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Yap DYH, Ma RCW, Wong ECK, Tsui MSH, Yu EYT, Yu V, Szeto CC, Pang WF, Tse HF, Siu DCW, Tan KCB, Chen WWC, Li CL, Chen W, Chan TM. Consensus statement on the management of hyperkalaemia-An Asia-Pacific perspective. Nephrology (Carlton) 2024; 29:311-324. [PMID: 38403867 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hyperkalaemia is an electrolyte imbalance that impairs muscle function and myocardial excitability, and can potentially lead to fatal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The prevalence of hyperkalaemia is estimated to be 6%-7% worldwide and 7%-10% in Asia. Hyperkalaemia frequently affects patients with chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus, particularly those receiving treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors. Both hyperkalaemia and interruption of RAAS inhibitor therapy are associated with increased risks for cardiovascular events, hospitalisations, and death, highlighting a clinical dilemma in high-risk patients. Conventional potassium-binding resins are widely used for the treatment of hyperkalaemia; however, caveats such as the unpalatable taste and the risk of gastrointestinal side effects limit their chronic use. Recent evidence suggests that, with a rapid onset of action and improved gastrointestinal tolerability, novel oral potassium binders (e.g., patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate) are alternative treatment options for both acute and chronic hyperkalaemia. To optimise the care for patients with hyperkalaemia in the Asia-Pacific region, a multidisciplinary expert panel was convened to review published literature, share clinical experiences, and ultimately formulate 25 consensus statements, covering three clinical areas: (i) risk factors of hyperkalaemia and risk stratification in susceptible patients; (ii) prevention of hyperkalaemia for at-risk individuals; and (iii) correction of hyperkalaemia for at-risk individuals with cardiorenal disease. These statements were expected to serve as useful guidance in the management of hyperkalaemia for health care providers in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Y H Yap
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Emmanuel C K Wong
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew S H Tsui
- Department of Accident and Emergency, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Esther Y T Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vivien Yu
- Department of Dietetics, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Fai Pang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hung Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David C W Siu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathryn C B Tan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Walter W C Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Virtus Medical Group, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chiu Leong Li
- Division of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Association of Potassium Level at Discharge with Long-Term Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247358. [PMID: 36555973 PMCID: PMC9782550 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyskalemia (hypokalemia and hyperkalemia) is a common comorbidity of heart failure (HF). Although dyskalemia is associated with poor prognosis, different prognostic impacts of hypo- and hyperkalemia remain vastly unclear. This study investigated the association of dyskalemia with prognosis in HF patients, especially the mode of death and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The multicenter study included 3398 patients hospitalized for HF. Patients were divided into three groups based on serum potassium levels at discharge: hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L; n = 115 (3.4%)), normokalemia (3.5−5.0 mEq/L; n = 2960 (87.1%)), and hyperkalemia (≥5.0 mEq/L; n = 323 (9.5%)). Two-year all-cause, cardiac, and non-cardiac mortality was evaluated. Association of serum potassium with two-year mortality demonstrated a U-shaped curve, with a worse prognosis for patients with hypokalemia. All-cause mortality at two-years did not differ among the three groups. Hypokalemia was associated with 2-year cardiac death (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20−5.64) in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF < 40%), but not in non-HFrEF. Regardless of LVEF, hyperkalemia was not independently associated with any mortality. Hypokalemia was independently associated with cardiac death, particularly in HFrEF patients. Such an association was not observed in hyperkalemia regardless of LVEF.
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Lombardi CM, Carubelli V, Peveri G, Inciardi RM, Pagnesi M, Ravera A, Tomasoni D, Garafa E, Oriecuia C, Specchia C, Metra M. Prognostic significance of serum potassium in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:2357-2366. [PMID: 35543336 PMCID: PMC9288753 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We investigated the prognostic significance of serum potassium abnormalities at discharge in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). Methods and results In a retrospective analysis, we included 926 patients hospitalized for AHF, stratified by serum potassium levels at discharge as hypokalaemia (<3.5 mEq/L), normokalaemia (3.5–5.0 mEq/L), and hyperkalaemia (>5.0 mEq/L). The primary endpoint was all‐cause death at 1 year since hospital discharge. At discharge, 40 patients had hypokalaemia (4.3%), 840 normokalaemia (90.7%), and 46 hyperkalaemia (5.0%). Patients with hyperkalaemia at discharge were more frequently men, had more signs of congestion, and lower LVEF while patients with hypokalaemia were more likely to be women with HFpEF. Treatment with ACEi/ARBs and MRAs ≥50% of target dose at discharge was similar across groups. One year all‐cause death occurred in 10% of the patients with hypokalaemia, 13.9% of those with normokalaemia, and 30.4% of those with hyperkalaemia (P = 0.006). After adjustment for covariates, including renal function, background treatment, and baseline potassium level, hyperkalaemia resulted an independent predictor of the primary endpoint (HR 1.96, 95% IC [1.01–3.82]; P = 0.048). Conclusions In patients with AHF, the presence of hyperkalaemia at discharge is an independent predictor of 1 year all‐cause death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mario Lombardi
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
| | - Valentina Carubelli
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
| | - Giulia Peveri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Maria Inciardi
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagnesi
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
| | - Alice Ravera
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
| | - Daniela Tomasoni
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
| | - Emirena Garafa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Oriecuia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Specchia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Metra
- Department of Cardiology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia, 25125, Italy
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Allen LA, Teerlink JR, Gottlieb SS, Ahmad T, Lam CSP, Psotka MA. Heart Failure Spending Function: An Investment Framework for Sequencing and Intensification of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapies. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e008594. [PMID: 35000432 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is managed with increasing numbers of guideline-directed medical therapies (GDMT). Benefits tend to be additive. Burdens can also be additive. We propose a heart failure spending function as a conceptual framework for tailored intensification of GDMT that maximizes therapeutic opportunity while limiting adverse events and patient burden. Each patient is conceptualized to have reserve in physiological and psychosocial domains, which can be spent for a future return on investment. Key domains are blood pressure, heart rate, serum creatinine, potassium, and out-of-pocket costs. For each patient, GDMT should be initiated and intensified in a sequence that prioritizes medications with the greatest expected cardiac benefit while drawing on areas where the patient has ample reserves. When reserve is underspent, patients fail to gain the full benefit of GDMT. Conversely, when a reserve is fully spent, addition of new drugs or higher doses that draw upon a domain will lead to patient harm. The benefit of multiple agents drawing upon varied physiological domains should be balanced against cost and complexity. Thresholds for overspending are explored, as are mechanisms for implementing these concepts into routine care, but further health care delivery research is needed to validate and refine clinical use of the spending function. The heart failure spending function also suggests how newer therapies may be considered in terms of relative value, prioritizing agents that draw on different spending domains from existing GDMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Allen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (L.A.A.)
| | - John R Teerlink
- Section of Cardiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (J.R.T.)
| | | | - Tariq Ahmad
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.A.)
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore (C.S.P.L.)
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