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Zhao L, Zhang S, Xiao R, Zhang C, Lyu Z, Zhang F. Diversity and Functionality of Bacteria Associated with Different Tissues of Spider Heteropoda venatoria Revealed through Integration of High-Throughput Sequencing and Culturomics Approaches. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:67. [PMID: 38703220 PMCID: PMC11069485 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Spiders host a diverse range of bacteria in their guts and other tissues, which have been found to play a significant role in their fitness. This study aimed to investigate the community diversity and functional characteristics of spider-associated bacteria in four tissues of Heteropoda venatoria using HTS of the 16S rRNA gene and culturomics technologies, as well as the functional verification of the isolated strains. The results of HTS showed that the spider-associated bacteria in different tissues belonged to 34 phyla, 72 classes, 170 orders, 277 families, and 458 genera. Bacillus was found to be the most abundant bacteria in the venom gland, silk gland, and ovary, while Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, and Sphingomonas were dominant in the gut microbiota. Based on the amplicon sequencing results, 21 distinct cultivation conditions were developed using culturomics to isolate bacteria from the ovary, gut, venom gland, and silk gland. A total of 119 bacterial strains, representing 4 phyla and 25 genera, with Bacillus and Serratia as the dominant genera, were isolated. Five strains exhibited high efficiency in degrading pesticides in the in vitro experiments. Out of the 119 isolates, 28 exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one of the tested bacterial strains, including the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Enterococcus faecalis. The study also identified three strains, GL312, PL211, and PL316, which exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MGC-803. The crude extract from the fermentation broth of strain PL316 was found to effectively induce apoptosis in MGC-803 cells. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial community structure associated with H. venatoria. It also provides valuable insights into discovering novel antitumor natural products for gastric cancer and xenobiotic-degrading bacteria of spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanfeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyi Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitang Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
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Viquez C, Rojas-Gätjens D, Mesén-Porras E, Avendaño R, Sasa M, Lomonte B, Chavarría M. Venom-microbiomics of eight species of Neotropical spiders from the Theraphosidae family. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae113. [PMID: 38692848 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM Tarantulas are one of the largest predatory arthropods in tropical regions. Tarantulas though not lethal to humans, their venomous bite kills small animals and insect upon which they prey. To understand the abiotic and biotic components involved in Neotropical tarantula bites, we conducted a venom-microbiomics study in eight species from Costa Rica. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined that the toxin profiles of tarantula venom are highly diverse using shotgun proteomics; the most frequently encountered toxins were ω-Ap2 toxin, neprilysin-1, and several teraphotoxins. Through culture-independent and culture-dependent methods, we determined the microbiota present in the venom and excreta to evaluate the presence of pathogens that could contribute to primary infections in animals, including humans. The presence of opportunistic pathogens with hemolytic activity was observed, with a prominence of Stenotrophomonas in the venoms. Other bacteria found in venoms and excreta with hemolytic activity included members of the genera Serratia, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Microbacterium, and Morganella. CONCLUSIONS Our data shed light on the venom- and gut-microbiome associated with Neotropical tarantulas. This information may be useful for treating bites from these arthropods in both humans and farm animals, while also providing insight into the toxins and biodiversity of this little-explored microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Viquez
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
- Oficina subregional de Alajuela, Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), Ministerio Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), Alajuela 20101, Costa Rica
| | - Diego Rojas-Gätjens
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Esteve Mesén-Porras
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto Avendaño
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Museo de Zoología, Centro de Investigación de Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Max Chavarría
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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Wang J, Zhang X, Tang Y, Wang Z. Toxic effect of Cd burden on the gut microflora and immune responses of wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 274:109747. [PMID: 37739022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are dominant predators in the paddy ecosystem, but the immunotoxicity induced by environmental contaminants like heavy metals is still largely unknown. The gut microbiota-host interaction was the basic immune mechanism discovered in the arthropods. Here, we investigated the gut microflora and immune responses of wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata under Cd burden. Cd exposure was identified to shape the gut microbial community structure of spiders, with increased levels of Firmicutes and pathogens, and decreased levels of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. The alteration of microbiota-derived immune messengers like peptidoglycan (PGN) was also observed. ELISA and hemolymph metabolomic analysis showed that the activities of immune effectors phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) and the abundance of tyrosine derivates were decreased, which indicated the suppression of Cd on the melanization immune response of spiders. Correlation analysis revealed a close relationship between the impaired immune system and the disordered microbiota. This study provides insight into the underlying mechanisms of the gut microflora-immune system interaction of P. pseudoannulata in response to Cd burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yun'e Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Yun Y. Diversity of Bacteria Associated with Guts and Gonads in Three Spider Species and Potential Transmission Pathways of Microbes within the Same Spider Host. INSECTS 2023; 14:792. [PMID: 37887804 PMCID: PMC10607309 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbiosis plays a crucial role in the ecological and evolutionary processes of animals. It is well known that spiders, with their unique and diverse predatory adaptations, assume an indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance and the food chain. However, our current understanding of spider microbiomes remains relatively limited. The gut microbiota and gonad microbiota of spiders can both potentially influence their physiology, ecology, and behavior, including aspects such as digestion, immunity, reproductive health, and reproductive behavior. In the current study, based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3 and V4 regions, we detected the gut and gonad microbiota communities of three spider species captured from the same habitat, namely, Eriovixia cavaleriei, Larinioides cornutus, and Pardosa pseudoannulata. In these three species, we observed that, at the phylum level classification, the gut and gonad of E. cavaleriei are primarily composed of Proteobacteria, while those of L. cornutus and P. pseudoannulata are primarily composed of Firmicutes. At the genus level of classification, we identified 372 and 360 genera from the gut and gonad bacterial communities. It is noteworthy that the gut and gonad bacterial flora of E. cavaleriei and L. cornutus were dominated by Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Results show that there were no differences in microbial communities between females and males of the same spider species. Furthermore, there is similarity between the gut and ovary microbial communities of female spiders, implying a potential avenue for microbial transmission between the gut and gonad within female spiders. By comprehensively studying these two microbial communities, we can establish the theoretical foundation for exploring the relationship between gut and gonad microbiota and their host, as well as the mechanisms through which microbes exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaopan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yueli Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Centre for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Liu W, Nasir M, Yan M, Zhu X, Iqbal MS, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Ji J, Gao X, Luo J, Cui J. Response of the Pardosa astrigera bacterial community to Cry1B protein. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114855. [PMID: 37027941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While genetically modified (GM) crops bring economic benefits to human beings, their impact on non-target organisms has become an important part of environmental safety assessments. Symbiotic bacteria play an important role in eukaryotic biological functions and can adjust host communities to adapt to new environments. Therefore, this study examined the effects of Cry1B protein on the growth and development of non-target natural enemies of Pardosa astrigera (L. Koch) from the perspective of symbiotic bacteria. Cry1B protein had no significant effect on the health indicators of P. astrigera (adults and 2nd instar spiderlings). 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed that Cry1B protein did not change the symbiotic bacteria species composition of P. astrigera, but did reduce the number of OTU and species diversity. In 2nd instar spiderlings, neither the dominant phylum (Proteobacteria) nor the dominant genus (Acinetobacter) changed, but the relative abundance of Corynebacterium-1 decreased significantly; in adult spiders, the dominant bacteria genera of females and males were different. The dominant bacterial genera were Brevibacterium in females and Corynebacterium-1 in males, but Corynebacterium-1 was the dominant bacteria in both females and males feeding on Cry1B. The relative abundance of Wolbachia also increased significantly. In addition, bacteria in other genera varied significantly by sex. KEGG results showed that Cry1B protein only altered the significant enrichment of metabolic pathways in female spiders. In conclusion, the effects of Cry1B protein on symbiotic bacteria vary by growth and development stage and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mengjie Yan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China.
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Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Kowalczewski PŁ, Babošová M, Porhajašová JI, Hikal WM, Fedoriak M. Bacteriota and Antibiotic Resistance in Spiders. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080680. [PMID: 36005303 PMCID: PMC9409187 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The microbiomes of insects are known for having a great impact on their physiological properties for survival, such as nutrition, behavior, and health. In nature, spiders are one of the main insect predators, and their microbiomes have remained unclear yet. It is important to explore the microbiomes of spiders with the positive effect in the wild to gain an insight into the host–bacterial relationship. The insects have been the primary focus of microbiome studies from all arthropods. Although the research focused on the microbiome of spiders is still scarce, there is a possibility that spiders host diverse assemblages of bacteria, and some of them alter their physiology and behavior. According to our findings, there is a need for holistic microbiome studies across many organisms, which would increase our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of symbiotic relationships. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. Therefore, the knowledge and some information about insects and their ability to act as reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms should be determined in order to ensure that they are not transferred to humans. It is important to monitor the microbiome of spiders found in human houses and the transmission of resistant microorganisms, which can be dangerous in relation to human health. Abstract Arthropods are reported to serve as vectors of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans, animals, and the environment. The aims of our study were (i) to identify the external bacteriota of spiders inhabiting a chicken farm and slaughterhouse and (ii) to detect antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. In total, 102 spiders of 14 species were collected from a chicken farm, slaughterhouse, and buildings located in west Slovakia in 2017. Samples were diluted in peptone buffered water, and Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA), Triple Sugar Agar (TSI), Blood Agar (BA), and Anaerobic Agar (AA) were used for inoculation. A total of 28 genera and 56 microbial species were isolated from the samples. The most abundant species were Bacillus pumilus (28 isolates) and B. thuringensis (28 isolates). The least isolated species were Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (one isolate), Kocuria rhizophila (two isolates), Paenibacillus polymyxa (two isolates), and Staphylococcus equorum (two isolates). There were differences in microbial composition between the samples originating from the slaughterhouse, chicken farm, and buildings. The majority of the bacterial isolates resistant to antibiotics were isolated from the chicken farm. The isolation of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia, and Salmonella spp., which possess multiple drug resistance, is of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergy, Food Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Mária Babošová
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (J.I.P.)
| | - Jana Ivanič Porhajašová
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (J.I.P.)
| | - Wafaa M. Hikal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
- Environmental Parasitology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El–Behouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mariia Fedoriak
- Department of Ecology and Biomonitoring, Institute of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotsyubynskyi Street, 58012 Chernivtsi, Ukraine;
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Gao Y, Wu P, Cui S, Ali A, Zheng G. Divergence in gut bacterial community between females and males in the wolf spider
Pardosa astrigera. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8823. [PMID: 35432934 PMCID: PMC9005928 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is one of the important factors affecting gut microbiota. As key predators in agroforestry ecosystem, many spider species show dramatically different activity habits and nutritional requirements between females and males. However, how sex affects gut microbiota of spiders remains unclear. Here, we compared the composition and diversity of gut bacteria between female and male Pardosa astrigera based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that the richness of bacterial microbiota in female spiders was significantly lower than in male spiders (p < .05). Besides, β‐diversity showed a significant difference between female and male spiders (p = .0270). The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Rhodococcus (belongs to Actinobacteriota) was significantly higher in female than in male spiders (p < .05), whereas the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Acinetobacter (belongs to Proteobacteria) and Ruminococcus and Fusicatenibacter (all belong to Firmicutes) was significantly higher in male than in female spiders (p < .05). The results also showed that amino acid and lipid metabolisms were significantly higher in female than in male spiders (p < .05), whereas glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly higher in male than in female spiders (p < .05). Our results imply that sexual variation is a crucial factor in shaping gut bacterial community in P. astrigera spiders, while the distinct differences of bacterial composition are mainly due to their different nutritional and energy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- College of Life Sciences Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Pengfeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Shuyan Cui
- College of Life Sciences Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Abid Ali
- College of Life Sciences Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
- Department of Entomology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Guo Zheng
- College of Life Sciences Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
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8
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Wu R, Wang L, Xie J, Zhang Z. Diversity and Function of Wolf Spider Gut Microbiota Revealed by Shotgun Metagenomics. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758794. [PMID: 34975785 PMCID: PMC8718803 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) are crucial component of integrated pest management programs and the characteristics of their gut microbiota are known to play important roles in improving fitness and survival of the host. However, there are only few studies of the gut microbiota among closely related species of wolf spider. Whether wolf spiders gut microbiota vary with habitats remains unknown. Here, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to compare the gut microbiota of two wolf spider species, Pardosa agraria and P. laura from farmland and woodland ecosystems, respectively. The results show that the gut microbiota of Pardosa spiders is similar in richness and abundance. Approximately 27.3% of the gut microbiota of P. agraria comprises Proteobacteria, and approximately 34.4% of the gut microbiota of P. laura comprises Firmicutes. We assembled microbial genomes and found that the gut microbiota of P. laura are enriched in genes for carbohydrate metabolism. In contrast, those of P. agraria showed a higher proportion of genes encoding acetyltransferase, an enzyme involved in resistance to antibiotics. We reconstructed three high-quality and species-level microbial genomes: Vulcaniibacterium thermophilum, Anoxybacillus flavithermus and an unknown bacterium belonging to the family Simkaniaceae. Our results contribute to an understanding of the diversity and function of gut microbiota in closely related spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhisheng Zhang, , orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-1789
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Zhang W, Liu F, Zhu Y, Han R, Xu L, Liu J. Differing Dietary Nutrients and Diet-Associated Bacteria Has Limited Impact on Spider Gut Microbiota Composition. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2358. [PMID: 34835483 PMCID: PMC8618231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders are a key predator of insects across ecosystems and possess great potential as pest control agents. Unfortunately, it is difficult to artificially cultivate multiple generations of most spider species. Since gut bacterial flora has been shown to significantly alter nutrient availability, it is plausible that the spiders' microbial community plays a key role in their unsuccessful breeding. However, both the gut microbial composition and its influencing factors in many spiders remain a mystery. In this study, the gut microbiota of Campanicola campanulata, specialists who prey on ants and are widely distributed across China, was characterized. After, the impact of diet and diet-associated bacteria on gut bacterial composition was evaluated. First, two species of prey ants (Lasius niger and Tetramorium caespitum) were collected from different locations and fed to C. campanulata. For each diet, we then profiled the nutritional content of the ants, as well as the bacterial communities of both the ants and spiders. Results showed that the protein and carbohydrate content varied between the two prey ant species. We isolated 682 genera from 356 families in the ants (dominant genera including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Paraburkholderia, Staphylococcus, and Novosphingobium), and 456 genera from 258 families in the spiders (dominated by Pseudomonas). However, no significant differences were found in the gut microbiota of spiders that were fed the differing ants. Together, these results indicate that nutritional variation and diet-associated bacterial differences have a limited impact on the microbial composition of spider guts, highlighting that spiders may have a potentially stable internal environment and lay the foundation for future investigations into gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fengjie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Runhua Han
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Letian Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (F.L.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry, Biology University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
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10
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Tyagi K, Tyagi I, Kumar V. Insights into the gut bacterial communities of spider from wild with no evidence of phylosymbiosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5913-5924. [PMID: 34588907 PMCID: PMC8459122 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an effort has been made to elucidate the gut bacterial diversity of twelve species of the family Araneidae under three subfamilies collected from 5 states of India along with their predicted metabolic role in functional metabolism. Further, we also compared the host species phylogeny based on partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences with the gut bacteria composition dendrogram to decipher the phylosymbiotic relationships. Analysis revealed the presence of 22 bacterial phyla, 145 families, and 364 genera in the gut, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus as the highest abundant phyla. Moreover, phylum Bacteriodetes was dominated only in Cyclosa mulmeinensis and Chlamydiae in Neoscona bengalensis. At the genus level, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus were the most dominant genera. Furthermore, the genus Prevotella was observed only in Cyclosa mulmeinensis, and endosymbiont Wolbachia only in Eriovixia laglaizei. The differential abundance analysis (DeSeq2) revealed the 19 significant ASVs represented by the genera like Acinetobacter, Vagoccoccus, Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Curvibacter, Corynebacterium, Paracoccus, Streptococcus, Microbacterium, and Pseudocitrobacter. The inter- and intra-subfamilies comparison based on diversity indices (alpha and beta diversity) revealed that the subfamily Araneinae have high richness and diversity than Argiopinae and Gasteracanthinae. The phylosymbiotic analysis revealed that there is no congruence between the gut bacteria composition dendrogram with their host phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700053, India
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11
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Lv H, Huang Y, Wang T, Zhai S, Hou Z, Chen S. Microbial Composition in the Duodenum and Ileum of Yellow Broilers With High and Low Feed Efficiency. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689653. [PMID: 34385985 PMCID: PMC8353196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiome plays important roles in digestion, nutrient absorption, and health. Here, we analyzed the microbial composition in the duodenum and ileum of yellow broilers. Chickens were grouped based on feed efficiency (high feed efficiency [HFE] and low feed efficiency [LFE] groups; n = 22 each). Microbial samples from the duodenum and ileum were collected, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3–V4 region was performed. The dominant bacteria in the duodenum were from the phyla Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria and the genera Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcus. In the ileum, the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and the genera Lactobacillus, SMB53 and Enterococcus were predominant. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the microbiota diversity was significantly higher in the duodenum than in the ileum. The structure of the ileal microbiota was similar between groups, and the species richness of the microbiota in the HFE group was significantly higher than that in the LFE group. In the HFE and LFE groups, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were negatively correlated, and Lactobacillus had medium to high negative correlations with most other genera. Functional prediction analysis showed that the gluconeogenesis I pathway was the most abundant differential metabolic pathway and was significantly altered in the LFE group. Moreover, although the microbial community structures were similar in the duodenum and ileum, the diversity of the microbial community was significantly higher in the duodenum than in the ileum. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the phylum Chloroflexi and genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Neisseria were with coefficients <−0.3 or >0.3. In the ileum, Ruminococcus may be associated with HFE whereas Faecalibacterium may be associated with LFE. These findings may provide valuable foundations for future research on composition and diversity of intestinal microbes and provide insights into the roles of intestinal microbes in improving feed efficiency and the industrial economic benefits of yellow broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijiao Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangkun Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuocheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Interspecific variation and functional traits of the gut microbiome in spiders from the wild: The largest effort so far. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251790. [PMID: 34288947 PMCID: PMC8294503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders being one of the most diverse group in phylum arthropod are of great importance due to their role as predators, silk producer, and in medicinal applications. Spiders in prey–predator relationships play a crucial role in balancing the food-chain of any ecosystem; therefore it is essential to characterize the gut microbiota of spiders collected from natural environments. In the present work, the largest effort so far has been made to characterize the gut microbiota of 35 spider species belonging to four different families using 16S amplicon targeting sequencing. Further, we compared the gut microbiota composition including endosymbiont abundance in spider species collected from different geographical locations. The results obtained revealed the presence of genera like Acinetobacter (15%), V7clade (9%), Wolbachia (8%), Pseudomonas (5%), Bacillus (6%). Although comparative analysis revealed that the gut bacterial composition in all the spider families has a similar pattern, in terms of community richness and evenness. The bacterial diversity in the spider family, Lycosidae are more diverse than in Salticidae, Tetragnathidae and Araneidae. Furthermore, it was observed that the abundance of endosymbiont genera, i.e. Wolbachia and Rickettsia, leads to shift in the abundance of other bacterial taxa and may cause sexual alterations in spider species. Moreover, predicted functional analysis based on PICRUSt2 reveals that gut microbiota of spider species were involved in functions like metabolism of carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins, amino acids; biosynthesis of organic compounds, fatty acids, lipids etc. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that different locations do not correlate with community composition of gut microbiota in spider species collected from natural environments.
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13
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Jackson D, Maltz MR, Freund HL, Borneman J, Aronson E. Environment and Diet Influence the Bacterial Microbiome of Ambigolimax valentianus, an Invasive Slug in California. INSECTS 2021; 12:575. [PMID: 34201881 PMCID: PMC8307491 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ambigolimax valentianus is an invasive European terrestrial gastropod distributed throughout California. It is a serious pest of gardens, plant nurseries, and greenhouses. We evaluated the bacterial microbiome of whole slugs to capture a more detailed picture of bacterial diversity and composition in this host. We concentrated on the influences of diet and environment on the Ambigolimax valentianus core bacterial microbiome as a starting point for obtaining valuable information to aid in future slug microbiome studies. Ambigolimax valentianus were collected from two environments (gardens or reared from eggs in a laboratory). DNA from whole slugs were extracted and next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. Slug microbiomes differed between environmental sources (garden- vs. lab-reared) and were influenced by a sterile diet. Lab-reared slugs fed an unsterile diet harbored greater bacterial species than garden-reared slugs. A small core microbiome was present that was shared across all slug treatments. This is consistent with our hypothesis that a core microbiome is present and will not change due to these treatments. Findings from this study will help elucidate the impacts of slug-assisted bacterial dispersal on soils and plants, while providing valuable information about the slug microbiome for potential integrated pest research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (D.J.); (H.L.F.); (J.B.)
- Natural Science Division, Porterville College, Porterville, CA 93257, USA
| | - Mia R. Maltz
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hannah L. Freund
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (D.J.); (H.L.F.); (J.B.)
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (D.J.); (H.L.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Emma Aronson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (D.J.); (H.L.F.); (J.B.)
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
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14
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Dong ZX, Chen YF, Li HY, Tang QH, Guo J. The Succession of the Gut Microbiota in Insects: A Dynamic Alteration of the Gut Microbiota During the Whole Life Cycle of Honey Bees ( Apis cerana). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:513962. [PMID: 33935980 PMCID: PMC8079811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.513962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian honey bee Apis cerana is a valuable biological resource insect that plays an important role in the ecological environment and agricultural economy. The composition of the gut microbiota has a great influence on the health and development of the host. However, studies on the insect gut microbiota are rarely reported, especially studies on the dynamic succession of the insect gut microbiota. Therefore, this study used high-throughput sequencing technology to sequence the gut microbiota of A. cerana at different developmental stages (0 days post emergence (0 dpe), 1 dpe, 3 dpe, 7 dpe, 12 dpe, 19 dpe, 25 dpe, 30 dpe, and 35 dpe). The results of this study indicated that the diversity of the gut microbiota varied significantly at different developmental stages (ACE, P = 0.045; Chao1, P = 0.031; Shannon, P = 0.0019; Simpson, P = 0.041). In addition, at the phylum and genus taxonomic levels, the dominant constituents in the gut microbiota changed significantly at different developmental stages. Our results also suggest that environmental exposure in the early stages of development has the greatest impact on the gut microbiota. The results of this study reveal the general rule of gut microbiota succession in the A. cerana life cycle. This study not only deepens our understanding of the colonization pattern of the gut microbiota in workers but also provides more comprehensive information for exploring the colonization of the gut microbiota in insects and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Fei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huan-Yuan Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-He Tang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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15
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Kumar V, Tyagi I, Tyagi K, Chandra K. Diversity and Structure of Bacterial Communities in the Gut of Spider: Thomisidae and Oxyopidae. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.588102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Giampetruzzi A, Baptista P, Morelli M, Cameirão C, Lino Neto T, Costa D, D’Attoma G, Abou Kubaa R, Altamura G, Saponari M, Pereira JA, Saldarelli P. Differences in the Endophytic Microbiome of Olive Cultivars Infected by Xylella fastidiosa across Seasons. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090723. [PMID: 32887278 PMCID: PMC7558191 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa infections in the context of the endophytic microbiome was studied in field-grown plants of the susceptible and resistant olive cultivars Kalamata and FS17. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMSS) coupled with 16S/ITS rRNA gene sequencing was carried out on the same trees at two different stages of the infections: In Spring 2017 when plants were almost symptomless and in Autumn 2018 when the trees of the susceptible cultivar clearly showed desiccations. The progression of the infections detected in both cultivars clearly unraveled that Xylella tends to occupy the whole ecological niche and suppresses the diversity of the endophytic microbiome. However, this trend was mitigated in the resistant cultivar FS17, harboring lower population sizes and therefore lower Xylella average abundance ratio over total bacteria, and a higher α-diversity. Host cultivar had a negligible effect on the community composition and no clear associations of a single taxon or microbial consortia with the resistance cultivar were found with both sequencing approaches, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance likely reside on factors that are independent of the microbiome structure. Overall, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteriodetes dominated the bacterial microbiome while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota those of Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristina Cameirão
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Teresa Lino Neto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Costa
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Giusy D’Attoma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805443065
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