Inferred From Morphology and RAD-Seq Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824158. [PMID: 35615129 PMCID: PMC9125193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The divergence process of incipient species is fascinating but elusive by incomplete lineage sorting or gene flow. Species delimitation is also challenging among those morphologically similar allopatric species, especially when lacking comprehensive data. Cycas sect. Asiorientales, comprised of C. taitungensis and C. revoluta in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan, diverged recently with continuous gene flow, resulting in a reciprocal paraphyletic relationship. Their previous evolutionary inferences are questioned from few genetic markers, incomplete sampling, and incomprehensive morphological comparison by a long-term taxonomic misconception. By whole range sampling, this study tests the geographic mode of speciation in the two species of Asiorientales by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The individual tree was reconstructed to delimit the species and track the gene-flow trajectory. With the comparison of diagnostic morphological traits and genetic data, the allopatric speciation was rejected. Alternatively, continuous but spatially heterogeneous gene flow driven by transoceanic vegetative dispersal and pollen flow with contrasting population sizes blurred their species boundary. On the basis of morphological, genetic, and evolutionary evidence, we synonymized these two Cycas species. This study highlights not only the importance of the Kuroshio Current to species evolution but also the disadvantage of using species with geographically structured genealogies as conservation units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tse Chang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ti Chao
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koh Nakamura
- Botanic Garden, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hsiao-Lei Liu
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Min-Xin Luo
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Liao
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Prediction of Suitable Distribution of a Critically Endangered Plant Glyptostrobus pensilis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyptostrobus pensilis is a critically endangered living fossil plant species of the Mesozoic era, with high scientific research and economic value. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the potential habitat area of G. pensilis in East Asia. The MaxEnt (maximum entropy) model optimized by the ENMeval data package was used to simulate the potential distribution habitats of G. pensilis since the last interglacial period (LIG, 120–140 ka). The results showed that the optimized MaxEnt model has a high prediction accuracy with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9843 ± 0.005. The Current highly suitable habitats were found in the Northeast Jiangxi, Eastern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong; the main climatic factors affecting the geographic distribution of G. pensilis are temperature and precipitation, with precipitation as the temperature factor. The minimum temperature of coldest month (Bio6) may be the key factor restricting the northward distribution of G. pensilis; during the LIG, it contracted greatly in the highly suitable habitat area. Mean Diurnal Range (Bio2), Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month (Bio6), Annual Precipitation (Bio12) and Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter (Bio9) may be important climatic factors causing the changes in geographic distribution. In the next four periods, the suitable areas all migrated southward. Except for the RCP2.6-2070s, the highly suitable areas in the other three periods showed varying degrees of shrinkage. The results will provide a theoretical basis for the management and resource protection of G. pensilis.
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7
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Conservation genomics of an Australian cycad Cycas calcicola, and the Absence of Key Genotypes in Botanic Gardens. CONSERV GENET 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Zheng Y, Chiang TY, Huang CL, Feng XY, Yrjälä K, Gong X. The Predominance of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria in the Cycas dolichophylla Coralloid Roots Revealed by 16S rRNA Metabarcoding. Microbiology (Reading) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Xie D, Liu XQ, Chen YX, Jiao D, Lou JX, Qiu XF, Xu WH, Wang ZH, Ran JH, Wang XQ. Distribution and conservation of threatened gymnosperms in China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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10
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Tao Y, Chen B, Kang M, Liu Y, Wang J. Genome-Wide Evidence for Complex Hybridization and Demographic History in a Group of Cycas From China. Front Genet 2021; 12:717200. [PMID: 34527022 PMCID: PMC8435751 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycads represent one of the most ancestral living seed plants as well as one of the most threatened plant groups in the world. South China is a major center and potential origin of Cycas, the most rapidly diversified lineage of cycads. However, genomic-wide diversity of Cycas remains poorly understood due to the challenge of generating genomic markers associated with their inherent large genomes. Here, we perform a comprehensive conservation genomic study based on restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data in six representative species of Cycas in South China. Consistently low genetic diversity and strong genetic differentiation were detected across species. Both phylogenetic inference and genetic structure analysis via several methods revealed generally congruent groups among the six Cycas species. The analysis with ADMIXTURE showed low mixing of genetic composition among species, while individuals of C. dolichophylla exhibited substantial genetic admixture with C. bifida, C. changjiangensis, and C. balansae. Furthermore, the results from Treemix, f4-statistic, and ABBA-BABA test were generally consistent and revealed the complex patterns of interspecific gene flow. Relatively strong signals of hybridization were detected between C. dolichophylla and C. szechuanensis, and the ancestor of C. taiwaniana and C. changjiangensis. Distinct patterns of demographic history were inferred for these species by Stairway Plot, and our results suggested that both climate fluctuation and frequent geological activities during the late Pleistocene exerted deep impacts on the population dynamics of these species in South China. Finally, we explore the practical implications of our findings for the development of conservation strategies in Cycas. The present study demonstrates the efficiency of RADseq for conservation genomic studies on non-model species with large and complex genomes. Given the great significance of cycads as a radical transition in the evolution of plant biodiversity, our study provides important insights into the mechanisms of diversification in such recently radiated living fossil taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China.,Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Mankga LT, Yessoufou K, Mugwena T, Chitakira M. The Cycad Genus Cycas May Have Diversified From Indochina and Occupied Its Current Ranges Through Vicariance and Dispersal Events. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Xiao S, Ji Y, Liu J, Gong X. Genetic characterization of the entire range of Cycas panzhihuaensis (Cycadaceae). PLANT DIVERSITY 2020; 42:7-18. [PMID: 32140633 PMCID: PMC7046506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cycas panzhihuaensis L. Zhou & S. Y. Yang (Cycadaceae) is an endangered gymnosperm species endemic to the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River basin in southwest China. Although the wild C. panzhihuaensis population from Panzhihua Cycad Natural Reserve is well protected and its genetic diversity has been well assessed, the genetic characteristics of populations outside the nature reserve, which face larger risks of extinction, remain unknown. Furthermore, the population genetics and historical dynamics of this endemic and endangered species have not been examined across its entire range. In this study, to analyze the genetic diversity, phylogeographical structure and demographic history of C. panzhihuaensis from all its seven known locations, we sequenced and compared molecular data from chloroplastic DNA (psbA-trnH, psbM-trnD, and trnS-trnG), single-copy nuclear genes (PHYP, AC5, HSP70, and AAT) from 61 individuals, as well as 11 nuclear microsatellite loci (SSR) from 102 individuals. We found relatively high genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations of C. panzhihuaensis, which is consistent with the patterns of other Asian inland cycads. Although no significant phylogeographical structure was detected, we found that small and unprotected populations possess higher genetic diversity and more unique haplotypes, which revises our understanding of diversity within this species and deserves due attention. Analysis of demographic dynamics suggest that human activity might be the key threat to C. panzhihuaensis. Based on the genetic characterization of C. panzhihuaensis, we propose several practical guidelines for the conservation of this species, especially for the populations with small sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunheng Ji
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 132 Lanhei RD, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan province, 650201, China
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Wang XH, Li J, Zhang LM, He ZW, Mei QM, Gong X, Jian SG. Population Differentiation and Demographic History of the Cycas taiwaniana Complex (Cycadaceae) Endemic to South China as Indicated by DNA Sequences and Microsatellite Markers. Front Genet 2019; 10:1238. [PMID: 31921292 PMCID: PMC6935862 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical geology, climatic oscillations, and seed dispersal capabilities are thought to influence the population dynamics and genetics of plants, especially for distribution-restricted and threatened species. Investigating the genetic resources within and among taxa is a prerequisite for conservation management. The Cycas taiwaniana complex consists of six endangered species that are endemic to South China. In this study, we investigated the relationship between phylogeographic history and the genetic structure of the C. taiwaniana complex. To estimate the phylogeographic history of the complex, we assessed the genetic structure and divergence time, and performed phylogenetic and demographic historical analyses. Two chloroplast DNA intergenic regions (cpDNA), two single-copy nuclear genes (SCNGs), and six microsatellite loci (SSR) were sequenced for 18 populations. The SCNG data indicated a high genetic diversity within populations, a low genetic diversity among populations, and significant genetic differentiation among populations. Significant phylogeographical structure was detected. Structure and phylogenetic analyses both revealed that the 18 populations of the C. taiwaniana complex have two main lineages, which were estimated to diverge in the Middle Pleistocene. We propose that Cycas fairylakea was incorporated into Cycas szechuanensis and that the other populations, which are mainly located on Hainan Island, merged into one lineage. Bayesian skyline plot analyses revealed that the C. taiwaniana complex experienced a recent decline, suggesting that the complex probably experienced a bottleneck event. We infer that the genetic structure of the C. taiwaniana complex has been affected by Pleistocene climate shifts, sea-level oscillations, and human activities. In addition to providing new insights into the evolutionary legacy of the genus, the genetic characterizations will be useful for the conservation of Cycas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Wen He
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Ming Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shu-Guang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Wang X, Wu W, Jian S. Transcriptome analysis of two radiated Cycas species and the subsequent species delimitation of the Cycas taiwaniana complex. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2019; 7:e11292. [PMID: 31667020 PMCID: PMC6814181 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cycas is an important gymnosperm genus, and the most diverse of all cycad genera. The C. taiwaniana complex of species are morphologically similar and difficult to distinguish due to a lack of genomic resources. METHODS We characterized the transcriptomes of two closely related and endangered Cycas species endemic to Hainan, China: C. hainanensis and C. changjiangensis. Three single-copy nuclear genes in the C. taiwaniana complex were sequenced based on these transcriptomes, enabling us to evaluate the species boundaries using the multispecies coalescent method implemented in the Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography program. RESULTS We obtained 68,184 and 81,561 unigenes for C. changjiangensis and C. hainanensis, respectively. We identified six positively selected genes that are mainly involved in stimulus responses, suggesting that environmental adaptation may have played an important role in the relatively recent divergence of these species. The similar K S distribution peaks at 1.0 observed for the paralogs in the two species indicate a common whole-genome duplication event. Our species delimitation analysis indicated that the C. taiwaniana complex consists of three distinct species, which correspond to the previously reported morphological differences. DISCUSSION Our study provides valuable genetic resources for Cycas species and guidance for the taxonomic treatment of the C. taiwaniana complex, as well as new insights into evolution of species within Cycas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Hui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100040People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650People's Republic of China
| | - Shu‐Guang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650People's Republic of China
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15
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Genetic evidence of the southward founder speciation of Cycas taitungensis from ancestral C. revoluta along the Ryukyu Archipelagos. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Yu X, Xiang C, Peng H. Taxonomy in the Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB): Progress during the past decade (2008-2018) and perspectives on future development. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:147-157. [PMID: 30740559 PMCID: PMC6137270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of new taxonomical theories and approaches, particularly molecular phylogenetics, has led to the expansion of traditional morphology-based taxonomy into the concept of "integrative taxonomy." Taxonomic knowledge has assumed greater significance in recent years, particularly because of growing concerns over the looming biodiversity crisis. Since its establishment in 1938, the Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB), which is located in Yunnan province in Southwest China, has focused attention on the taxonomy and conservation of the flora of China. For the forthcoming 80th anniversary of KIB, we review the achievements of researchers at KIB and their associates with respect to the taxonomy of land plants, fungi, and lichen. Major taxonomic advances are summarized for families of Calymperaceae, Cryphaeaceae, Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Polytrichaceae and Pottiaceae of mosses, Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae of ferns, Taxaceae and Cycadaceae of gymnosperms, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gesneriaceae, Lamiaceae, Orchidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Poaceae, Theaceae and Urticaceae of angiosperms, Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellaceae, Physalacriaceae Russulaceae, Suillaceae and Tuberaceae of fungi, and Ophioparmaceae and Parmeliaceae of lichens. Regarding the future development of taxonomy at KIB, we recommend that taxonomists continue to explore the biodiversity of China, integrate new theories and technologies with traditional taxonomic approaches, and engage in creative monographic work, with support from institutions, funding agencies, and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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17
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Considering evolutionary processes in cycad conservation: identification of evolutionarily significant units within Dioon sonorense (Zamiaceae) in northwestern Mexico. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Zheng Y, Liu J, Feng X, Gong X. The distribution, diversity, and conservation status of Cycas in China. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3212-3224. [PMID: 28480020 PMCID: PMC5415521 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As ancient gymnosperm and woody plants, cycads have survived through dramatic tectonic activities, climate fluctuation, and environmental variations making them of great significance in studying the origin and evolution of flora biodiversity. However, they are among the most threatened plant groups in the world. The principal aim of this review is to outline the distribution, diversity, and conservation status of Cycas in China and provide suggestions for conservation practices. In this review, we describe the taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status of Cycas in China. By comparing Chinese Cycas species with its relatives worldwide, we then discuss the current genetic diversity, genetic differentiation of Cycas, and try to disentangle the potential effects of Quaternary climate changes and topographical events on Cycas. We review conservation practices from both researchers and practitioners for these rare and endangered species. High genetic diversity at the species level and strong genetic differentiation within Cycas have been observed. Most Cycas species in southwest China have experienced population retreats in contrast to the coastal Cycas's expansion during the Quaternary glaciation. Additionally, human activities and habitat fragmentation have pushed these endangered taxa to the brink of extinction. Although numerous efforts have been made to mitigate threats to Cycas survival, implementation and compliance monitoring in protection zones are currently inadequate. We outline six proposals to strengthen conservation measures for Cycas in China and anticipate that these measures will provide guidelines for further research on population genetics as well as conservation biology of not only cycads but also other endangered species worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiuyan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xun Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China.,Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
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