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Thomas OG, Olsson T. Mimicking the brain: Epstein-Barr virus and foreign agents as drivers of neuroimmune attack in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304281. [PMID: 38022632 PMCID: PMC10655090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer, but failure of thymic tolerance mechanisms can instead lead to escape of T cells with the ability to attack host tissues. Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when structures such as myelin and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are the target of autoreactive immune responses, resulting in lesions in the brain and spinal cord which cause varied and episodic neurological deficits. A role for autoreactive T cell and antibody responses in MS is likely, and mounting evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in disease mechanisms. In this review we discuss antigen specificity of T cells involved in development and progression of MS. We examine the current evidence that these T cells can target multiple antigens such as those from pathogens including EBV and briefly describe other mechanisms through which viruses could affect disease. Unravelling the complexity of the autoantigen T cell repertoire is essential for understanding key events in the development and progression of MS, with wider implications for development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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von Essen MR, Ammitzbøll C, Börnsen L, Sellebjerg F. Assessment of commonly used methods to determine myelin-reactivity of T cells in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108817. [PMID: 34352391 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have analyzed myelin-reactivity of T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, with conflicting results. In this study we compare methods to determine myelin reactivity of T cells and aim to delineate the cause of inconsistency in the literature. Challenging T cells with myelin antigens we found a significant increase in antigen-reactivity of T cells from patients with MS using an ELISpot-assay, in contrast to a CFSE-dilution assay. Comparing the two assays showed that the myelin-reactive T cells detected in the ELISpot-assay originated primarily from effector memory T cells in contrast to the myelin-reactive T cells of the CFSE-assay representing a population of both naïve, central memory and effector memory T cells. This diversity in T cell populations activated in the two assays likely contribute to the discrepancy found in the literature and encourages thorough considerations when choosing an assay to determine antigen-specificity of T cells in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rode von Essen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark..
| | - Cecilie Ammitzbøll
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Börnsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Veroni C, Aloisi F. The CD8 T Cell-Epstein-Barr Virus-B Cell Trialogue: A Central Issue in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665718. [PMID: 34305896 PMCID: PMC8292956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are still under scrutiny. During the last decade, awareness has increased that multiple genetic and environmental factors act in concert to modulate MS risk. Likewise, the landscape of cells of the adaptive immune system that are believed to play a role in MS immunopathogenesis has expanded by including not only CD4 T helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8 T cells and B cells. Once the key cellular players are identified, the main challenge is to define precisely how they act and interact to induce neuroinflammation and the neurodegenerative cascade in MS. CD8 T cells have been implicated in MS pathogenesis since the 80's when it was shown that CD8 T cells predominate in MS brain lesions. Interest in the role of CD8 T cells in MS was revived in 2000 and the years thereafter by studies showing that CNS-recruited CD8 T cells are clonally expanded and have a memory effector phenotype indicating in situ antigen-driven reactivation. The association of certain MHC class I alleles with MS genetic risk implicates CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, experimental studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of CD8 T cell activation on neural cells. While the antigens responsible for T cell recruitment and activation in the CNS remain elusive, the high efficacy of B-cell depleting drugs in MS and a growing number of studies implicate B cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus that is strongly associated with MS, in the activation of pathogenic T cells. This article reviews the results of human studies that have contributed to elucidate the role of CD8 T cells in MS immunopathogenesis, and discusses them in light of current understanding of autoreactivity, B-cell and EBV involvement in MS, and mechanism of action of different MS treatments. Based on the available evidences, an immunopathological model of MS is proposed that entails a persistent EBV infection of CNS-infiltrating B cells as the target of a dysregulated cytotoxic CD8 T cell response causing CNS tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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4
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Mockus TE, Munie A, Atkinson JR, Segal BM. Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3-10. [PMID: 33443060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease that affects millions worldwide, is widely thought to be autoimmune in etiology. Historically, research into MS pathogenesis has focused on autoreactive CD4 T cells because of their critical role in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the association between MS susceptibility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the MHC class II region. However, recent studies have revealed prominent clonal expansions of CD8 T cells within the CNS during MS. In this paper, we review the literature on CD8 T cells in MS, with an emphasis on their potential effector and regulatory properties. We discuss the impact of disease modifying therapies, currently prescribed to reduce MS relapse rates, on CD8 T cell frequency and function. A deeper understanding of the role of CD8 T cells in MS may lead to the development of more effective and selective immunomodulatory drugs for particular subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Mockus
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Munie
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jeffrey R Atkinson
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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5
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Derdelinckx J, Cras P, Berneman ZN, Cools N. Antigen-Specific Treatment Modalities in MS: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624685. [PMID: 33679769 PMCID: PMC7933447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific therapy for multiple sclerosis may lead to a more effective therapy by induction of tolerance to a wide range of myelin-derived antigens without hampering the normal surveillance and effector function of the immune system. Numerous attempts to restore tolerance toward myelin-derived antigens have been made over the past decades, both in animal models of multiple sclerosis and in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis patients. In this review, we will give an overview of the current approaches for antigen-specific therapy that are in clinical development for multiple sclerosis as well provide an insight into the challenges for future antigen-specific treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Born Bunge Institute, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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6
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Govindan AN, Fitzpatrick KS, Manoharan M, Tagge I, Kohama SG, Ferguson B, Peterson SM, Wong GS, Rooney WD, Park B, Axthelm MK, Bourdette DN, Sherman LS, Wong SW. Myelin-specific T cells in animals with Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:456-470. [PMID: 33440071 PMCID: PMC7886046 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether animals with Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis (JME), a spontaneous demyelinating disease similar to multiple sclerosis (MS), harbor myelin‐specific T cells in their central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. Methods Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from CNS lesions, cervical lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral blood of Japanese macaques (JMs) with JME, and cervical LN and blood MNCs from healthy controls or animals with non‐JME conditions were analyzed for the presence of myelin‐specific T cells and changes in interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) expression. Results Demyelinating JME lesions contained CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells specific to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP), and/or proteolipid protein (PLP). CD8+ T‐cell responses were absent in JME peripheral blood, and in age‐ and sex‐matched controls. However, CD4+ Th1 and Th17 responses were detected in JME peripheral blood versus controls. Cervical LN MNCs from eight of nine JME animals had CD3+ T cells specific for MOG, MBP, and PLP that were not detected in controls. Mapping myelin epitopes revealed a heterogeneity in responses among JME animals. Comparison of myelin antigen sequences with those of JM rhadinovirus (JMRV), which is found in JME lesions, identified six viral open reading frames (ORFs) with similarities to myelin antigen sequences. Overlapping peptides to these JMRV ORFs did not induce IFNγ responses. Interpretations JME possesses an immune‐mediated component that involves both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for myelin antigens. JME may shed new light on inflammatory demyelinating disease pathogenesis linked to gamma‐herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna N Govindan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Minsha Manoharan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ian Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, USA
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Samuel M Peterson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Grayson S Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Dennis N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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7
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Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1) is hypothesized to be an autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin/orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Ample genetic and epidemiologic evidence point in the direction of a pathogenesis involving the immune system. Many autoantibodies have been detected in blood samples from NT1 patients, but none in a consistent manner. Importantly, T cells directed toward hypocretin/orexin neurons have been detected in samples from NT1 patients. However, it remains to be seen if these potentially autoreactive T cells are also present in the hypothalamus and if they are pathogenic. For this reason, NT1 does still not fully meet the criteria for being classified as a genuine autoimmune disease, even though more and more results are pointing in that direction as will be described in this chapter. The autoimmune hypothesis has led to many attempts at slowing or stopping disease progression with immunomodulatory treatment, but so far the overall results have not been very encouraging. It is clear that more research into the pathogenesis of NT1 is needed to establish the precise role of the immune system in disease development.
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8
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Derdelinckx J, Nkansah I, Ooms N, Van Bruggen L, Emonds MP, Daniëls L, Reynders T, Willekens B, Cras P, Berneman ZN, Cools N. HLA Class II Genotype Does Not Affect the Myelin Responsiveness of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122703. [PMID: 33348629 PMCID: PMC7766454 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: When aiming to restore myelin tolerance using antigen-specific treatment approaches in MS, the wide variety of myelin-derived antigens towards which immune responses are targeted in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients needs to be taken into account. Uncertainty remains as to whether the myelin reactivity pattern of a specific MS patient can be predicted based upon the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II haplotype of the patient. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the reactivity towards myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides using direct interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPOT). Next, the HLA class II haplotype profile was determined by next-generation sequencing. In doing so, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between the precursor frequency of myelin-reactive T cells and the HLA haplotype. Results: Reactivity towards any of the analyzed peptides could be demonstrated in 65.0% (13/20) of MS patients and in 60.0% (6/10) of healthy controls. At least one of the MS risk alleles HLA-DRB1*15:01, HLA-DQA1*01:02 and HLA-DQB1*06:02 was found in 70.0% (14/20) of patients and in 20.0% (2/10) of healthy controls. No difference in the presence of a myelin-specific response, nor in the frequency of myelin peptide-reactive precursor cells could be detected among carriers and non-carriers of these risk alleles. Conclusion: No association between HLA haplotype and myelin reactivity profile was present in our study population. This complicates the development of antigen-specific treatment approaches and implies the need for multi-epitope targeting in an HLA-unrestricted manner to fully address the wide variation in myelin responses and HLA profiles in a heterogeneous group of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (T.R.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-821-3584; Fax: +32-3-825-1148
| | - Irene Nkansah
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Naomi Ooms
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Laura Van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Marie-Paule Emonds
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Red Cross-Flanders, 2650 Mechelen, Belgium; (M.-P.E.); (L.D.)
| | - Liesbeth Daniëls
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Red Cross-Flanders, 2650 Mechelen, Belgium; (M.-P.E.); (L.D.)
| | - Tatjana Reynders
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (T.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Barbara Willekens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (T.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrick Cras
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; (T.R.); (P.C.)
- Born Bunge Institute, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (I.N.); (N.O.); (L.V.B.); (B.W.); (Z.N.B.); (N.C.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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9
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Kornum BR. Narcolepsy type 1: what have we learned from immunology? Sleep 2020; 43:5813740. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 is hypothesized to be an autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin/orexin neurons in the hypothalamus. Ample genetic and epidemiological evidence points in the direction of a pathogenesis involving the immune system, but this is not considered proof of autoimmunity. In fact, it remains a matter of debate how to prove that a given disease is indeed an autoimmune disease. In this review, a set of commonly used criteria for autoimmunity is described and applied to narcolepsy type 1. In favor of the autoimmune hypothesis are data showing that in narcolepsy type 1 a specific adaptive immune response is directed to hypocretin/orexin neurons. Autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies have been detected in blood samples from patients, but it remains to be seen if these T cells or antibodies are in fact present in the hypothalamus. It is also unclear if the autoreactive T cells and/or autoantibodies can transfer the disease to healthy individuals or animals or if immunization with the proposed autoantigens can induce the disease in animal models. Most importantly, it is still controversial whether suppression of the autoimmune response can prevent disease progression. In conclusion, narcolepsy type 1 does still not fully meet the criteria for being classified as a genuine autoimmune disease, but more and more results are pointing in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Anti-CD20 therapy depletes activated myelin-specific CD8 + T cells in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25800-25807. [PMID: 31748274 PMCID: PMC6926057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. CD8+ T cells have been strongly implicated in MS pathogenesis, but it is unclear whether myelin is a CD8+ T cell autoantigenic target in MS. This study demonstrated that while myelin-specific CD8+ T cells are present at similar frequencies in untreated MS patients and healthy subjects, the proportion of memory and CD20-expressing myelin-specific CD8+ T cells was increased in MS patients, suggesting prior antigen encounter. This activated phenotype was reversible as the memory and CD20-expressing populations of certain myelin-specific CD8+ T cells were reduced following anti-CD20 treatment. CD8+ T cells are believed to play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet their role in MS pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Although myelin proteins are considered potential autoantigenic targets, prior studies of myelin-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS have relied on in vitro stimulation, thereby limiting accurate measurement of their ex vivo precursor frequencies and phenotypes. Peptide:MHC I tetramers were used to identify and validate 5 myelin CD8+ T cell epitopes, including 2 newly described determinants in humans. The validated tetramers were used to measure the ex vivo precursor frequencies and phenotypes of myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of untreated MS patients and HLA allele-matched healthy controls. In parallel, CD8+ T cell responses against immunodominant influenza epitopes were also measured. There were no differences in ex vivo frequencies of tetramer-positive myelin-specific CD8+ T cells between MS patients and control subjects. An increased proportion of myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in MS patients exhibited a memory phenotype and expressed CD20 compared to control subjects, while there were no phenotypic differences observed among influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. Longitudinal assessments were also measured in a subset of MS patients subsequently treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. The proportion of memory and CD20+ CD8+ T cells specific for certain myelin but not influenza epitopes was significantly reduced following anti-CD20 treatment. This study, representing a characterization of unmanipulated myelin-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS, indicates these cells may be attractive targets in MS therapy.
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11
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Derdelinckx J, Mansilla MJ, De Laere M, Lee WP, Navarro-Barriuso J, Wens I, Nkansah I, Daans J, De Reu H, Jolanta Keliris A, Van Audekerke J, Vanreusel V, Pieters Z, Van der Linden A, Verhoye M, Molenberghs G, Hens N, Goossens H, Willekens B, Cras P, Ponsaerts P, Berneman ZN, Martínez-Cáceres EM, Cools N. Clinical and immunological control of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by tolerogenic dendritic cells loaded with MOG-encoding mRNA. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:167. [PMID: 31416452 PMCID: PMC6696692 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although effective in reducing relapse rate and delaying progression, current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) do not completely halt disease progression. T cell autoimmunity to myelin antigens is considered one of the main mechanisms driving MS. It is characterized by autoreactivity to disease-initiating myelin antigen epitope(s), followed by a cascade of epitope spreading, which are both strongly patient-dependent. Targeting a variety of MS-associated antigens by myelin antigen-presenting tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) is a promising treatment strategy to re-establish tolerance in MS. Electroporation with mRNA encoding myelin proteins is an innovative technique to load tolDC with the full spectrum of naturally processed myelin-derived epitopes. Methods In this study, we generated murine tolDC presenting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) using mRNA electroporation and we assessed the efficacy of MOG mRNA-electroporated tolDC to dampen pathogenic T cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). For this, MOG35–55-immunized C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously at days 13, 17, and 21 post-disease induction with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated tolDC electroporated with MOG-encoding mRNA. Mice were scored daily for signs of paralysis. At day 25, myelin reactivity was evaluated following restimulation of splenocytes with myelin-derived epitopes. Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to assess spinal cord inflammatory lesion load. Results Treatment of MOG35–55-immunized C57BL/6 mice with MOG mRNA-electroporated or MOG35–55-pulsed tolDC led to a stabilization of the EAE clinical score from the first administration onwards, whereas it worsened in mice treated with non-antigen-loaded tolDC or with vehicle only. In addition, MOG35–55-specific pro-inflammatory pathogenic T cell responses and myelin antigen epitope spreading were inhibited in the peripheral immune system of tolDC-treated mice. Finally, magnetic resonance imaging analysis of hyperintense spots along the spinal cord was in line with the clinical score. Conclusions Electroporation with mRNA is an efficient and versatile tool to generate myelin-presenting tolDC that are capable to stabilize the clinical score in EAE. These results pave the way for further research into mRNA-electroporated tolDC treatment as a patient-tailored therapy for MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1541-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium. .,Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - María José Mansilla
- Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maxime De Laere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Wai-Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Juan Navarro-Barriuso
- Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Inez Wens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Irene Nkansah
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hans De Reu
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Zoë Pieters
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Geert Molenberghs
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,L-BioStat, I-BioStat, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara Willekens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.,Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Born Bunge Institute, Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eva María Martínez-Cáceres
- Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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12
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Kuckelkorn U, Stübler S, Textoris-Taube K, Kilian C, Niewienda A, Henklein P, Janek K, Stumpf MPH, Mishto M, Liepe J. Proteolytic dynamics of human 20S thymoproteasome. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7740-7754. [PMID: 30914481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient immunosurveillance of CD8+ T cells in the periphery depends on positive/negative selection of thymocytes and thus on the dynamics of antigen degradation and epitope production by thymoproteasome and immunoproteasome in the thymus. Although studies in mouse systems have shown how thymoproteasome activity differs from that of immunoproteasome and strongly impacts the T cell repertoire, the proteolytic dynamics and the regulation of human thymoproteasome are unknown. By combining biochemical and computational modeling approaches, we show here that human 20S thymoproteasome and immunoproteasome differ not only in the proteolytic activity of the catalytic sites but also in the peptide transport. These differences impinge upon the quantity of peptide products rather than where the substrates are cleaved. The comparison of the two human 20S proteasome isoforms depicts different processing of antigens that are associated to tumors and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kuckelkorn
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Stübler
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Mathematical Modelling and Systems Biology, Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kathrin Textoris-Taube
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Kilian
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agathe Niewienda
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Henklein
- From the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Janek
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Shared Facility for Mass Spectrometry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael P H Stumpf
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Melbourne Integrative Genomics, Schools of BioSciences and of Maths & Stats, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Mishto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Biochemie, Germany, 10117 Berlin, Germany, .,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI) and Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, .,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, and
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13
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Pedersen NW, Holm A, Kristensen NP, Bjerregaard AM, Bentzen AK, Marquard AM, Tamhane T, Burgdorf KS, Ullum H, Jennum P, Knudsen S, Hadrup SR, Kornum BR. CD8 + T cells from patients with narcolepsy and healthy controls recognize hypocretin neuron-specific antigens. Nat Commun 2019; 10:837. [PMID: 30783092 PMCID: PMC6381094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1) is a neurological sleep disorder, characterized by the loss of hypocretin/orexin signaling in the brain. Genetic, epidemiological and experimental data support the hypothesis that NT1 is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin producing neurons. While autoreactive CD4+ T cells have been detected in patients, CD8+ T cells have only been examined to a minor extent. Here we detect CD8+ T cells specific toward narcolepsy-relevant peptides presented primarily by NT1-associated HLA types in the blood of 20 patients with NT1 as well as in 52 healthy controls, using peptide-MHC-I multimers labeled with DNA barcodes. In healthy controls carrying the disease-predisposing HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele, the frequency of autoreactive CD8+ T cells was lower as compared with both NT1 patients and HLA-DQB1*06:02-negative healthy individuals. These findings suggest that a certain level of CD8+ T-cell reactivity combined with HLA-DQB1*06:02 expression is important for NT1 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Wulff Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Holm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Pagh Kristensen
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne-Mette Bjerregaard
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea Marion Marquard
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tripti Tamhane
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Sølvsten Burgdorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology 2034, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology 2034, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Jennum
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias (Nevsom), Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Glatigny S, Bettelli E. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028977. [PMID: 29311122 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can present with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, which might reflect the involvement of distinct pathogenic processes. Although the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease are not fully understood, numerous evidences indicate that MS is an autoimmune disease, the initiation and progression of which are dependent on an autoimmune response against myelin antigens. In addition, genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers likely contribute to the initiation of the disease. At this time, there is no cure for MS, but several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to control and slow down disease progression. A good number of these DMTs were identified and tested using animal models of MS referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will recapitulate the characteristics of EAE models and discuss how they help shed light on MS pathogenesis and help test new treatments for MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
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15
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been considered a CD4 T-cell disease, primarily because of the findings that the strongest genetic risk for MS is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II locus, and that T cells play a central role in directing the immune response. The importance that the T helper (Th)1 cytokine, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and the Th17 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17, play in MS pathogenesis is indicated by recent clinical trial data by the enhanced presence of Th1/Th17 cells in central nervous system (CNS) tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood, and by research on animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although the majority of research on MS pathogenesis has centered on the role of effector CD4 T cells, accumulating data suggests that CD8 T cells may play a significant role in the human disease. In fact, in contrast to most animal models, the primary T cell found in the CNS in patients with MS, is the CD8 T cell. As patient-derived effector T cells are also resistant to mechanisms of dominant tolerance such as that induced by interaction with regulatory T cells (Tregs), their reduced response to regulation may also contribute to the unchecked effector T-cell activity in patients with MS. These concepts will be discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Kaskow
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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16
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Klehmet J, Hoffmann S, Walter G, Meisel C, Meisel A. Stroke induces specific alteration of T memory compartment controlling auto-reactive CNS antigen-specific T cell responses. J Neurol Sci 2016; 368:77-83. [PMID: 27538605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether and when auto-reactivity after stroke occurs is still a matter of debate. By using overlapping 15mer peptide pools consisting of myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) we show increased frequencies of immunodominant MOG- and MBP T cell responses in acute ischemic stroke which were associated with reduced frequencies of naïve T cells as well as CD8+ TEMRA cells. Auto-reactive CNS antigen-specific T cells responses as well as alterations of T cell subpopulations normalized in long-term follow up after stroke. Our findings suggest that stroke-induced immunodepression might function as an adaptive mechanism in order to inhibit harmful and long-lasting CNS antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Klehmet
- Department of Neurology (JK, SH, and AM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sarah Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology (JK, SH, and AM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Walter
- Department of Orthopedics, Helios Klinikum Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Meisel
- Department of Medical Immunology (CM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology (CM), Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes, Sylter Strasse 2, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology (JK, SH, and AM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Baron D, Michel L, Elong-Ngono A, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Jacq-Foucher M, Le Frère F, Jousset N, Bourreille A, Wiertlewski S, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Nicot AB, Degauque N, Laplaud DA. Neuropathologic, phenotypic and functional analyses of Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:1-11. [PMID: 27050759 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are anti-microbial semi-invariant T cells, remains elusive in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Deciphering the potential involvement of MAIT cells in the MS inflammatory process. METHODS By flow cytometry, blood MAIT cells from similar cohorts of MS patients and healthy volunteers (HV) were compared for frequency, phenotype, activation potential after in vitro TCR engagement by bacterial ligands and transmigration abilities through an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier. MS CNS samples were also studied by immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Blood MAIT cells from relapsing-remitting MS patients and HV presented similar frequency, ex vivo effector phenotype and activation abilities. MAIT cells represented 0.5% of the total infiltrating T cells on 39 MS CNS lesions. This is low as compared to blood frequency (p<0.001), but consistent with their low transmigration rate. Finally, transcriptional over-expression of MR1 - which presents cognate antigens to MAIT cells - and of the activating cytokines IL-18 and IL-23 was evidenced in MS lesions, suggesting that the CNS microenvironment is suited to activate the few infiltrating MAIT cells. Taken together, these data place MAIT cells from MS patients as minor components of the inflammatory pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Laure Michel
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Elong-Ngono
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Nantes Hospital, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CIC-04 Inserm, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Wiertlewski
- Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France.
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18
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Dabrowski W, Kwiecien JM, Rola R, Klapec M, Stanisz GJ, Kotlinska-Hasiec E, Oakden W, Janik R, Coote M, Frey BN, Turski WA. Prolonged Subdural Infusion of Kynurenic Acid Is Associated with Dose-Dependent Myelin Damage in the Rat Spinal Cord. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142598. [PMID: 26562835 PMCID: PMC4643054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is the end stage metabolite of tryptophan produced mainly by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). It has neuroprotective activities but can be elevated in the neuropsychiatric disorders. Toxic effects of KYNA in the CNS are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the subdural KYNA infusion on the spinal cord in adult rats. METHODS A total of 42 healthy adult rats were randomly assigned into six groups and were infused for 7 days with PBS (control) or 0.0002 pmol/min, 0.01 nmol/min, 0.1 nmol/min, 1 nmol/min, and 10 nmol/min of KYNA per 7 days. The effect of KYNA on spinal cord was determined using histological and electron microscopy examination. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was measured in the blood serum to assess a degree of myelin damage. RESULT In all rats continuous long-lasting subdural KYNA infusion was associated with myelin damage and myelin loss that was increasingly widespread in a dose-depended fashion in peripheral, sub-pial areas. Damage to myelin sheaths was uniquely related to the separation of lamellae at the intraperiod line. The damaged myelin sheaths and areas with complete loss of myelin were associated with limited loss of scattered axons while vast majority of axons in affected areas were morphologically intact. The myelin loss-causing effect of KYNA occurred with no necrosis of oligodendrocytes, with locally severe astrogliosis and no cellular inflammatory response. Additionally, subdural KYNA infusion increased blood MOG concentration. Moreover, the rats infused with the highest doses of KYNA (1 and 10 nmol/min) demonstrated adverse neurological signs including weakness and quadriplegia. CONCLUSIONS We suggest, that subdural infusion of high dose of KYNA can be used as an experimental tool for the study of mechanisms of myelin damage and regeneration. On the other hand, the administration of low, physiologically relevant doses of KYNA may help to discover the role of KYNA in control of physiological myelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Klapec
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Greg J. Stanisz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wendy Oakden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rafal Janik
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Coote
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, M. deGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waldemar A. Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Sabatino JJ, Zamvil SS. Unique invariant CD8(+) T cell population persists in MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e140. [PMID: 26280013 PMCID: PMC4529280 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Sabatino
- Department of Neurology (J.J.S.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology (J.J.S.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Neurology (S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco
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20
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Multiple Sclerosis and T Lymphocytes: An Entangled Story. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:528-46. [PMID: 25946987 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination, axonal damage, activation of glial cells, and immune cell infiltration. Despite intensive years of research, the etiology of this neurological disorder remains elusive. Nevertheless, the abundance of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and their products in CNS lesions of MS patients supports the notion that MS is an immune-mediated disorder. An important body of evidence gathered from MS animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), points to the central contribution of CD4 T lymphocytes in disease pathogenesis. Both Th1 (producing interferon-γ) and Th17 (producing interleukin 17) CD4 T lymphocytes targeting CNS self-antigens have been implicated in MS and EAE pathobiology. Moreover, several publications suggest that CD8 T lymphocytes also participate in the development of MS lesions. The migration of activated T lymphocytes from the periphery into the CNS has been identified as a crucial step in the formation of MS lesions. Several factors promote such T cell extravasation including: molecules (e.g., cell adhesion molecules) implicated in the T cell-blood brain barrier interaction, and chemokines produced by neural cells. Finally, once in the CNS, T lymphocytes need to be reactivated by local antigen presenting cells prior to enter the parenchyma where they can initiate damage. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the impact of environmental factors (e.g., gut microbiota) and CNS intrinsic properties (e.g., microglial activation) on this inflammatory neurological disease.
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Belogurov A, Kuzina E, Kudriaeva A, Kononikhin A, Kovalchuk S, Surina Y, Smirnov I, Lomakin Y, Bacheva A, Stepanov A, Karpova Y, Lyupina Y, Kharybin O, Melamed D, Ponomarenko N, Sharova N, Nikolaev E, Gabibov A. Ubiquitin-independent proteosomal degradation of myelin basic protein contributes to development of neurodegenerative autoimmunity. FASEB J 2015; 29:1901-13. [PMID: 25634956 PMCID: PMC4415016 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that the ubiquitin–proteasome system is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer as well as autoimmune and several neurodegenerative diseases, and is thus a target for novel therapeutics. One disease that is related to aberrant protein degradation is multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder involving the processing and presentation of myelin autoantigens that leads to the destruction of axons. Here, we show that brain-derived proteasomes from SJL mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an ubiquitin-independent manner generate significantly increased amounts of myelin basic protein peptides that induces cytotoxic lymphocytes to target mature oligodendrocytes ex vivo. Ten times enhanced release of immunogenic peptides by cerebral proteasomes from EAE-SJL mice is caused by a dramatic shift in the balance between constitutive and β1ihigh immunoproteasomes in the CNS of SJL mice with EAE. We found that during EAE, β1i is increased in resident CNS cells, whereas β5i is imported by infiltrating lymphocytes through the blood–brain barrier. Peptidyl epoxyketone specifically inhibits brain-derived β1ihigh immunoproteasomes in vitro (kobs/[I] = 240 M−1s−1), and at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, it ameliorates ongoing EAE in vivo. Therefore, our findings provide novel insights into myelin metabolism in pathophysiologic conditions and reveal that the β1i subunit of the immunoproteasome is a potential target to treat autoimmune neurologic diseases.—Belogurov Jr., A., Kuzina, E., Kudriaeva, A., Kononikhin, A., Kovalchuk, S., Surina, Y., Smirnov, I., Lomakin, Y., Bacheva, A., Stepanov, A., Karpova, Y., Lyupina, Y., Kharybin, O., Melamed, D., Ponomarenko, N., Sharova, N., Nikolaev, E., Gabibov, A. Ubiquitin-independent proteosomal degradation of myelin basic protein contributes to development of neurodegenerative autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Belogurov
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Kuzina
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Anna Kudriaeva
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Alexey Kononikhin
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Sergey Kovalchuk
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yelena Surina
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ivan Smirnov
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yakov Lomakin
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Anna Bacheva
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Alexey Stepanov
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yaroslava Karpova
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Yulia Lyupina
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Oleg Kharybin
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Dobroslav Melamed
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Natalia Ponomarenko
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Natalia Sharova
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Alexander Gabibov
- *Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Acedemy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia; Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia; **Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; and Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
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22
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Unaltered regulatory B-cell frequency and function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2014; 155:198-208. [PMID: 25267439 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) typically characterized by the recruitment of T cells into the CNS. However, certain subsets of B cells have been shown to negatively regulate autoimmune diseases and some data support a prominent role for B cells in MS physiopathology. For B cells in MS patients we analyzed subset frequency, cytokine secretion ability and suppressive properties. No differences in the frequencies of the B-cell subsets or in their ability to secrete cytokines were observed between MS and healthy volunteers (HV). Prestimulated B cells from MS patients also inhibited CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell proliferation with a similar efficiency as B cells from HV. Altogether, our data show that, in our MS patient cohort, regulatory B cells have conserved frequency and function.
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Ben-Nun A, Kaushansky N, Kawakami N, Krishnamoorthy G, Berer K, Liblau R, Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. From classic to spontaneous and humanized models of multiple sclerosis: impact on understanding pathogenesis and drug development. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:33-50. [PMID: 25175979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), presents as a complex disease with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, involving different pathogenic pathways. Animal models, particularly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been key to deciphering the pathophysiology of MS, although no single model can recapitulate the complexity and diversity of MS, or can, to date, integrate the diverse pathogenic pathways. Since the first EAE model was introduced decades ago, multiple classic (induced), spontaneous, and humanized EAE models have been developed, each recapitulating particular aspects of MS pathogenesis. The advances in technologies of genetic ablation and transgenesis in mice of C57BL/6J background and the development of myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice yielded several spontaneous and humanized EAE models, and resulted in a plethora of EAE models in which the role of specific genes or cell populations could be precisely interrogated, towards modeling specific pathways of MS pathogenesis/regulation in MS. Collectively, the numerous studies on the different EAE models contributed immensely to our basic understanding of cellular and molecular pathways in MS pathogenesis as well as to the development of therapeutic agents: several drugs available today as disease modifying treatments were developed from direct studies on EAE models, and many others were tested or validated in EAE. In this review, we discuss the contribution of major classic, spontaneous, and humanized EAE models to our understanding of MS pathophysiology and to insights leading to devising current and future therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St. Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St. Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Kerstin Berer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| | | | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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24
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Degauque N, Ngono AE, Akl A, Lepetit M, Crochette R, Giral M, Lepourry J, Pallier A, Castagnet S, Dugast E, Guillot-Gueguen C, Jacq-Foucher M, Saulquin X, Cesbron A, Laplaud D, Nicot A, Brouard S, Soulillou JP. Characterization of antigen-specific B cells using nominal antigen-coated flow-beads. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84273. [PMID: 24386360 PMCID: PMC3875494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the reactivity of B cells against nominal antigens, a method based on the coupling of antigens onto the surface of fluorescent core polystyrene beads was developed. We first demonstrate that murine B cells with a human MOG-specific BCR are able to interact with MOG-coated beads and do not recognize beads coated with human albumin or pp65. B cells purified from human healthy volunteer blood or immunized individuals were tested for their ability to interact with various nominal antigens, including viral, vaccine, self and alloantigens, chosen for their usefulness in studying a variety of pathological processes. A substantial amount of B cells binding self-antigen MOG-coated beads can be detected in normal blood. Furthermore, greater frequencies of B cell against anti-Tetanic Toxin or anti-EBNA1 were observed in primed individuals. This method can reveal increased frequencies of anti-HLA committed B cells in patients with circulating anti-HLA antibodies compared to unsensitized patients and normal individuals. Of interest, those specific CD19 cells were preferentially identified within CD27(-)IgD(+) (i-e naïve) subset. These observations suggest that a broad range of medical situations could benefit from a tool that allows the detection, the quantification and the characterization of antigen-specific blood B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Ahmed Akl
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Maud Lepetit
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Crochette
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Julie Lepourry
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Annaick Pallier
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Castagnet
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Dugast
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Xavier Saulquin
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- INSERM, UMR892, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Cesbron
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Laboratoire HLA, Nantes, France
| | - David Laplaud
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- INSERM, CIC 004, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Nicot
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Miljković D, Spasojević I. Multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2286-334. [PMID: 23473637 PMCID: PMC3869544 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves several components: redox, inflammatory/autoimmune, vascular, and neurodegenerative. All of them are supported by the intertwined lines of evidence, and none of them should be written off. However, the exact mechanisms of MS initiation, its development, and progression are still elusive, despite the impressive pace by which the data on MS are accumulating. In this review, we will try to integrate the current facts and concepts, focusing on the role of redox changes and various reactive species in MS. Knowing the schedule of initial changes in pathogenic factors and the key turning points, as well as understanding the redox processes involved in MS pathogenesis is the way to enable MS prevention, early treatment, and the development of therapies that target specific pathophysiological components of the heterogeneous mechanisms of MS, which could alleviate the symptoms and hopefully stop MS. Pertinent to this, we will outline (i) redox processes involved in MS initiation; (ii) the role of reactive species in inflammation; (iii) prooxidative changes responsible for neurodegeneration; and (iv) the potential of antioxidative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković,” University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Spasojević
- Life Sciences Department, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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26
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Autoimmune T-cell reactivity to myelin proteolipids and glycolipids in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:151427. [PMID: 24312732 PMCID: PMC3839122 DOI: 10.1155/2013/151427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) myelin, the likely major target of autoimmune attack in multiple sclerosis (MS), contains a number of unique components that are potential targets of the attack. Two classes of molecules that are greatly enriched in CNS myelin compared to other parts of the body are certain types of proteolipids and glycolipids. Due to the hydrophobic nature of both of these classes of molecules, they present challenges for use in immunological assays and have therefore been somewhat neglected in studies of T-cell reactivity in MS compared to more soluble molecules such as the myelin basic proteins and the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. This review firstly looks at the makeup of CNS myelin, with an emphasis on proteolipids and glycolipids. Next, a retrospective of what is known of T-cell reactivity directed against proteolipids and glycolipids in patients with MS is presented, and the implications of the findings are discussed. Finally, this review considers the question of what would be required to prove a definite role for autoreactivity against proteolipids and glycolipids in the pathogenesis of MS.
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27
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Farooq SM, Ashour HM. Eye-mediated induction of specific immune tolerance to encephalitogenic antigens. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:503-10. [PMID: 23522052 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Administration of antigens into the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye induces a form of antigen-specific immune tolerance termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). This immune tolerance effectively impairs host delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. We hypothesized that ACAID could be generated in BALB/c mice following AC inoculation of the encephalitogenic antigens myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein (MBP). METHODS We used DTH assays and local adoptive transfer (LAT) assays to test whether MOG/MBP-induced ACAID following their administration into the AC, whether they elicited this immune tolerance via CD8(+) T cells, and whether their AC coadministration (MOG/MBP) induced specific immune tolerance to one or both antigens. RESULTS We showed that MOG/MBP-induced AC-mediated specific immune tolerance, as evident from impaired DTH responses. This antigen-driven DTH suppression was solely mediated via splenic CD8(+) T cells as confirmed by LAT assays. Finally, a single AC injection with both antigens was sufficient to induce specific immune tolerance to these antigens, as evident from DTH and LAT assays. CONCLUSION ACAID T-cell regulation could be used as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of complicated autoimmune diseases that involve multiple antigens such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukkur M Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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28
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Soulillou JP. Missing links in multiple sclerosis etiology. A working connecting hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:509-16. [PMID: 23466062 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis is still elusive despite an extended patchwork of mechanistic events has been accumulated. In this article, are tentatively identified from scattered literature sources new factors that may link well known characteristic of MS such as the central alteration of BBR selectivity, its association with EBV status and its biased distribution of the globe more comprehensively. The hypothesis proposes that the concomitant important rise in some heterophilic antibodies (anti Neu5Gc) which activate BBB endothelial cells and in the frequency of anti EBV committed T cells and of memory B infected cells with EBV contemporary to EBV infection play a major role in MS etiology. In addition, the hypothesis proposes new possible explanations for the elevated risk of MS in specific geographical area.
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Elong Ngono A, Pettré S, Salou M, Bahbouhi B, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Laplaud DA. Frequency of circulating autoreactive T cells committed to myelin determinants in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Jilek S, Schluep M, Pantaleo G, Du Pasquier RA. MOBP-specific cellular immune responses are weaker than MOG-specific cellular immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy subjects. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:539-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Huseby ES, Huseby PG, Shah S, Smith R, Stadinski BD. Pathogenic CD8 T cells in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models. Front Immunol 2012; 3:64. [PMID: 22566945 PMCID: PMC3341980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that autoreactive CD8 T cells contribute to the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS). Lymphocytes in MS plaques are biased toward the CD8 lineage, and MS patients harbor CD8 T cells specific for multiple central nervous system (CNS) antigens. Currently, there are relatively few experimental model systems available to study these pathogenic CD8 T cells in vivo. However, the few studies that have been done characterizing the mechanisms used by CD8 T cells to induce CNS autoimmunity indicate that several of the paradigms of how CD4 T cells mediate CNS autoimmunity do not hold true for CD8 T cells or for patients with MS. Thus, myelin-specific CD4 T cells are likely to be one of several important mechanisms that drive CNS disease in MS patients. The focus of this review is to highlight the current models of pathogenic CNS-reactive CD8 T cells and the molecular mechanisms these lymphocytes use when causing CNS inflammation and damage. Understanding how CNS-reactive CD8 T cells escape tolerance induction and induce CNS autoimmunity is critical to our ability to propose and test new therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
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32
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Saxena A, Martin-Blondel G, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Role of CD8 T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3758-63. [PMID: 21910991 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system leading to demyelination and axonal/neuronal loss. Cumulating evidence points to a key role for CD8 T cells in this disabling disease. Oligoclonal CD8 T cells reside in demyelinating plaques where they are likely to contribute to tissue destruction. Histopathological analyses and compelling observations from animal models indicate that cytotoxic CD8 T cells target neural cell populations with the potential of causing lesions reminiscent of MS. However, CD8 T cell differentiation results in several subsets of effector CD8 T cells that could be differentially implicated in the mechanisms contributing to tissue damage. Moreover CD8 regulatory T cells arise as important populations involved in restoring immune homoeostasis and in maintaining immune privileged sites. Here we examine the current literature pertaining to the role of CD8 effector and regulatory T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saxena
- INSERM U1043-CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
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33
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Abstract
This review explores the principle features of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly relapsing-remitting MS. It highlights the emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of MS in the context of known features of pathology, including the characterization of cytokine networks promoting inflammatory damage of the central nervous system, B-cell involvement, and inflammatory damage of axons and neurons. This article preferentially focuses on MS rather than animal models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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34
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Schütz C, Oelke M, Schneck JP, Mackensen A, Fleck M. Killer artificial antigen-presenting cells: the synthetic embodiment of a 'guided missile'. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:539-50. [PMID: 20636007 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the treatment of T-cell-dependent autoimmune diseases relies exclusively on strategies leading to nonspecific suppression of the immune systems causing a substantial reduced ability to control concomitant infections or malignancies. Furthermore, long-term treatment with most drugs is accompanied by several serious adverse effects and does not consequently result in cure of the primary immunological malfunction. By contrast, antigen-specific immunotherapy offers the potential to achieve the highest therapeutic efficiency in accordance with minimal adverse effects. Therefore, several studies have been performed utilizing antigen-presenting cells specifically engineered to deplete allo- or antigen-specific T cells ('guided missiles'). Many of these strategies take advantage of the Fas/Fas ligand signaling pathway to efficiently induce antigen-presenting cell-mediated apoptosis in targeted T cells. In this article, we discuss the advantages and shortcomings of a novel non-cell-based 'killer artificial antigen-presenting cell' strategy, developed to overcome obstacles related to current cell-based approaches for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schütz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Mars LT, Saikali P, Liblau RS, Arbour N. Contribution of CD8 T lymphocytes to the immuno-pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and its animal models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:151-61. [PMID: 20637863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multi-focal demyelination, axonal loss, and immune cell infiltration. Numerous immune mediators are detected within MS lesions, including CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes suggesting that they participate in the related pathogenesis. Although CD4(+) T lymphocytes are traditionally considered the main actors in MS immunopathology, multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD8(+) T lymphocytes are also implicated in the pathogenesis. In this review, we outline the recent literature pertaining to the potential roles of CD8(+) T lymphocytes both in MS and its animal models. The CD8(+) T lymphocytes detected in MS lesions demonstrate characteristics of activated and clonally expanded cells supporting the notion that these cells actively contribute to the observed injury. Moreover, several experimental in vivo models mediated by CD8(+) T lymphocytes recapitulate important features of the human disease. Whether the CD8(+) T cells can induce or aggravate tissue destruction in the CNS needs to be fully explored. Strengthening our understanding of the pathogenic potential of CD8(+) T cells in MS should provide promising new avenues for the treatment of this disabling inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T Mars
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France; Université Toulouse III, Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31400, France
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Bahbouhi B, Pettré S, Berthelot L, Garcia A, Elong Ngono A, Degauque N, Michel L, Wiertlewski S, Lefrère F, Meyniel C, Delcroix C, Brouard S, Laplaud DA, Soulillou JP. T cell recognition of self-antigen presenting cells by protein transfer assay reveals a high frequency of anti-myelin T cells in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:1622-36. [PMID: 20435630 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Although peripheral blood myelin-autoreactive T cells are thought to play a key role in multiple sclerosis, they are generally considered to have qualitative differences rather than quantitative ones when compared to those found in healthy individuals. Here, we revisited the assessment of myelin-autoreactive T cells in a new approach based on their combined ability to acquire membrane proteins from autologous antigen presenting cells, and to respond to whole myelin extract as the stimulating autoantigen. Using this approach, the myelin-autoreactive T cell frequency in patients with multiple sclerosis was found to be unexpectedly high (n = 22, subtracted values median 2.08%, range 0-6%; background median 1%, range 0-4%) and to exceed that of age/gender-matched healthy individuals significantly (n = 18, subtracted values median 0.1%, range 0-5.3%, P < 0.0001; background median 1.45%, range 0.1-4%). Higher anti-myelin autoreactivity was stable in patients with multiple sclerosis after several months. These data correlated with whole myelin-induced gamma interferon-enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay performed under the same conditions, although the values obtained with enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay under all conditions were 58 times lower than with this new method. The myelin-autoreactive T cells were memory T cells expressing CD40L with a CD62(low) phenotype, suggesting their ability for homing to tissues. Collectively, these new data show a higher frequency of autoreactive T cells during multiple sclerosis than in age/gender-matched healthy individuals, and support an autoimmune aetiology in multiple sclerosis.
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Bahbouhi B, Berthelot L, Pettré S, Michel L, Wiertlewski S, Weksler B, Romero IA, Miller F, Couraud PO, Brouard S, Laplaud DA, Soulillou JP. Peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients are characterized by higher PSGL-1 expression and transmigration capacity across a human blood-brain barrier-derived endothelial cell line. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1049-63. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Gebe JA, Yue BB, Unrath KA, Falk BA, Nepom GT. Restricted autoantigen recognition associated with deletional and adaptive regulatory mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:59-65. [PMID: 19535636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes (T1D) is characterized by CD4(+) T cell reactivity to a variety of islet-associated Ags. At-risk individuals, genetically predisposed to T1D, often have similar T cell reactivity, but nevertheless fail to progress to clinically overt disease. To study the immune tolerance and regulatory environment permissive for such autoreactive T cells, we expressed TCR transgenes derived from two autoreactive human T cells, 4.13 and 164, in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice on a C57BL/6-derived "diabetes-resistant" background. Both TCR are responsive to an immunodominant epitope of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65(555-567), which is identical in sequence between humans and mice, is restricted by HLA-DR4, and is a naturally processed self Ag associated with T1D. Although both TCR use the identical Valpha and Vbeta genes, differing only in CDR3, we found stark differences in the mechanisms utilized in vivo in the maintenance of immune tolerance. A combination of thymic deletion (negative selection), TCR down-regulation, and peripheral activation-induced cell death dominated the phenotype of 164 T cells, which nevertheless still maintain their Ag responsiveness in the periphery. In contrast, 4.13 T cells are much less influenced by central and deletional tolerance mechanisms, and instead display a peripheral immune deviation including differentiation into IL-10-secreting Tr1 cells. These findings indicate a distinct set of regulatory alternatives for autoreactive T cells, even within a single highly restricted HLA-peptide-TCR recognition profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Gebe
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle WA 98101, USA.
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Toma A, Laïka T, Haddouk S, Luce S, Briand JP, Camoin L, Connan F, Lambert M, Caillat-Zucman S, Carel JC, Muller S, Choppin J, Lemonnier F, Boitard C. Recognition of human proinsulin leader sequence by class I-restricted T-cells in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice and in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58:394-402. [PMID: 19011169 PMCID: PMC2628613 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A restricted region of proinsulin located in the B chain and adjacent region of C-peptide has been shown to contain numerous candidate epitopes recognized by CD8(+) T-cells. Our objective is to characterize HLA class I-restricted epitopes located within the preproinsulin leader sequence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Seven 8- to 11-mer preproinsulin peptides carrying anchoring residues for HLA-A1, -A2, -A24, and -B8 were selected from databases. HLA-A2-restricted peptides were tested for immunogenicity in transgenic mice expressing a chimeric HLA-A*0201/beta2-microglobulin molecule. The peptides were studied for binding to purified HLA class I molecules, selected for carrying COOH-terminal residues generated by proteasome digestion in vitro and tested for recognition by human lymphocytes using an ex vivo interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISpot assay. RESULTS Five HLA-A2-restricted peptides were immunogenic in transgenic mice. Murine T-cell clones specific for these peptides were cytotoxic against cells transfected with the preproinsulin gene. They were recognized by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 17 of 21 HLA-A2 type 1 diabetic patients. PBMCs from 25 of 38 HLA-A1, -A2, -A24, or -B8 patients produced IFN-gamma in response to six preproinsulin peptides covering residues 2-25 within the preproinsulin region. In most patients, the response was against several class I-restricted peptides. T-cells recognizing preproinsulin peptide were characterized as CD8(+) T-cells by staining with peptide/HLA-A2 tetramers. CONCLUSIONS We defined class I-restricted epitopes located within the leader sequence of human preproinsulin through in vivo (transgenic mice) and ex vivo (diabetic patients) assays, illustrating the possible role of preproinsulin-specific CD8(+) T-cells in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Toma
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale U561 et Université Paris N, Hôpital Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
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40
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Cerebrospinal fluid T cell responses against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 in patients with stiff person syndrome. J Autoimmun 2009; 32:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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